Viruses infecting main ornamental plants: an overview

ABSTRACT

Ornamental plants are cultivated for decorative and utility purposes in urban landscapes throughout the world. They are much valued for their aesthetic properties and constitute an important part of the global horticulture industry. Plant viruses and viroids of various taxonomic groups have a significant negative impact on ornamentals provoking a wide range of symptoms, reducing both decorative value and quality of propagated material and causing large economic damage. A significant growth of the ornamental plants market in recent years promotes the spread of viral diseases. Therefore, systematization of data on virus and viroid phytopathogens diversity in these cultures is an urgent research task. Among the most popular ornamentals are chrysanthemum, rose, clematis, canna, and lavender. More than fifty viruses and viroids from 17 different families (including two viroid families) have been identified in these crops to date. In the presented review, we described the variety of these pathogens and their effect on the above-mentioned ornamentals.

Keywords:
plant viruses and viroids; chrysanthemum; garden and essential oil rose; clematis; canna; lavender

1. INTRODUCTION

Ornamental plants are very popular and economically important worldwide. The international market of ornamentals is constantly expanding. It includes production of cut and potted flowers, cut foliage plants, as well as propagation material. Viruses and viroids can significantly reduce both decorative value and quality of propagated material of ornamentals. Due to the wide range of ornamental plant species and cultivars and their wide geographical distribution, the diversity of viruses that infect them is also high. Vegetative propagation contributes to the uncontrolled spread of viral phytopathogens. Perennial ornamental crops can be natural reservoirs for plant viruses, promoting circulation of viruses and their transmission to other economically important crops. Investigation on the diversity of viruses and viroids associated with ornamentals is very important for their effective detection and prevention of the further spread of infections. In this review, the most important virus and viroid pathogens of chrysanthemum, garden and essential oil rose, clematis, canna and lavender have been characterized briefly.

2. CHRYSANTHEMUM

Chrysanthemum (genus Chrysanthemum L., family Asteraceae) is one of the most popular ornamentals worldwide. Currently, the genus includes dozens of species and myriad of cultivars. The global market of potted and garden cultivars is constantly expanding (CHO et al., 2013). Some chrysanthemum species are also used for medicinal purposes and as the source of insecticides (HITMI et al., 2000; CHANG et al., 2010; PARK et al., 2012). Viral and viroid infections cause up to 30% losses of infected plants (ZHAO et al., 2015). About twenty viruses have been identified on chrysanthemum to date. The most detrimental ones are the widespread RNA viruses such as Tomato aspermy virus (TAV) and Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) from the genus Cucumovirus (family Bromoviridae), Chrysanthemum virus B (CVB) (genus Carlavirus, family Betaflexiviridae), Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV, genus Tobamovirus, family Virgaviridae) and Potato virus Y (PVY, genus Potyvirus, family Potyviridae) (VERMA et al., 2003; SONG et al., 2012; CHOI et al., 2015; ZHAO et al. 2015). Cucumoviruses cause yellow mosaic, stunting, deformation and decrease in the number of inflorescences in garden chrysanthemums (RAJ et al., 2007; KUMAR et al., 2009). Symptoms of CVB infection vary from leaf mottling or vein clearing to pronounced mosaic and inflorescences deformation, although asymptomatic infections are also observed. CVB is transmitted from plant to plant by various aphid species and characterized by high genetic diversity (OHKAWA et al., 2007; SINGH et al., 2007). Chrysanthemum plants infected with the PVY strain N-Wilga demonstrated spotting and yellowing symptoms (LIU et al., 2014). TMV causes mosaic, mottling and discoloration of petals (NASSAR et al., 2012). Other known chrysanthemum viruses belong to families Potyviridae (Turnip mosaic virus, Zucchini yellow mosaic virus, Chrysanthemum spot virus, Soybean mosaic virus from the genus Potyvirus) (BERTACCINI et al., 1992; BELLARDI et al., 1993; FARZADFAR et al., 2005; MEHRA et al., 2009; NIU et al., 2015) and Bunyaviridae (Chrysanthemum stem necrosis virus, Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV), Impatiens necrotic spot virus from the genus Tospovirus) (MATSUURA et al., 2002; KONDO et al., 2011; DULLEMANS et al., 2015; WU et al., 2015). The poty- and bunyaviruses have a wide range of hosts and it is highly pathogenic for many economically important crops. The existence of efficient vectors can result in the formation of natural foci of these viruses and their continuous transmission from chrysanthemum plants to neighboring crops and vice versa. The other viruses detected on chrysanthemum were Potato virus X (genus Potexvirus, family Alphaflexiviridae) (CHOI et al., 2015), Chrysanthemum vein chlorosis virus (genus Nucleorhabdovirus, family Rhabdoviridae) (KITAJIMA and COSTA, 1979), Oat blue dwarf virus (genus Marafivirus, family Tymoviridae) (WESTDAL, 1968), Chrysanthemum indicum yellow vein Delhi virus (genus Begomovirus, family Geminiviridae) (MARWAL et al., 2013) and Chrysanthemum virus R (genus Carlavirus) (WANG et al., 2018).

Chrysanthemum stunt viroid (CSVd, genus Pospiviroid, family Pospiviroidae) and Chrysanthemum chlorotic mottle viroid (CChMVd, genus Pelamoviroid, family Avsunviroidae) are spread worldwide and considered the most devastating pathogens of chrysanthemum (DIENER and LAWSON, 1973; CHO et al., 2013). Apart from family-specific molecular differences (HASELOFF and SYMONS, 1981; NAVARRO and FLORES, 1997), they differ in symptomatology and epidemiological properties. CSVd-infected chrysanthemum plants are characterized by chlorotic spots, stunting, smaller size of flowers and leaves and lower rooting. It was reported that this viroid could be mechanical, graft and seed transmitted (CHO et al., 2013). CChMVd infection is either asymptomatic or leads to yellow-green mottling, chlorosis and stunting of infected plants. This viroid is sap- and graft-transmitted (CHO et al. 2013).

