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Sanitary quality of seed of Paspalum species

Qualidade sanitária de sementes de espécies de Paspalum

Abstract

Brazil has been developing research for selection of native species of Paspalum for use as turfgrass, nevertheless little is known about the sanitary quality and pathogens associated to the seeds, being the aims of this study. Subsamples of 100 seeds of two accessions of Paspalum notatum Flügge (PN 01 and PN 04) and one accesses of Paspalum lepton Schult. (PL 01) were submitted to the blotter test at 20 °C with a 12-h photoperiod for 7 days. The Penicillium and Curvularia genus incidence were highest in the three accessions of Paspalum. The seed health quality was variable between accessions, with more than 56% of incidence of the fungus Curvularia on the seeds. This study reported for the first time the occurrence of Curvularia spp. and Cladosporium herbarium in seeds of P. lepton, in the Northeast region of Brazil.

Keywords:
grass; green cover; fungi; Paspalum notatum; Paspalum lepton

Resumo

O Brasil vem desenvolvendo pesquisas para seleção de espécies nativas de Paspalum para uso como gramados, porém pouco se sabe sobre a qualidade sanitária e os patógenos associados às sementes, sendo os objetivos deste estudo. Subamostras de 100 sementes de dois acessos de Paspalum notatum Flügge (PN 01 and PN 04) e de um acesso de Paspalum lepton Schult. (PL 01) foram submetidas ao teste de papel de filtro a 20 °C, com fotoperíodo de 12 h, por 7 dias. Os gêneros Penicillium e Curvularia apresentaram maior incidência nos três acessos de Paspalum. A qualidade das sementes foi variável entre os acessos, com mais de 56% de incidência do fungo Curvularia nas sementes. Este estudo relatou pela primeira vez a ocorrência de Curvularia spp. e Cladosporium herbarum em sementes de P. lepton na região nordeste do Brasil.

Palavras-chave:
cobertura verde; fungos; gramado; Paspalum lepton; Paspalum notatum

Introduction

The Paspalum L. genera are among the main warm season grasses used for lawns. The seed propagation contributes to the decrease of the cost of establishment, besides maintaining the exact characteristics of the mother plant genotype, because they are apomictic species (Maximino et al., 2017MAXIMINO, J.V.O.; MACHADO, M.A.S.; MITTELMANN, A.; PINHEIRO, E.C.; PIRES, E.S.; LONGARAY, M.B.; SOUZA, F.H.D.; STUMPF, E.R.T. Potencial de produção de sementes de gramíneas para a implantação em gramados. Ornamental Horticulture, v.23, n.2, p. 200-206, 2017. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.14295/oh.v23i2.1011
http://dx.doi.org/10.14295/oh.v23i2.1011...
). Paspalum notatum has been widely used in lawns in urban areas because of its resistance to trampling, drought, heat and high rate of establishment (Trenholm et al., 2001TRENHOLM, L.E.; UNRUH, J.B.; CISAR, J.L. Selecting a turfgrass for Florida lawns. 2001. Available at: <Available at: http://www.retreatatwekiva.com/misc/landscape/Selecting%20a%20Turfgrass%20for%20Florida%20Lawns%20ENH04.pdf > Accessed on May 6, 2019.
http://www.retreatatwekiva.com/misc/land...
). In Brazil, a mixture of biotypes and ecotypes of Paspalum notatum var. notatum, known as “grama-batatais”, is used in gardens, functional areas of airports, industrial parks and roads, demonstrating the potential of this native species for use as tropical turfgrasses (Souza et al., 2016SOUZA, F.H.D.; GUSMÃO, M.R.; MATTA, F.P.; CASTRO, A.C.R.; MITTELMANN, A.; FÁVERO, A.F.; JANK, L. Atributos desejáveis para gramados a serem cultivados sob condições brasileiras: uma proposta. Ornamental Horticulture, v.22, n.2, p.154-165, 2016. DOI: http://doi.org/10.14295/oh.v22i2.841
http://doi.org/10.14295/oh.v22i2.841...
; Souza et al., 2020SOUZA, F.H.D.; GUSMÃO, M.R.; MATTA, F.P.; CAVALLARI, M.M.; BARIONI JR., W. Characterization of the potential of native grasses for use as lawns. Ornamental Horticulture , v.26, n.1, p.109-120, 2020. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/2447-536X.v26i1.2067
https://doi.org/10.1590/2447-536X.v26i1....
).

