Resumo em Inglês:

The author proposed a new modification on the thiocyanate-stannous chloride method for the determination of molibdenum, when is used a heavier-than-water solvent for extrating the colored molybdenum thiocyanate complex. Carbon tetrachloride - butyl alcohol is the mixture proposed, and the results obtained give a good precision and more sensibility than the other method that use carbon tetrachloride-isoamyl alcohol as extractant.

Resumo em Inglês:

Cotton (variety I. A. C. 11) was grown on a sandy soil under two treatments, namely: (1) NPK + lime and (2) no fertilizers. Three weeks after planting a systematic sampling of entire plants was done every other week. In the laboratory determinations of dry weight were made and afterwards the various plant partes were submitted to chemical analyses, nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), and sulfur (S) being determined. The aim of this work was to obtain information on the periods in which the absorption of the several macronutrients was more intense, this providing a clue for time of application of certain mineral fertilizers. Data obtained hereby allowed for the following main conclusions. The initial rate of growth of the cotton plant, judged by the determinations of dry weight, is rather slow. Seven weeks after planting and again five weeks two distinct periods of rapid growth take place. The uptake of macronutrients is rather small until the first flowers show up. From there on the absorption of minerals is intensified. From the time in which fruits are being formed to full maturity, the crop draws from the soil nearly 75 percent of the total amount of elements required to complet life cycle. This seams to point out the need for late dressings of fertilizers, particularly of those containing N and K. The following amounts of element in Kg/ha were absorbed by the fertilized plants: N - 83.2 P - 8.1 K - 65.5 Ca - 61.7 Mg - 12.8 and S - 33.2. The three major macronutrients, namely, N. P and K are exported as seed cotton in the following proportions with respect to the total amounts taken up by the entire crop: N - 1/3, P - 1/2 and K - 1/3.

Resumo em Português:

O presente trabalho relata os dados obtidos na separação do estrôncio do cálcio, pelo uso de uma solução de NH4- EDTA, com pH entre os valores 4,8 e 5,3, passando através de uma coluna de resina trocadora de cátions. Assim, 200 ml de uma solução a 2,5% de NH4- EDTA com pH = 4,8 e contendo 0,36 mg de estrôncio e 199,2 mg de cálcio (o que dá uma relação de 1 de Sr para 553 de Ca) foram passados através de uma coluna de 25 a 28 ml de resina trocadora de cátions Amberlite IR - 120 (H+) prèviamente preparada. O estrôncio ficou retido na coluna e o cálcio continuou na solução que passou. Depois de passar solução de NH4- EDTA com pH 5,3 e solução de HCl de 0,25 a 0,75 N, o estrôncio foi eluido com solução 3N de HCl. Como empregou-se estrôncio radioativo Sr-89, esse ion foi determinado por radiometria, para se conhecer a eficiência da separação. O cálcio foi determinado pelo método permanganométrico em solução de NH4- EDTA após a eliminação do agente quelante. Os dados obtidos mostraram que houve uma separação muito eficiente, indicada pela porcentagem de recuperação do estrôncio qu efoi de 97,7, 97,0 e 98,6% ao passo que a recuperação do cálcio foi de 100,0, 99,9 e 99,7%.

Resumo em Inglês:

A simple, rapid and efficient method of separation of strontion from calcium can be perfomed by using a solution of 2.5% NH4- EDTA, with pH adjusted to 4.80 to dissolve those cations. After, the solution is passed through a 25-28 ml column of the Amberlite 1R-120 (4+) cation exchange resin. Strontinum is quantitatively retained on the resin, while calcium passes through. After removal of ammonium ions with 0.25 to 0.75 normal solution of HC1, the strontium is eluted with 3 normal solution of HCl. The method was used to separate strontium and calcium from prepared strontinum-calcium mixture containing 0.36 mg of Sr with radioactive strontinum Sr-89 and 199.2 mg of Ca. The recovery of strontinum was 97.7, 97.0, and 98.6% in three replications and the recovery of calcium was 100.0, 99.9 and 99.7%. The strontinum was determined radiometrically with the "1000" Scaler, model SC-33, Tracerlab, Inc.