3. ROSE

Rose (genus Rosa L., family Rosaceae) is one the most important ornamental, industrial and essential oil crops. Viral infections can significantly weaken plants, reduce the quality of buds, yield and cuttings ability to rooting (GOLINO et al., 2007; MILLEZA et al., 2013). They reduce the yield and quality of rose oil and other products made from the petals of oil rose cultivars (YARDIMCI and ÇULAL, 2009). Ilarviruses (genus Ilarvirus, family Bromoviridae) and nepoviruses (genus Nepovirus, family Secoviridae) are probably detected in rose plants more often than others are. The most common is Prunus necrotic ringspot virus (MOURY et al., 2001). Apple mosaic virus (ApMV) was detected predominantly in Australia, New Zealand, the USA and Turkey (PEARSON et al., 2006; YARDIMCI and ÇULAL, 2009). These are the causal agents of rose mosaic that is one of the most common viral diseases of this crop. Infected plants can be asymptomatic or demonstrate the symptoms of light green or yellow mottling, ringspots, oak-leaf or net-like patterns and leaf deformation. Two other ilarviruses, Tobacco streak virus (TSV) and Blackberry chlorotic ringspot virus, were detected in rose plants in the USA (TZANETAKIS et al., 2006; GOLINO et al., 2007). Rose-associated nepoviruses, such as Arabis mosaic virus, Strawberry latent ringspot virus, Tobacco ringspot virus, and Tomato ringspot virus, have a wide geographical distribution (SALEM et al., 2008; MITROFANOVA et al., 2014). Two viruses from the genus Tospovirus (family Bunyaviridae), Impatiens necrotic spot virus and TSWV, were found on rose in Iran (SHAHRAEEN, 2002). Rose leaf curl virus (genus Begomovirus, family Geminiviridae), which is considered to be the causal agent of rose leaf curl disease, was identified in Pakistan in Rosa chinensis Jacq., (KHATRI et al., 2014). Rose yellow vein virus was discovered in the cultivated roses in the USA. Complete genome analysis revealed that this virus is a member of the family Caulimoviridae (MOLLOV et al., 2013a). One of the most devastating rosette diseases of Rosa multiflora Thunb. is apparently caused by Rose rosette virus from the genus Emaravirus (family Fimoviridae) (LANEY et al., 2011). Rose spring dwarf-associated virus from the genus Luteovirus (family Luteoviridae) was detected in the USA and Chile (SALEM et al., 2008; RIVERA and ENGEL, 2010). A number of other viruses were identified and characterized in various rose cultivars in recent years. These was Rose cryptic virus-1 (synonyms: Rose multiflora cryptic virus and Rose transient mosaic virus) from the genus Alphacryptovirus (family Partitiviridae) (MARTIN and TZANETAKIS, 2008; SABANADZOVIC and GHANEM-SABANADZOVIC, 2008; LOCKHART et al., 2011); Rose yellow mosaic virus, that is the putative member of a new genus in the family Potyviridae (MOLLOV et al., 2013b); Rosa rugosa leaf distortion virus and Rose yellow leaf virus, both related to the family Tombusviridae (MOLLOV et al., 2013c; 2014a; 2015). In addition, a putative new alphapartitivirus was detected in Rosa spp. in Canada (PHELAN and JAMES, 2016). Rose viruses can be transmitted by mechanical inoculation, grafting, seeds, pollen and vectors that significantly complicating control of diseases (YARDIMCI and ÇULAL, 2009).

4. CLEMATIS

The genus Clematis (family Ranunculaceae) contains perennial climbing plants of temperate climate zones, popular as ornamental crops. About ten different viruses were reported to infect clematis plants. CMV was detected in New Zealand in Clematis afoliata Buchanan (DINGLEY, 1969) and C. paniculata J.F.Gmel. plants with leaf mottle symptoms (GUY, 2011). In the UK CMV was isolated from Clematis x jackmanii ‘Superba’ with chlorotic vein banding and ‘Vyvyan Pennell’ with diffuse chlorotic flecks around the veins (THOMAS, 1975). Tobacco rattle virus (TRV, genus Tobravirus, family Virgaviridae) was reported in the UK in C. heracleifolia DC. showing chlorotic lesions in its foliage (BRUNT and THOMAS, 1975). Two ilarviruses, TSV and ApMV were also reported to infect clematis. TSV, associated with chlorotic spots or yellow netting of the leaves of wild C. vitalba L., was revealed on the territory of the former Yugoslavia (MILIČIĆ et al., 1983; RANA et al., 1987). ApMV was detected in asymptomatic C. vitalba plants in Turkey (ARLI SOKMEN et al., 2005; ARLI SOKMEN et al., 2008). TSWV was detected in C. flammula and C. vitalba plants in Greece being apparently transmitted by thrips from tobacco plantations infected with this virus (CHATZIVASSILIOU et al., 2001). Numerous isolates of tomato black ring nepovirus (TBRV, family Secoviridae) were identified in Lithuania in ornamental plants including clematis. Leaves of infected plants demonstrated chlorotic and necrotic ringspots, mottling and deformation (ŠNEIDERIS and STANIULIS, 2014). Clematis was also shown to be susceptible to tomato ringspot nepovirus (FULTON, 1975). Tomato bushy stunt virus (TBSV, genus Tombusvirus, family Tombusviridae) was detected in severely damaged clematis plants from the UK (KOENIG, 1985). Another member of the family Tombusviridae, Clematis chlorotic mottle virus (ClCMV), has been discovered by the methods of transmission electron microscopy and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction on clematis plants from the USA and the UK, exhibiting yellow mottling, veining, chlorotic ringspots, line pattern mosaics, flower distortion and discoloration (MOLLOV et al., 2014b). Genomic and phylogenetic analyses allowed to refer ClCMV to the genus Pelarspovirus (McLAUGHLIN et al., 2017). Recently, Moroccan pepper virus (genus Tombusvirus) was detected on the clematis cultivar ‘Valge Daam’ in Russia (ZAKUBANSKIY et al., 2018).