Regarding sanitary quality, little is known about the pathogens associated with seeds of tropical forages produced. The pathogens present in seeds can affect germination, seedling development and production of forage plants in the field. The introduction of the pathogen through the seeds is a possible source of long-distance dissemination and could play a role of transferring them to a new place (Lazarotto et al., 2012LAZAROTTO, M.; MUNIZ, M.F.B.; BELTRAME, R.; SANTOS, A.F.; MACIEL, C.G.; LONGHI, S.J. Sanidade, transmissão via semente e patogenicidade de fungos em sementes de Cedrella fissilis procedentes da região sul do Brasil. Ciência Florestal, v.22, n.3, p.493-503, 2012. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5902/198050986617
http://dx.doi.org/10.5902/198050986617...
; Rioux et al., 2014RIOUX, R.A.; SHULTZ, J.; GARCIA, M.; WILLIS, D.K.; CASLER, M.; BONOS, S.; SMITH, D.; KERNS, J. Sclerotinia homoeocarpa overwinters in turfgrass and is present in commercial seed. PLoS ONE, v.9, n.10, v.1-10, 2014. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0110897
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.011...
). Pathogens can also prevent seeds from being traded on the global market, as some countries may have restrictions on seeds with sanitary issues (Mallmann et al., 2013MALLMANN, G.; VERZIGNASSI, J.R.; FERNANDES, C.D.; SANTOS, J.M.; VECHIATO, M.H.; INÁCIO, C.A.; BATISTA, M.V.; QUEIROZ, C.A. Fungos e nematoides associados a sementes de forrageiras tropicais. Summa Phytopathologica, v.39, n.3, p.201-203, 2013. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0100-54052013000300010
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0100-54052013...
; Santos et al., 2014SANTOS, G.R.; TSCHOEKE, P.H.; SILVA, L.G.; SILVEIRA, M.C.A.C.; REIS, H.B.; BRITO, D.R.; CARLOS D.S. Sanitary analysis, transmission and pathogenicity of fungi associated with forage plant seeds in tropical regions of Brazil. Journal of Seed Science, v.36, n.1, p.1-9, 2014 DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S2317-15372014000100007
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S2317-15372014...
). Seed health testing to detect seed borne pathogens is an important key step in the management of crop diseases. This study aims to evaluate the sanitary quality in Paspalum notatum and P. lepton accessions with potential for use as turfgrass.

Material and Methods

The seeds of three accessions, P. notatum Flügge (PN 01 and PN 04) and P. lepton Schult. (PL 01), from the Germplasm Embrapa Bank (Embrapa/ Southteast Livestock) were collected from an experimental area installed in Camaragibe, Pernambuco, Brazil (7°56’33”S and 35°01’50”W, 100 m elevation), in April 2014. Then seeds were stored in paper bags at 6.5 °C and relative humidity of 81% for further analysis.

The health analyses of the seeds were conducted at the Seed Pathology Laboratory (Institute of Agronomy of Pernambuco - IPA). Four repetitions of 100 seeds were distributed on three sheets of sterilized filter paper, moistened with sterilized distilled water and placed in plastic boxes (‘Gerbox’), previously disinfected with 1% sodium hypochlorite (Brasil, 2009BRASIL. Ministério da Agricultura, Pecuária e Abastecimento. Manual de Análise Sanitária de Sementes. Ministério da Agricultura, Pecuária e Abastecimento. Secretaria de Defesa Agropecuária. Brasília: MAPA/ACS, 2009. 200p. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4038/jas.v11i2.8125
http://dx.doi.org/10.4038/jas.v11i2.8125...
). The seeds were incubated for seven days under a photoperiod of 12 hours at a temperature of 20 ± 2 °C. Fungal structures were observed under a stereoscopic and optical microscope and identified with the help of an identification key (Barnett and Hunter, 1972BARNETT, H.C.; HUNTER, B.B. Illustrated genera of imperfect fungi. Mineapolis: Burgess Publishing, 1972. 241p.). The results presented the percentage incidence for individual pathogen. The experimental design was completely random and the means compared with Tukey’s test at the 5% probability level.