Resumo em Inglês:

Pineapple plants when grown in the greenhouse by the sand culture technique in order to study the effects of deficiencies of macronutrients in growth, yield, leaf and fruit composition, the main results were the following. As a result of the several treatments, yield decreased in the order: Complete Minus Mg Minus S Minus Ca Minus K; nitrogen and phosphorus deficiente plants did not bear fruit. Leaf analyses (see Table 5-1) showed that the ommission of given element from the nutrient solution always caused a decrease in its level in the green tissue. As seen in Table 5-2 the lack of macronutrients had certain effects on fruit composition: acidity increased in all cases excet in the minus Mg fruits; ash usually decreased reaching its lowest valued in fruits from the minus K plants; when compared to fruits picked in the "normal" plants, those lacking K showed a marked decrease both in brix and in total sugars as well; sulfur deficiency also brought a net reduction in the sugar content. Table 5-1. Levels of macronutrients found in pinapple leaves. Elements Treatment Percent of dry matter Nitrogen (N) Complete 1.29 Minus N 0.78 Phosphorus (P) Complete 0.12 Minus P .05 Potassium (K) Complete 2.28 Minus K 0.16 Calcium (Ca) Complete 1.19 Minus Ca 1.10 Magnesium (Mg) Complete 0.41 Minus Mg .29 Sulfur (S) Complete 1.00 Minus S .65 Table 5-2. Effects of macronutrients deficiency in yield and fruit characteristics. Treatment Ave. weight of Acidity As per Brix Total sugars fruits (gm) per cent cent per cent Complete 1.031 1.16 0.40 14.7 10.8 Minus N no fruit was produced Minus P no fruit was produced Minus K 246 1.44 0.26 11.9 8.3 Minus Ca 513 1.40 0.35 17.8 14.3 Minus Mg 957 0.97 0.38 15.4 13.0 Minus S 576 1.42 0.46 17.1 6.5

Resumo em Inglês:

This paper deals with the determination of the content of macronutrients in pulp and beans of three coffee varieties, namely 'Mundo Novo', 'Caturra Amarelo' and 'Bourbon Amarelo'. Samples were collected in plantations located in the three types of soils herein most of S. Paulo, Brazil, coffee is grown, that is, "terra roxa legítima" (Ribeirão Preto), "massapé-salmourão" (Mocóca), and "arenito de Bauru" (Pindorama). The following main conclusions were drawn after statistical analysis of data obtained hereby. There is no statistical difference among the three varieties . Average contents of macronutrients, as per cent of the dry matter, are the following: N P K Ca Mg S bean 1,71 0,10 1,53 0,27 0,15 0,12 pulps 1.78 0,14 3,75 0,41 0,13 0,15 Samples collected in Mocóca ("massapé-salmourão") had lower N and K contents, probably due to lack of availability of these elements in the soil, as suggested by its analysis. Results obtained in this work are in good agreement with data described elsewhere. Out of the total of elements contained in the whole fruit the following proportions are exported as clean coffee: N - 2/3, P and K - 1/2, Ca, Mg and S - 1/3. It is clear therefore that a substantial amount of elements absorbed from the soil remains in the pulp or in the dry hulls which result from processing. From this fact raises the interest of using these residues as fertilizer in the coffee plantations.

Resumo em Inglês:

Enterobacteria of pathogenic group were isolated directly of superficial waters using Alumina Milk as precipitate, being 23 Salmonella, 19 Shigella and 17 Proteus from 18 samples which were collected in brooks and rivers of São Paulo, Brazil.

Resumo em Inglês:

The authors carried out 3 experiments on the sampling of sugar cane for technological determinations, one with each of the varieties Co 419, CB 40-69 and CB 41-58, in Piracicaba, State of São Paulo, Brasil. The main intent of the project was to compare 2 methods of sampling, namely: 1) Method A, where the sample is a hill (CATANI et al, 1959) or, more generally, 20 stalks all together in a randomly selected point of the furrow; 2) Method B, where 20 stalks are taken, from 20 points evenly spread but on the whole plot. Coefficients of variation for 20 stalk samples Variety Characteristic 20 stalks per hill 1 stalk per hill Brix 4.8% 1.9% Pol 6.4% 2.5% CB 40-69 Coefficient of purity 2.1% 0.83% Available sucrose 7.3% 2.7% Weight 6.6% 6.9% Brix 5.3% 1.8% Pol 7.6% 2.6% Co 419 Coefficient of purity 2.9% 1.0% Available sucrose 8.6% 3.0% Weight 21.2% 6.5% Brix 2.8% 1.4% Pol 4.1% 1.9% CB 41-58 Coefficient of purity 1.8% 0.8% Available sucrose 5.0% 2.2% Weight 10.9% 6.2% For the 3 varieties studied and for the data on Brix, pol, coefficient of purity, available sucrose and weight, analyses of variance were carried out. Further computations led to the following coefficients of variation. For available sucrose, which is probably the most important characteristic studied, the average coefficient of variation for the 3 varieties was 2.7%, for the case of method B, that is, 20 stalk samples, one stalk per hill. Assuming this coefficient of variation, in a trial with 5 treatments and 6 replications, in randomised blocks, the least significant difference among treatment means, at the 5% level, would be 4.7% of available sucrose by Tukey's test, and 3.3% by the t test. For the case of method A the average coefficient of variation is 7.0% and, in similar conditions, the least significant difference would be 15.1% by Tukey's test, and 12.1% by the t test. Since differences of available sucrose among treatments in experiments with fertilizers seldom are higher than 3 or 4% of the mean (PIMENTEL GOMES & CARDOSO, 1958), method B with a 20 stalk sample per plot gives more or less the minimum amount of cane to be sampled for technological determinations. In experiments with varieties, however, where differences may be assumed to be higher, a sample of 10 to 20 stalks one per hill, can be enough.

Resumo em Inglês:

Four experiments on root formation on cuttings of mulberry trees of the variety Catania 1 were carried out. In each case the hormones Dieradix "M D", Dieradix "D", indol 3-yl-acetic acid, and I-naphthyl acetic acid were used, besides the control, without hormone. In all cases "normal" and "upside-down" planting were tried. The percentage x of cuttings with roots, after 54 days, were computed and transformed by the formula y = arc sin √P/100 for use in statistical analysis. The combined analysis of variance of the 4 trials led to the following results: "Upside-down" planting showed significantly higher percentage of rooting; Indol 3-yl-acetic acid was significantly better than control or other hormones. The percentages of rooted cuttings were as follows: Normal planting Upside-dow planting Indol 3-yl acetic acid 43.5% 90.9% I-naphthyl acetic acid 1.9% 69.3% Control 4.7% 22.2% Dieradix «M D» 2.4% 63.8% Dieradix «D» 1.3% 36.0%

Resumo em Português:

O presente trabalho relata o método de determinação do cálcio "trocável" dos solos do Estado de São Paulo, baseado na fotometria de chama. O método baseado na fotometria de chama foi comparado com o permanganométrico, através da determinação do cálcio "trocável" em 10 amostras de terra, tendo sido feitas 5 repetições com cada método. QUARDO 4 Cálcio «trocável» em solos, determinado pelo método permaíiganométrico e por fotometria de chama (média de 5 repetições). Solo Permanganometria Fotometria de chama n.o e. mg/100 g de solo e.mg/100 g de solo 1 3,58 ± 0,004 3,75 ± 0,040 2 2,60 ± 0,059 2,53 ± 0,026 3 0,54 ± 0,025 0,69 ± 0,034 4 0,39 ± 0,036 0,37 ± 0,020 5 3,61 ± 0,027 3,22 ± 0,044 6 9,41 ± 0,038 9,40 ± 0,074 7 1,00 ± 0,000 0,93 ± 0,001 8 1,79 ± 0,032 1,53 ± 0,069 9 1,00 ± 0,000 0,92 ± 0,000 10 0,60 ± 0,027 0,58 ± 0,033 Foi estudada também a influência de diversos íons (magnésio, manganês, potássio, sódio, ferro, alumínio e fosfato) na determinação do cálcio por fotometria de chama. O método de determinação do cálcio "trocável" do solo, baseado em fotometria de chama forneceu resultados equivalentes ao método permanganométrico, com enorme vantagem na rapidez.

Resumo em Inglês:

This paper describes the determination of exchangeable calcium in soils, by the flame photometric method. A study was made concerning the interference of several ions on calcium determination by flame photometry. Iron, aluminum and phosphate interfere, when present in concentration considered high for the soils of the State of São Paulo, Brazil. In order to compare the flame photometric method with the permanganometric method for determining exchangeable calcium, five replications of ten soils were analysed by both methods. The ions that interfere (iron, aluminum, phosphate, etc.) were separated by ammonium hydroxide and bromine and the data obtained allow to conclue that the two methods are equivalente.