5. CANNA

Canna (genus Canna L., family Cannaceae) is a perennial ornamental plant originated from Central and South America. Most canna cultivars were obtained on the basis of interspecific hybrids of Canna indica L., C. flaccida Salisb., C. iridiflora Ruiz & Pav., and C. glauca L. (MAAS-VAN DE KAMER and MAAS, 2008). They are widely used in landscape design due to their large bright flowers and spectacular green, burgundy, purple, red or variegated leaves. Eight viruses were reported to infect canna. Bean yellow mosaic virus (CASTILLO et al., 1956; WYLIE et al., 2008) and Canna yellow streak virus (MONGER et al., 2007; MONGER et al., 2010; CHAUHAN et al., 2015; Alexandre et al., 2017) from the genus Potyvirus (family Potyviridae) as well as Canna yellow mottle virus (genus Badnavirus, family Caulimoviridae) (YAMASHITA et al., 1985) are the most frequent to occur. Another badnavirus, Canna yellow mottle associated virus 1, was also found on canna (WIJAYASEKARA et al., 2017). CMV (LOKHARDT, 1988) and TAV (HOLLINGS and STONE, 1971) are less common in this crop (RAJAKARUNA et al., 2014). Viruses infecting canna were found in the UK, Belgium, the Netherlands, France, Italy, Austria, Israel, Kenia, India, Japan, Thailand, Brazil, the USA and Russia. In addition, TSWV was detected on C. indica in Iran (MOINI and IZADPANAH, 2000) and sugarcane mosaic potyvirus was recently reported from canna in China (TANG et al., 2016). Symptoms of viral diseases appeared as vein necrosis, yellow mosaic, streak, mottling and discoloration of leaves are significantly impaired the decorative values of these plants. Canna is predominantly propagated by rhizome dividing, which, in combination with a wide international market of planting stock, promotes the rapid spread of viral diseases. The cost of individual canna specimen reaches 30 €, so the potential economic damage from viral infections can be very high (MONGER et al., 2007). Symptoms may significantly vary depending on the cultivar and may be masked in varieties with dark-colored leaves. Mixed infections with two or three viruses of different taxonomic groups are common in canna (RAJAKARUNA et al., 2014; CHAUHAN et al. 2015; KUMARI et al., 2016; ZAKUBANSKIY et al., 2017).

6. LAVENDER

Lavender (genus Lavandula L., family Lamiaceae) is one of the most important essential oil crops, cultivated mainly in the Mediterranean region, the Crimea, northern and eastern Africa, several regions of Asia, Australia and the USA. The lavender oil is widely used in aromatherapy, pharmacology, perfumery and cosmetology. In addition, lavender is a popular ornamental crop, cultured for decoration of gardens and landscapes all over the world (STANKOVIĆ et al., 2014). The most common disease of lavender and its hybrid form lavandin (Lavandula hybrida Rev.) is the yellow mosaic caused by Alfalfa mosaic virus (AMV, genus Alfamovirus, family Bromoviridae). The virus was detected in France, Italy and Croatia in L. hybrida (MARCHOUX and ROUGIER, 1974; GIUNCHEDI and de FERRER, 1977; VRANDEČIĆ et al., 2013), L. stoechas L. (PARRELLA et al., 2010), and L. officinalis Chaixex Vill. in Spain (MARTINEZ-PRIEGO et al., 2004). Infected plants are characterized by yellow spots on leaves and stems, yellow mottling, light yellow mosaic, leafroll, and stunting. Viral infection does not presumably affect the amount, size or color of flowers, but reduces the quality of lavender oil due to the change in the concentration of one of its main components (BRUNI et al. 2006). TMV was reported on lavender and lavandin in Russia (MITROFANOVA et al., 2017). In Poland, CMV was detected in L. angustifolia Mill. plants with symptoms of yellow mottling and leaf distortion (KOBYŁKO et al., 2008). Lavender is a perennial plant and thus, it can serve as a reservoir of AMV and CMV, which are known to have an extremely wide host range and are capable of infecting many economically important crops.

7. CONCLUSION

Many viruses from various taxonomic groups are described in rose, lavender, clematis, canna and chrysanthemum to date. They can affect growth and development of infected plants, their yield, decorative qualities and the secondary metabolites production utilized by people. Mixed infections by different viruses usually increase the detrimental effect of each of them. Viruses are transmitted from plant to plant by vegetative propagation; most of them have insect vectors, and some viruses are pollen- and seed-transmitted. Many viruses are characterized by extremely wide host range. Infecting plants from different families, they are able to spread rapidly to neighboring plantings of various crops by vectors that seriously complicates control over their distribution and can lead to the formation of stable natural foci of viral infection. Understanding the genetic diversity, geographical distribution and biological properties of ornamental crop viruses can contribute to the development of effective methods for their molecular and serological diagnostics in order to prevent their further spread.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

This work was funded by a research grant № 14-50-00079 of the Russian Science Foundation.