Results and Discussion

The following fungi were identified in seeds of accessions of Paspalum: Curvularia spp., Penicillium spp., Alternaria spp., Cladosporuim herbarum, Stemphyllium spp. (Figure 1), Rhizopus spp. and Bipolaris sp. The Penicillium and Curvularia genus incidence were highest in the three accessions of Paspalum. Among the accessions of P. notatum, it was observed that the PN 04 access was more susceptible than the PN 01 access, presenting a greater number of species of fungi. Some important and potentially pathogenic fungi have been detected in the seeds of Panincum maximum and Brachiaria spp., such as Curvularia, Phoma, Fusarium, Exserohilum, Cercospora, Fusarium, Cladosporium and Helminthosporium (Mallmann et al., 2013MALLMANN, G.; VERZIGNASSI, J.R.; FERNANDES, C.D.; SANTOS, J.M.; VECHIATO, M.H.; INÁCIO, C.A.; BATISTA, M.V.; QUEIROZ, C.A. Fungos e nematoides associados a sementes de forrageiras tropicais. Summa Phytopathologica, v.39, n.3, p.201-203, 2013. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0100-54052013000300010
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0100-54052013...
; Marcos et al., 2015MARCOS, M.F.; JANK, L.; FERNANDES, C.D.; VERZIGNASSI, J.R.; MALLMANN, G.; QUEIRÓZ, C.A.; BATISTA, M.V. Reação àBipolaris maydis,agente causal da mancha foliar, em híbridos apomíticos dePanicum maximum. Summa Phytopathologica , v.41, n.3, p.197-201, 2015. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0100-5405/2078
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0100-5405/2078...
; Silva at al., 2019SILVA, G.Z.; MARTINS, C.C.; MELO, L.F.; JEROMINI, T.S.; PANIZZI, R.C. Incidence of fungi in mombasa grass seeds during the stages of the seed conditioning process. Engenharia Agrícola, v.39, n.2, p.234-239, 2019. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1809-4430-eng.agric.v39n2p234-239/2019
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1809-4430-eng....
). The species of phytopathogenic fungi most frequent in seed lots of Paspalum guenoarum ecotype “Azulão” were Bipolaris micropus, Curvularia geniculata, Fusarium incarnatum and Phoma herbarum (Gasparetto et al. 2017GASPARETTO, B.F.; FRANKE, L.B.; ANDRADE, C.C.L.; DALBOSCO, M.; DUARTE, V.; MOREIRA, S.I.; ALVES, E. First Report of Bipolaris micropus, Curvularia geniculata, Epicoccum sorghinum, and Fusarium incarnatum on Paspalum guenoarum seeds in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Plant Disease, v.101, n.9, p.1679, 2017. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-12-16-1746-PDN
https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-12-16-1746-...
).

Figure 1
Fungi detected in seeds in access Paspalum: Curvularia spp. (A; B), Penicillium spp. (C; D), Alternaria spp. (E; F), Cladosporuim herbarum (G; H), and Stemphyllium spp. (I; J).