REFERENCES

• ALEXANDRE, M.A.V.;DUARTE, L.M.L.;CHAVES, A.L.R.;RAMOS, A.F.;HARAKAVA, R.;KITAJIMA, E.W. Canna paniculata as natural host of canna yellow streak virus in Brazil. Australasian Plant Disease Notes, v.12, p.1-38, 2017. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13314-017-0264-3
  » https://doi.org/10.1007/s13314-017-0264-3
• ARLI SOKMEN, M.; KUTLUK YILMAZ, N.D.; MENNAN, H.; SEVIK, M.A. RT-PCR detection of Apple mosaic virus infection in some weed hosts found in hazelnut orchards in Turkey. Acta Horticulturae, n. 781, p.155-160, 2008. DOI: https://doi.org/10.17660/ActaHortic.2008.781.23
  » https://doi.org/10.17660/ActaHortic.2008.781.23
• ARLI SOKMEN, M.; KUTLUK YILMAZ, N.D.; MENNAN, H.; SEVIK, M.A. Natural weed hosts of Apple mosaic virus in hazelnut orchards in Turkey. Journal of Plant Pathology, v. 87, p.239-242, 2005. DOI: http://doi.org/10.4454/jpp.v87i3.924
  » http://doi.org/10.4454/jpp.v87i3.924
• BELLARDI, M.G.; MARANI, F.; BERTACCINI, A. Detection of soybean mosaic virus (SMV) in Chrysanthemum frutescens Phytopathologia Mediterranea, v.32, p.156-158, 1993.
• BERTACCINI, A.; BELLARDI, M.G.; MARANI, F.; RABITI, A. A potyvirus infecting Chrysanthemum frutescens Acta Horticulturae, n.377, p.107-114, 1992. DOI: http://doi.org/10.17660/ActaHortic.1994.377.10
  » http://doi.org/10.17660/ActaHortic.1994.377.10
• BRUNI, R.; BELLARDI, M.G.; PARRELLA, G.; BIANCHI, A. Impact of alfalfa mosaic virus subgroup I and II isolates on terpene secondary metabolism of Lavandula vera D.C., Lavandula × alardii and eight cultivars of L. hybrida Rev. Physiological and Molecular Plant Pathology, v.68, p.189-197, 2006. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmpp.2006.10.004
  » https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmpp.2006.10.004
• BRUNT, A.A.; THOMAS, B.J. Miscellaneous hardy nursery stock. Annual Report of the Glasshouse Crops Research Institute for 1974, p.124, 1975.
• CASTILLO, B.S.; YARWOOD, C.E.; GOLD, A.H. Canna-mosaic virus. Plant Disease Reporter, v.40, p.169-172, 1956.
• CHANG, K.M., CHOI, E.M.; KIM, G.H. Chemical constituents of Chrysanthemum indicum L. flower oil and effect on osteoblastic MC3T3-E1 cells. Food Science and Biotechnology, v.19, p.815-819, 2010. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10068-010-0114-y
  » https://doi.org/10.1007/s10068-010-0114-y
• CHATZIVASSILIOU, E.K.; BOUBOURAKAS, I.; DROSSOS, E.; ELEFTHEROHORINOS, I.; JENSER, G.; PETERS, D.; KATIS, N.I. Weeds in greenhouses and tobacco fields are differentially infected by Tomato spotted wilt virus and infested by its vector species. Plant Disease, v.85, p.40-46, 2001. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS.2001.85.1.40
  » https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS.2001.85.1.40
• CHAUHAN, R.P.; HAMON, H.F.; RAJAKARUNA, P.; WEBB, M.A.; PAYTON, M.; VERCHOT J. Reliable detection for Bean yellow mosaic virus, Canna yellow streak virus, and Canna yellow mottle virus in canna varieties with red foliage. Plant Disease, v.99, p.188-194, 2015. DOI: http://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-05-14-0538-RE
  » http://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-05-14-0538-RE
• CHAUHAN, R.P; RAJAKARUNA, P.; VERCHOT, J. Complete genome sequence of nine isolates of canna yellow streak virus reveals its relationship to the sugarcane mosaic virus (SCMV) subgroup of potyviruses. Archives of Virology, v.160, p.837-844, 2015. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00705-014-2327-5
  » https://doi.org/10.1007/s00705-014-2327-5
• CHO, W.K.; JO, Y.; JO, K.M.; KIM, K.H. A current overview of two viroids that infect chrysanthemums: Chrysanthemum stunt viroid and Chrysanthemum chlorotic mottle viroid Viruses, v.5, p.1099-1113, 2013. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/v5041099
  » https://doi.org/10.3390/v5041099
• CHOI, H.; JO, Y.; LIAN, S., JO, K.M.; CHU, H.; YOON, J.Y.; CHOI S.K.; KIM K.H.; CHO W.K. Comparative analysis of chrysanthemum transcriptome in response to three RNA viruses: Cucumber mosaic virus, Tomato spotted wilt virus and Potato virus X Plant Molecular Biology, v.88, p.233-248, 2015. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11103-015-0317-y
  » https://doi.org/10.1007/s11103-015-0317-y
• DIENER, T.; LAWSON, R. Chrysanthemum stunt: a viroid disease. Virology, v.51, p.94-101, 1973. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0042-6822(73)90369-3
  » https://doi.org/10.1016/0042-6822(73)90369-3
• DINGLEY, J.M. Records of plant diseases in New Zealand. New Zealand Department of Scientific and Industrial Research Bulletin, n.192, p.1-298, 1969.
• DULLEMANS, A.M.; VERHOEVEN, J.Th.J.; KORMELINK, R.; van der VLUGT, R.A.A. The complete nucleotide sequence of chrysanthemum stem necrosis virus. Archives of Virology, v.160, p.605-608, 2015. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00705-014-2282-1
  » https://doi.org/10.1007/s00705-014-2282-1
• FARZADFAR, S.; OHSHIMA, K.; POURRAHIM, R.; GOLNARAGHI, A.R., JALALI, S.; AHOONMANESH, A. Occurrence of Turnip mosaic virus on ornamental crops in Iran. Plant Pathology, v.54, p.261, 2005. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3059.2004.01148.x
  » https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3059.2004.01148.x
• FULTON, R.W. Unilateral cross-protection among some nepoviruses. Acta Horticulturae, n.44, p.29-32, 1975. DOI: https://doi.org/10.17660/ActaHortic.1975.44.4
  » https://doi.org/10.17660/ActaHortic.1975.44.4
• GIUNCHEDI, L.; DE FERRER, M.M. Un ceppo di virus del mosaico dell'erba medica isolato da Lavandula latifoglia x L. officinalis Phytopathologia Mediterranea, v.11, p.74-76, 1977.
• GOLINO, D.A.; SIM, S.T.; SALEM, N.; ROWHANI, A. Rooting success of rose cuttings reduced by infection with Apple mosaic virus and Prunus necrotic ringspot virus. Acta Horticulturae, n.751, p.225-228, 2007. DOI: https://doi.org/10.17660/ActaHortic.2007.751.27
  » https://doi.org/10.17660/ActaHortic.2007.751.27
• GUY, P.L. Detection of Cucumber mosaic virus on Clematis paniculata in lowland forest in New Zealand. Australasian Plant Disease Notes, v.6, p.20-21, 2011. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13314-011-0007-9
  » https://doi.org/10.1007/s13314-011-0007-9
• HASELOFF, J.; SYMONS, R.H. Chrysanthemum stunt viroid: Primary sequence and secondary structure. Nucleic Acids Research, v.9 p.2741-2752, 1981. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/9.12.2741
  » https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/9.12.2741
• HITMI, A.; COUDRET, A.; BARTHOMEUF, C. The production of pyrethrins by plant cell and tissue cultures of Chrysanthemum cinerariaefolium and Tagetes species. Critical Reviews in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, v.35, n.5, p.317-337, 2000. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10409230091169230
  » https://doi.org/10.1080/10409230091169230
• HOLLINGS, M.; STONE, O.M. Tomato aspermy virus. AAB Descriptions of Plant Viruses, v.79, p.1-3, 1971.
• KHATRI, S.; NAHID, N.; FAUQUET C.M.; MUBIN, M.; NAWAZ-UL-REHMAN, M.S. A betasatellite-dependent begomovirus infects ornamental rose: characterization of begomovirus infecting rose in Pakistan. Virus Genes, v.49, n.1, p.124-131, 2014. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11262-014-1076-6
  » https://doi.org/10.1007/s11262-014-1076-6
• KITAJIMA, E.W.; COSTA, A.S. Rhabdovirus-like particles in tissues of five different plant species. Fitopatologia Brasileira, v.4. p.55-62, 1979.
• KOBYŁKO, T.; DAŃDA, P.; HASIÓW, B.; BORODYNKO, N.; POSPIESZNY, H. First report of Cucumber mosaic virus on Lavandula angustifolia in Poland. Plant Disease, v.92, n.6, p.978, 2008. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-92-6-0978C
  » https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-92-6-0978C
• KOENIG, R. Recently discovered virus or virus-like diseases of ornamentals and their epidemiological significance. Acta Horticulturae, n.164, p.21-31, 1985. DOI: https://doi.org/10.17660/ActaHortic.1985.164.1
  » https://doi.org/10.17660/ActaHortic.1985.164.1
• KONDO, T.; YAMASHITA, K.; SUGIYAMA, S. First report of Impatiens necrotic spot virus infecting chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum morifolium) in Japan. Journal of General Plant Pathology, v.77, n.4, p.263-265, 2011. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10327-011-0317-y
  » https://doi.org/10.1007/s10327-011-0317-y
• KUMAR, S.; KHAN, M.S.; RAJ, S.K.; SHARMA, A.K. Elimination of mixed infection of Cucumber mosaic and Tomato aspermy virus from Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat. cv. Pooja by shoot meristem culture. Scientia Horticulturae, v.119, n.2, p.108-112, 2009. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2008.07.017
  » https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2008.07.017
• KUMARI, A.; RAJ, R.; KUMAR, S.; CHAUHAN, P.S.; RAJ, S.K. Coexistence of three virus genera (Badnavirus, Potyvirus and Cucumovirus) in Canna species in India. Annals of Virology and Research, v.2, 2016. Available at: <https://www.jscimedcentral.com/Virology/virology-2-1008.pdf> Accessed on: 20 April 2016.
  » https://www.jscimedcentral.com/Virology/virology-2-1008.pdf
• LANEY, A.G.; KELLER, K.E.; MARTIN, R.R.; TZANETAKIS, I.E. A discovery 70 years in the making: characterization of the Rose rosette virus Journal of General Virology, v.92, n.7, p.1727-1732, 2011. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1099/vir.0.031146-0
  » https://doi.org/10.1099/vir.0.031146-0
• LIU, X.L.; WEI, Q.; HONG, B.; ZHAO, X.T. First report of Potato virus Y strain N-Wilga infecting Chrysanthemum in China. Plant Disease, v.98, n.11, p.1589-1589, 2014. DOI: http://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-02-14-0154-PDN
  » http://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-02-14-0154-PDN
• LOCKHART, B.; ZLESAK, D.; FETZER, J. Identification and partial characterization of six new viruses of cultivated roses in the USA. Acta Horticulturae, n.901, p.139-147, 2011. DOI: http://doi.org/10.17660/ActaHortic.2011.901.18
  » http://doi.org/10.17660/ActaHortic.2011.901.18
• LOCKHART, B.E.L. Occurrence of Canna yellow mottle virus in North America. Acta Horticulturae, n.234, p.69-72, 1988. DOI: http://doi.org/10.17660/ActaHortic.1988.234.7
  » http://doi.org/10.17660/ActaHortic.1988.234.7
• MAAS-VAN DE KAMER, H; MAAS, P.J.M. The Cannaceae of the world. Blumea, v.53, p. 247-318, 2008. DOI: http://doi.org/10.3767/000651908X607945
  » http://doi.org/10.3767/000651908X607945
• MARCHOUX, G.; ROUGIER, J. Virus de la mosaique de la luzerne: isolement à partir du lavandin (Lavandula hybrida Rev.) et de l'aubergine (Solanum melongena L.). Annales de Phytopathologie, v.6, p.191-196, 1974.
• MARTIN, R.R.; TZANETAKIS, I.E. First report of Rosa multiflora cryptic virus in Rosa multiflora in the Eastern United States. Plant Disease, v.92, n.12, p.1706, 2008. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-92-12-1706B
  » https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-92-12-1706B