This study reported for the first time the occurrence of Curvularia sp. and Cladosporium herbarum in seeds of P. lepton, in the Northeast region of Brazil. The genus Curvularia had the highest incidence among fungi identify (above 56%) in the all accessions (Figure 2). In general, other studies report the susceptibility of the Paspalum species to attacks of fungi from genre Bipolaris micropus, Epicoccum sorghinum, Fusarium incarnatum, Curvularia geniculata and Curvularia lunata (Lin et al., 2015LIN, J.; WANG, H.; ZHAO, Q.; ZHANG, Y. Identification and biological characteristics of Curvularia Leaf Spot on Paspalum vaginatum. Heilongjiang Agricultural Sciences, v.10, p.93-98, 2015. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1002-2767.2012.10.015
http://dx.doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1002-27...
; Malkanthi et al., 2016MALKANTHI, A.G.I.; PERERA, R.A.S.; DISSANAYAKE, M.L.M.C. Turf Yellowing Disease in Paspalum vaginatum (Turf Grass): Identification of Causative pathogen and Chemical Control. The Journal of Agricultural Sciences, v.11, n.2, p.130-136, 2016.; Gasparetto et al. 2017GASPARETTO, B.F.; FRANKE, L.B.; ANDRADE, C.C.L.; DALBOSCO, M.; DUARTE, V.; MOREIRA, S.I.; ALVES, E. First Report of Bipolaris micropus, Curvularia geniculata, Epicoccum sorghinum, and Fusarium incarnatum on Paspalum guenoarum seeds in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Plant Disease, v.101, n.9, p.1679, 2017. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-12-16-1746-PDN
https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-12-16-1746-...
). The Curvularia leaf spot is one of the important diseases in golf courses maintenance management (Lin et al., 2015LIN, J.; WANG, H.; ZHAO, Q.; ZHANG, Y. Identification and biological characteristics of Curvularia Leaf Spot on Paspalum vaginatum. Heilongjiang Agricultural Sciences, v.10, p.93-98, 2015. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1002-2767.2012.10.015
http://dx.doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1002-27...
). Symptoms are characterized by reddish-brown or black spots. In some cases, the spots are confined to the top or bottom of the glumes and have a clearer center (Prabhu et al., 1999PRABHU, A.S.; FILIPPI, M.C.; RIBEIRO, A.S. Doenças e seu controle. In: VIEIRA, N.R.A.A.; SANTOS, A.B.; SANT’ANA, E.P. A cultura do arroz no Brasil. Santo Antônio de Goiás: Embrapa Arroz e Feijão, 1999. p.262-307.).

Figure 2
Incidence of different fungi on seeds of accessions of Paspalum (PN 01, PN 04 and PL 01). Camaragibe, Pernambuco, Brazil, 2014. The means followed by the same letter don’t differ statistically (p <0.05).

Conclusions

Additional studies are necessary to verify the potential for transmission of and survival of these phytopathogenic fungi in the Paspalum genus seeds and selection of products for the control of pathogens in this grass.

Acknowledgements

The authors are thankful to: EMBRAPA (Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária), CNPq (Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico), CAPES (Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior), FACEPE (Fundação de Amparo à Ciência e Tecnologia de Pernambuco), IPA (Instituto Agronômico de Pernambuco), the UFRPE students for all their support to this study.