• MARTINEZ-PRIEGO, L.; CORDOBA, M.G.; JORDA, C. First report of Aflalfa mosaic virus in Lavandula officinalis Plant Disease, v.88, n.8, p.908, 2004. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS.2004.88.8.908C
  » https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS.2004.88.8.908C
• MARWAL, A.; SAHU, A.K.; GAUR, R.K. First report on the association of a begomovirus with Chrysanthemum indicum exhibiting yellowing of leaf vein disease characterized by molecular studies. Journal of Horticultural Research, v.21, n.2, p.17-21, 2013. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/johr-2013-0017
  » https://doi.org/10.2478/johr-2013-0017
• MATSUURA, S.; HOSHINO, S.; HAYASHI, H.; KOHGUCHI, T.; HAGIWARA, K.; OMURA, T. Effects of latent infection of stock plants and abundance of thrips on the occurrence of tomato spotted wilt virus in chrysanthemum fields. Journal of General Plant Pathology, v. 68, p.99-102, 2002. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/PL00013062
  » https://doi.org/10.1007/PL00013062
• MCLAUGHLIN, M.; LOCKHART, B.; JORDAN, R.; DENTON, G.; MOLLOV, D. Complete nucleotide sequence of clematis chlorotic mottle virus, a new member of the family Tombusviridae Archives of Virology, v.162, n.5, p.1373-1379, 2017. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00705-017-3236-1
  » https://doi.org/10.1007/s00705-017-3236-1
• MEHRA, A.; JABEEN, N.; SINGH, A.K.; HALLAN, V.; ZAIDI, A.A. A new chrysanthemum potyvirus: molecular evidence. Archives of Phytopathology and Plant Protection, v.42, n.5, p.436-441, 2009. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/03235400601164471
  » https://doi.org/10.1080/03235400601164471
• MILIČIĆ, D.; SUBAŠIĆ, Đ.; RANA, G.L. Mechanical transmission of two virus isolates from Clematis vitalba in Yugoslavia. Acta biologica JAZU, v.9, p.145-151, 1983.
• MILLEZA, E.J.M.; WARD, L.I.; DELMIGLIO, C.; TANG, J.Z.; VEERAKONE, S.; PEREZ-EGUSQUIZA, Z. A survey of viruses infecting Rosa spp. in New Zealand. Australasian Plant Pathology, v.42, n.3, p.313-320, 2013. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13313-012-0191-x
  » https://doi.org/10.1007/s13313-012-0191-x
• MITROFANOVA, O.V.; MITROFANOVA, I.V.; LESNIKOVA-SEDOSHENKO, N.P.; IVANOVA, N.N. Using of Biotechnology methods for plant improvement and propagation of virus-free planting material of perspective ornamental plants. Collection of Scientific Works of the State Nikita Botanical Gardens, v.138, p.5-56, 2014.
• MITROFANOVA, I.V.; CHIRKOV, S.N.; LESNIKOVA-SEDOSHENKO, N.P.; CHELOMBIT, S.V.; ZAKUBANSKIY, A.V.; RABOTYAGOV, V.D.; MITROFANOVA, O.V. Micropropagation of Lavandula angustifolia Mill. ‘Record’ and ‘Belyanka’. Acta Horticulturae, n.1187, p.37-42, 2017. DOI:https://doi.org/10.17660/ActaHortic.2017.1187.4
  » https://doi.org/10.17660/ActaHortic.2017.1187.4
• MOINI, A.; IZADPANAH, K. New hosts for Tomato spotted wilt virus in Tehran. Iranian Journal of Plant Pathology, v.36, p.104-105, 2000.
• MOLLOV, D.; LOCKHART, B.; ZLESAK, D.C.; OLSZEWSKI, N. Complete nucleotide sequence of rose yellow vein virus, a member of the family Caulimoviridae having a novel genome organization. Archives of Virology, v.158, n.4, p.877-880, 2013a. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00705-012-1547-9
  » https://doi.org/10.1007/s00705-012-1547-9
• MOLLOV, D.; LOCKHART, B.; ZLESAK, D. Complete nucleotide sequence of rose yellow mosaic virus, a novel member of the family Potyviridae Archives of Virology, v.158, n.9, p.1917-1923, 2013b. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00705-013-1686-7
  » https://doi.org/10.1007/s00705-013-1686-7
• MOLLOV, D.; LOCKHART, B.; ZLESAK, D.C. Complete nucleotide sequence of Rosa rugosa leaf distortion virus, a new member of the family Tombusviridae Archives of Virology, v.158, p.2617-2620, 2013c. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00705-013-1763-y
  » https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00705-013-1763-y
• MOLLOV, D.; LOCKHART, B.; ZLESAK, D.C. Complete nucleotide sequence of rose yellow leaf virus, a new member of the family Tombusviridae Archives of Virology, v.159, n.10, p.2795-2798, 2014a. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00705-014-2106-3
  » https://doi.org/10.1007/s00705-014-2106-3
• MOLLOV, D.; LOCKHART, B.; PHIBBS, A.; CRESWELL, T.; RUHL, G.; DORMAN, E.; KINARD, G.; JORDAN, R. Clematis chlorotic mottle virus, a novel virus occurring in clematis in the USA. Phytopathology, v.104, p.81-82, 2014b.
• MOLLOV, D.; LOCKHART, B.; ZLESAK, D.C. Symptoms, transmission, and detection of four new rose viruses. Acta Horticulturae, n.1064, p.303-310, 2015. DOI: https://doi.org/10.17660/ActaHortic.2015.1064.37
  » https://doi.org/10.17660/ActaHortic.2015.1064.37
• MONGER, W.A.; ADAMS, I.P.; GLOVER, R.H.; BARRETT, B. The complete genome sequence of Canna yellow streak virus Archives of Virology, v.155, n.9, p.1515-1518, 2010. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00705-010-0694-0
  » https://doi.org/10.1007/s00705-010-0694-0
• MONGER, W.A.; HARJU, V.; SKELTON, A.; SEAL, S.E.; MUMFORD, R.A. Canna yellow streak virus: a new potyvirus associated with severe streaking symptoms in canna. Archives of Virology, v.152, n.8, p.1527-1530, 2007. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00705-007-0977-2
  » https://doi.org/10.1007/s00705-007-0977-2
• MOURY, B.; CARDIN, L.; ONESTO, J.P.; CANDRESSE, T.; POUPET, A. Survey of Prunus necrotic ringspot virus in rose and its variability in rose and Prunus spp. Phytopathology, v.91, n.1, p.84-91, 2001. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1094/PHYTO.2001.91.1.84
  » https://doi.org/10.1094/PHYTO.2001.91.1.84
• NASSAR, E.A.; EL-DOUGDOUG, K.A.; OSMAN, M.E.; DAWOUD, R.A.; KINAWY, A.H. Characterization and elimination of a TMV isolate infecting Chrysanthemum plants in Egypt. International Journal of Virology, v.8, n.1, p.14-26, 2012. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3923/ijv.2012.14.26
  » https://doi.org/10.3923/ijv.2012.14.26
• NAVARRO, B.; FLORES, R. Chrysanthemum chlorotic mottle viroid: Unusual structural properties of a subgroup of self-cleaving viroids with hammerhead ribozymes. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, v.94, p.11262-11267, 1997. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.94.21.11262
  » https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.94.21.11262
• NIU, M.E.; CHEN, M.L.; NIU, Y.B. First report of Zucchini yellow mosaic virus in chrysanthemum. Plant Disease, v.99, n.9, p.1289, 2015. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-02-15-0152-PDN
  » https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-02-15-0152-PDN
• OHKAWA, A.; YAMADA, M.; SAYAMA, H.; SUGIYAMA, N.; OKUDA, S.; NATSUAKI, T. Complete nucleotide sequence of a Japanese isolate of Chrysanthemum virus B (genus Carlavirus). Archives of Virology, v.152, n.12, p.2253-2258, 2007. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00705-007-1039-5
  » https://doi.org/10.1007/s00705-007-1039-5
• PARK, S.; LEE, J.B.; KANG, S. Topical application of Chrysanthemum indicum L. attenuates the development of atopic dermatitis-like skin lesions by suppressing serum IgE levels, IFN-γ, and IL-4 in Nc/NgaMice. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2012 Article ID 821967, 2012. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1155%2F2012%2F821967
  » https://doi.org/10.1155%2F2012%2F821967
• PARRELLA, G.; ACANFORA, N.; BELLARDI, M.G. First record and complete nucleotide sequence of Alfalfa mosaic virus from Lavandula stoechas in Italy. Plant Disease, v.94, n.7, p.924, 2010. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-94-7-0924A
  » https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-94-7-0924A
• PEARSON, M.N.; CLOVER, G.R.G.; GUY, P.L.; FLETCHER, J.D.; BEEVER, R.E. A review of the plant virus, viroid and mollicute records for New Zealand. Australasian Plant Pathology, v.35, p.217-252, 2006. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1071/AP06016
  » https://doi.org/10.1071/AP06016
• PHELAN, J.; JAMES, D. Complete genome sequences of a putative new alphapartitivirus detected in Rose spp. Archives of Virology, v.161, n.9, p.2623-2626, 2016. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00705-016-2929-1
  » https://doi.org/10.1007/s00705-016-2929-1
• RAJ, S.K.; KUMAR, S.; CHOUDHARI, S. Identification of Tomato aspermy virus as the cause of yellow mosaic and flower deformation in chrysanthemums in India. Australasian Plant Disease Notes, v.2, n.1, p.1-2, 2007. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1071/DN07001
  » https://doi.org/10.1071/DN07001
• RAJAKARUNA, P.; SHAFIEKHANI, M.; KIM, T.; PAYTON, M.; CHAUHAN, R.; VERCHOT, J. Production of discernable disease phenotypes in Canna by five plant viruses belonging to the genera Potyvirus, Cucumovirus, and Badnavirus Plant Pathology, v.63, p.821-830, 2014. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/ppa.12169
  » https://doi.org/10.1111/ppa.12169
• RANA, G.L.; KRAJAČIĆ, M.; ŠTEFANAC, Z.; PLEŠE, N.; RUBINO, L.; MILIČIĆ, D. Properties of a new strain of tobacco streak virus from Clematis vitalba (Ranunculaceae). Annals of Applied Biology, v.111, n.1, p.153-160, 1987. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-7348.1987.tb01442.x
  » https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-7348.1987.tb01442.x
• RIVERA, P.A.; ENGEL, E.A. Presence of Rose spring dwarf-associated virus in Chile; partial genome sequence and detection in roses and their colonizing aphids. Virus Genes, v.41, n.2, p.295-297, 2010. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11262-010-0510-7
  » https://doi.org/10.1007/s11262-010-0510-7
• SABANADZOVIC, S.; GHANEM-SABANADZOVIC, N.A. Molecular characterization and detection of a tripartite cryptic virus from rose. Journal of Plant Pathology, v.90, n.2, p.287-293, 2008. DOI: http://doi.org/10.4454/jpp.v90i2.664
  » http://doi.org/10.4454/jpp.v90i2.664
• SALEM, N.M.; GOLINO, D.A.; FALK, B.W.; ROWHANI, A. Identification and partial characterization of a new Luteovirus associated with rose spring dwarf disease. Plant Disease, v.92, n.4, p.508-512, 2008. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-92-4-0508
  » https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-92-4-0508
• SHAHRAEEN, N. Occurrence of Impatiens necrotic spot virus in ornamentals in Mahallat and Tehran provinces in Iran. Plant Disease, v.86, n.6, p.694, 2002. DOI: http://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS.2002.86.6.694A
  » http://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS.2002.86.6.694A
• SINGH, L.; HALLAN, V.; JABEEN, N.; SINGH, A.K.; RAM, R.; MARTIN, D.P.; ZAIDI, A.A. Coat protein gene diversity among Chrysanthemum virus B isolates from India. Archives of Virology, v.152, n.2, p.405-413, 2007. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00705-006-0854-4
  » https://doi.org/10.1007/s00705-006-0854-4
• ŠNEIDERIS, D.; STANIULIS, J. Phylogenetic analysis of Lithuanian tomato black ring virus isolates. Zemdirbyste-Agriculture, v.101, n.2, p.193-198, 2014. DOI: https://doi.org/10.13080/z-a.2014.101.025