References

  • BARNETT, H.C.; HUNTER, B.B. Illustrated genera of imperfect fungi. Mineapolis: Burgess Publishing, 1972. 241p.
  • BRASIL. Ministério da Agricultura, Pecuária e Abastecimento. Manual de Análise Sanitária de Sementes. Ministério da Agricultura, Pecuária e Abastecimento. Secretaria de Defesa Agropecuária. Brasília: MAPA/ACS, 2009. 200p. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4038/jas.v11i2.8125
    » http://dx.doi.org/10.4038/jas.v11i2.8125
  • GASPARETTO, B.F.; FRANKE, L.B.; ANDRADE, C.C.L.; DALBOSCO, M.; DUARTE, V.; MOREIRA, S.I.; ALVES, E. First Report of Bipolaris micropus, Curvularia geniculata, Epicoccum sorghinum, and Fusarium incarnatum on Paspalum guenoarum seeds in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Plant Disease, v.101, n.9, p.1679, 2017. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-12-16-1746-PDN
    » https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-12-16-1746-PDN
  • LAZAROTTO, M.; MUNIZ, M.F.B.; BELTRAME, R.; SANTOS, A.F.; MACIEL, C.G.; LONGHI, S.J. Sanidade, transmissão via semente e patogenicidade de fungos em sementes de Cedrella fissilis procedentes da região sul do Brasil. Ciência Florestal, v.22, n.3, p.493-503, 2012. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5902/198050986617
    » http://dx.doi.org/10.5902/198050986617
  • LIN, J.; WANG, H.; ZHAO, Q.; ZHANG, Y. Identification and biological characteristics of Curvularia Leaf Spot on Paspalum vaginatum Heilongjiang Agricultural Sciences, v.10, p.93-98, 2015. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1002-2767.2012.10.015
    » http://dx.doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1002-2767.2012.10.015
  • MALKANTHI, A.G.I.; PERERA, R.A.S.; DISSANAYAKE, M.L.M.C. Turf Yellowing Disease in Paspalum vaginatum (Turf Grass): Identification of Causative pathogen and Chemical Control. The Journal of Agricultural Sciences, v.11, n.2, p.130-136, 2016.
  • MALLMANN, G.; VERZIGNASSI, J.R.; FERNANDES, C.D.; SANTOS, J.M.; VECHIATO, M.H.; INÁCIO, C.A.; BATISTA, M.V.; QUEIROZ, C.A. Fungos e nematoides associados a sementes de forrageiras tropicais. Summa Phytopathologica, v.39, n.3, p.201-203, 2013. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0100-54052013000300010
    » http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0100-54052013000300010
  • MARCOS, M.F.; JANK, L.; FERNANDES, C.D.; VERZIGNASSI, J.R.; MALLMANN, G.; QUEIRÓZ, C.A.; BATISTA, M.V. Reação àBipolaris maydis,agente causal da mancha foliar, em híbridos apomíticos dePanicum maximum Summa Phytopathologica , v.41, n.3, p.197-201, 2015. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0100-5405/2078
    » http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0100-5405/2078
  • MAXIMINO, J.V.O.; MACHADO, M.A.S.; MITTELMANN, A.; PINHEIRO, E.C.; PIRES, E.S.; LONGARAY, M.B.; SOUZA, F.H.D.; STUMPF, E.R.T. Potencial de produção de sementes de gramíneas para a implantação em gramados. Ornamental Horticulture, v.23, n.2, p. 200-206, 2017. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.14295/oh.v23i2.1011
    » http://dx.doi.org/10.14295/oh.v23i2.1011
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  • RIOUX, R.A.; SHULTZ, J.; GARCIA, M.; WILLIS, D.K.; CASLER, M.; BONOS, S.; SMITH, D.; KERNS, J. Sclerotinia homoeocarpa overwinters in turfgrass and is present in commercial seed. PLoS ONE, v.9, n.10, v.1-10, 2014. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0110897
    » https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0110897
  • SANTOS, G.R.; TSCHOEKE, P.H.; SILVA, L.G.; SILVEIRA, M.C.A.C.; REIS, H.B.; BRITO, D.R.; CARLOS D.S. Sanitary analysis, transmission and pathogenicity of fungi associated with forage plant seeds in tropical regions of Brazil. Journal of Seed Science, v.36, n.1, p.1-9, 2014 DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S2317-15372014000100007
    » http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S2317-15372014000100007
  • SILVA, G.Z.; MARTINS, C.C.; MELO, L.F.; JEROMINI, T.S.; PANIZZI, R.C. Incidence of fungi in mombasa grass seeds during the stages of the seed conditioning process. Engenharia Agrícola, v.39, n.2, p.234-239, 2019. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1809-4430-eng.agric.v39n2p234-239/2019
    » http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1809-4430-eng.agric.v39n2p234-239/2019
  • SOUZA, F.H.D.; GUSMÃO, M.R.; MATTA, F.P.; CASTRO, A.C.R.; MITTELMANN, A.; FÁVERO, A.F.; JANK, L. Atributos desejáveis para gramados a serem cultivados sob condições brasileiras: uma proposta. Ornamental Horticulture, v.22, n.2, p.154-165, 2016. DOI: http://doi.org/10.14295/oh.v22i2.841
    » http://doi.org/10.14295/oh.v22i2.841
  • SOUZA, F.H.D.; GUSMÃO, M.R.; MATTA, F.P.; CAVALLARI, M.M.; BARIONI JR., W. Characterization of the potential of native grasses for use as lawns. Ornamental Horticulture , v.26, n.1, p.109-120, 2020. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/2447-536X.v26i1.2067
    » https://doi.org/10.1590/2447-536X.v26i1.2067
  • TRENHOLM, L.E.; UNRUH, J.B.; CISAR, J.L. Selecting a turfgrass for Florida lawns. 2001. Available at: <Available at: http://www.retreatatwekiva.com/misc/landscape/Selecting%20a%20Turfgrass%20for%20Florida%20Lawns%20ENH04.pdf > Accessed on May 6, 2019.
    » http://www.retreatatwekiva.com/misc/landscape/Selecting%20a%20Turfgrass%20for%20Florida%20Lawns%20ENH04.pdf
  • Area Editor: Silvia Galleti

Publication Dates

  • Publication in this collection
    18 Sept 2020
  • Date of issue
    Jul-Sep 2020

History

  • Received
    21 June 2019
  • Accepted
    18 May 2020
  • Published
    25 June 2020
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