  » https://doi.org/10.13080/z-a.2014.101.025
• SONG, A.; YOU, Y.; CHEN, F.; LI, P.; JIANG, J.; CHEN, S. A multiplex RT-PCR for rapid and simultaneous detection of viruses and viroids in chrysanthemum. Letters in Applied Microbiology, v.56, p.8-13, 2012. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/lam.12007
  » https://doi.org/10.1111/lam.12007
• STANKOVIĆ, I.; VRANDEČIĆ, K.; ĆOSIĆ, J.; MILOJEVIĆ, K.; BULAJIĆ, A.; KRSTIĆ, B. The spreading of Alfalfa mosaic virus in lavandin in Croatia. Pesticides and Phytomedicine, v.29, p.115-122, 2014. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2298/PIF1402115S
  » https://doi.org/10.2298/PIF1402115S
• TANG, W.; XU, X.H.; SUN, H.W.; LI, F.; GAO, R.; YANG, S.K.; LU, X.B.; LI, X.D. First report of Sugarcane mosaic virus infecting Canna spp. in China. Plant Disease, v.100, n.12, p.2541, 2016. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-05-16-0726-PDN
  » https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-05-16-0726-PDN
• THOMAS, B.J. Miscellaneous hardy nursery stock. Annual Report of the Glasshouse Crops Research Institute for 1974, p.119-120, 1975.
• TZANETAKIS, I.E.; GERGERICH, R.C.; MARTIN, R.R. A new Ilarvirus found in rose. Plant Pathology, v.55, n.4, p.568, 2006. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3059.2006.01410.x
  » https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3059.2006.01410.x
• VERMA, N.; SHARMA, A.; RAM, R.; HALLAN, V.; ZAIDI, A.A.; GARG, I.D. Detection, identification and incidence of Chrysanthemum B carlavirus in chrysanthemum in India. Crop Protection, v.22, n.2, p.425-429, 2003. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0261-2194(02)00184-9
  » https://doi.org/10.1016/S0261-2194(02)00184-9
• VRANDEČIĆ, K.; JURKOVIĆ, D.; ĆOSIĆ, J.; STANKOVIĆ, I.; VUČUROVIĆ, A.; BULAJIĆ, A.; KRSTIĆ, B. First report of Alfalfa mosaic virus infecting Lavandula x intermedia in Croatia. Plant Disease, v.97, n.7, p.1002, 2013. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-12-12-1142-PDN
  » https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-12-12-1142-PDN
• WANG, R.; DONG, J.; WANG, Z.; ZHOU, T.; LI, Y.; DING, W. Complete nucleotide sequence of a new carlavirus in chrysanthemums in China. Archives of virology, 2018. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00705-018-3791-0
  » https://doi.org/10.1007/s00705-018-3791-0
• WESTDAL, P.H. Host range studies of oat blue dwarf virus. Canadian Journal of Botany, v.46, n.11, p.1431-1435, 1968. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1139/b68-194
  » https://doi.org/10.1139/b68-194
• WIJAYASEKARA, D.; HOYT, P.; GIMONDO, A.; DUNN, B.; THAPA, A.; JONES, H.; VERCHOT, J. Molecular characterization of two badnavirus genomes associated with Canna yellow mottle disease. Virus Research, v.243, n.2, p.19-24, 2017. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.virusres.2017.10.001
  » https://doi.org/10.1016/j.virusres.2017.10.001
• WU, P.R.; CHIEN, W.C.; OKUDA, M.; TAKESHITA, M.; YEH, S.D.; WANG, Y.C.; CHEN, T.C. Genetic and serological characterization of chrysanthemum stem necrosis virus, a member of the genus Tospovirus Archives of Virology, v.160, n.2, p.529-536, 2015. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00705-014-2287-9
  » https://doi.org/10.1007/s00705-014-2287-9
• WYLIE, S.J.; COUTTS, B.A.; JONES, M.G.K.; JONES, R.A.C. Phylogenetic analysis of Bean yellow mosaic virus isolates from four continents: Relationship between the seven groups found and their hosts and origins. Plant Disease, v.92, n.12, p.1596-1603, 2008. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-92-12-1596
  » https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-92-12-1596
• YAMASHITA, S.; NATSUAKI, T.; DOI, Y.; YORA, K. Canna yellow mottle virus, a non-enveloped small-bacilloform virus in Canna spp. Annals of the Phytopathological Society Japan, v.51, n.5, p.642-646, 1985. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3186/jjphytopath.51.642
  » https://doi.org/10.3186/jjphytopath.51.642
• YARDIMCI, N.; ÇULAL, H. Occurrence and incidence of Prunus necrotic ringspot virus, Arabis mosaic virus, and Apple mosaic virus on oil rose (Rosa damascena) in the Lakes region of Turkey. New Zealand Journal of Crop and Horticultural Science, v.37, p.95-98, 2009. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/01140671.2009.9684247
  » https://doi.org/10.1080/01140671.2009.9684247
• ZAKUBANSKIY, A.V.; MITROFANOVA, I.V.; CHIRKOV, S.N. Molecular characterization of viruses infecting canna in Russia. European Journal of Plant Pathology, v.149, n.4, p.923-931, 2017. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10658-017-1241-6
  » https://doi.org/10.1007/s10658-017-1241-6
• ZAKUBANSKIY, A.V.; MITROFANOVA, I.V.; CHIRKOV, S.N. First report of Moroccan pepper virus on clematis in Russia and worldwide. Plant Disease, v.102, 2018. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-10-17-1646-PDN
  » https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-10-17-1646-PDN
• ZHAO, X.; LIU, X.; GE, B.; LI, M.; HONG, B. A multiplex RT-PCR for simultaneous detection and identification of five viruses and two viroids infecting chrysanthemum. Archives of Virology, v.160, n.5, p.1145-1152, 2015. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00705-015-2360-z
  » https://doi.org/10.1007/s00705-015-2360-z

Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  Apr-Jun 2018

History

• Received
  22 Mar 2018
• Accepted
  19 May 2018