Resumo em Inglês:

This paper describes the results obtained from the determination of iron in sugar cane according to the age of the plant, in the soil and climate conditions of the state of S. Paulo, Brazil. The iron was determined by 1-10- phenanthroline method, in samples cut monthly from 7th to 15th month from an experiment consisted de 3 plots fertilized with amonium sulfate, superphosphate and potassium cloride. The concentration of iron in the stalks and in the leaves varies according to the age of the plant. A ton of fresh stalks 15 months old contains 78,71 g of iron.

Resumo em Português:

O presente trabalho, visou o estudo de mutantes resistentes à antibióticos na bactéria fitopatogênica Xanthomonas campestris (Pammel) Dowson. Foram obtidos mutantes resistentes à cinco antibióticos: penicilina, estreptomicina, aureomicina, cloranfenicol e éritromicina. O incremento de resistência em relação à linhagem original foi 4 vêzes para a penicilina, 8 para o cloranfenicol, 32 para a aureomicina e pelo menos 16 e 128 vêzes para a éritromicina e estreptomicina respectivamente. Em nenhum dos casos, verificou-se resistência cruzada ou sensibilidade colateral.

Resumo em Inglês:

The present paper deals with study of mutants resistants against five antibiotics in a phytopathogenic bacterium Xanthomonas campestris (Pammel) Dowson. One-step mutants to streptomycin and erythromycin were isolated. For the penicillin, aureomycin and chloranphenicol multiple-step mutants appeared the sensitive populations were grown in gradient plates with antibiotics. The resistance increase was 4 fold for the penicillin, 8 fold for the chloranphenicol, 32 fold for the aureomycin; 16 fold for the erythromycin and 128 fold for the streptomycin. It was not found cross resistance or collateral sensitivity when a certain antibiotic was tested against the others drugs.

Resumo em Português:

Foi comparado o crescimento de uma linhagem de Xanthomonas campestris (Pammel) Dowson, com o crescimento de 3 linhagens dessa bactéria resistente à estreptomicina, penicilina e aureomicina. O crescimento da linhagem original, não diferiu do crescimento dos mutantes resistentes à estreptomicina e penicilina. O crescimento do mutante resistente à aureomicina foi mais lento do que o da linhagem original. O mutante resistente à estreptomicina apresentou o mesmo índice de crescimento, tanto em meio sem antibiótico, como em meio suplementado com a droga, o mesmo acontecendo com o mutante resistente à aureomicina. O mutante resistente à penicilina teve crescimento reduzido em meio suplementado com a droga em questão. Misturas de células sensíveis e resistentes à estreptomicina mantiveram-se constantes quanto à porcentagem de células sensíveis e resistentes inicialmente inoculadas, o mesmo acontecendo com a mistura de bactérias sensíveis e resistentes à penicilina. Houve uma variação nessas porcentagens, para o caso da aureomicina.

Resumo em Inglês:

The present paper deals with the study of the growth of Xanthomonas campestris (Pammel) Dowson sensitive to streptomycin, penicillin and aureomycin, compared with the growth of three resistant mutants to these drugs. The original strain sensitive, presented the same growth rate than the resitant strains to streptomycin and penicillin but, grew better than the resistant strain to aureomycin. The resistant mutants to streptomycin and aureomycin presented the same growth rate in liquid medium plus antibiotic and in liquid medium without antibiotic. The resistant strain to penicillin grew better in medium without this antibiotic. The ratio between sensitive cells and resistant cells were studied when a mixture of cells were made.

Resumo em Português:

Descrevemos, no presente trabalho, as características morfológicas dos grãos de polem de 78 espécies apícolas mais conhecidas, os quais, na sua maioria, não haviam sido ainda descritos. Após esses estudos, elaboramos uma chave para a identificação e comparação, pelo polem, das espécies estudadas. As 78 espécies estudadas pertencem a 68 gêneros e distribuem-se por 28 famílias, sendo 3 subordinadas à classe Monocotyledoneae e as 25 restantes à classe Dicotyledoneae. O material polínico para a preparação das lâminas foi, na sua maioria, colhido diretamente das anteras das flores recém-abertas, no laboratório, somente seis espécies provieram de material de herbário. Todo o material polínico foi tratado pelo método de acetólise, e montado em geléia de glicerina colorida com Fucsina básica. As observações microscópicas e as mensurações dos grãos de polem foram feitas com o auxílio de um microscópico Zeiss, tomando-se as medidas em 5 grãos de polem, em vista equatorial, e 5 em vista polar. Empregamos a chave-principal para as classes de polem segundo FAEGRI e IVERSEN (1950) para separar em grupos os grãos de polem estudados de acordo com as suas características morfológicas, dando em resultado 10 grupos distintos. As espécies pertencentes a cada um dos 10 grupos, foram separadas por outros caracteres considerados de valor para tais separações. Assim, sempre na mesma ordem, foram considerados: a escultura da exina, tamanho do grão de polem, área polar e largura dos sulcos (nos grão colpados), tipo e número de espículos por área (nos grãos equinados). Isso nos possibilitou elaborar uma chave de identificação pelo podem das espécies estudadas. Os resultados nos mostram que a maioria das espécies apícolas estudadas apresentam grãos tricolporados, os quais ocorrem freqüentemente entre as Dicotiledôneas superiores, tais como Compositae, Cucurbitaceae, Labiatae, Verbenaceae, Myrtaceae, Legu-minosae (Caesalpinoideae e Papilionoidae) e Cruciferae. Verifica-se, também, que há famílias cujo tamanho dos grãos de polem e outros caracteres morfológicos são mais ou menos uniformes, e outros, bem mais variáveis. A presença de espículos é mais comum nas Compositae, Malvaceae, Sterculiaceae. A família Myrtaceae é mais facilmente reconhecida pela uniformidade de seus caracteres. A família Compositae, apesar de ter grãos de polem de tamanho mais ou menos variável, apresenta-os do tipo tricolporado e com espículos. A introdução das características de largura dos sulcos meridionais, em relação aos intersulcos quando em vista polar, contribui bastante para a identificação dos grãos de polem.

Resumo em Inglês:

This paper deals with the studies of pollen grain characters from 78 honey plants, belonging to 68 genera of 28 families, three of them belonging to the class of Monocotyledons and 25 to the class of Dicotyledons. Pollen grains of 72 species were collected directly from fresh material (flowers opening in laboratory). Pollen of the six species were collected from herbarium material. All pollen grains were treated by acetolysis method and mounted in glycerine jelly stainde with basic Fuchsine. Zeiss microscope was used in examen and for mensuration. Ten grains were measured (five in equatorial view and five in polar view and five in polar view). This number was considerated satisfactory according to preliminar statistical: analysis of variance. For each species was determinde the average and standard error and coefficient of variability of mensuration of equatorial and polar diameter. FAEGRI & IVERSEN'S master key of-pollen grains was used. According to it ten groups of pollen grains were obtained as following: Polyades, Tetrads, Inaperturate, Fenestrate, Stephanocolpate, Tricolpate, Monocolpate, Stephanocolporate, Tricolporate, Periporate, Stephanoporate, Triporate, Monoporate. Grains of each were separated using other characters like sculpture of exine, size of grain, polar area, width of furrow, type and number of spines, etc. This made possible to organize a key for using the pollen grains to identify the species of honey plants studied. The results showed that most for all species of honey plants belong to tricolporate type. This type occurs in high dicotyledon families like: Compositae, Cucurbitaceae, L.abiatae, .Verbenaceae, Myrtaceae. Leguminosae (Caesalpinoideae and Papilionoideae) and Cruciferae. It was also found that, in some families the size of pollen grains of diferent species were more or less uniform, and in others they were not. The spines were more commum in families like Compositae, Malvaceae and Sterculiaceae. Pollen grains in Myrtaceae were easily identified by its uniform characters. The characters of width of the meridional furrow related with the width of inter-furrow were used as a worthy characteristic to identify pollen grains.

Resumo em Português:

1. Quanto às características morfológicas, as domácias nas folhas tratadas não apresentaram diferenças apreciáveis, a não ser quanto à forma do orifício de entrada ou bôca, que ora é circular, ora é eliptico. Foram assinalados pelos nas adjacências da domácia. 2. Sob o ponto de vista anatômico, anotei na estrutura pequenas alterações na epiderme que reveste o interior da câmara e canal, constando de diferenças quanto ao tamanho, uniformidade, grau de cutinização e aspectos diversos nas- paredes externas das células. O tecido envolvente apresentou variações no número de camadas e na forma irregular de suas células.

Resumo em Inglês:

1. The plants cultivated with excesse or deficiencies of micronutrients show alterations in the shape and largeness of the hole, of the dâmatia. 2. The anatomical variations include the size, shape and cutinization degree of the epidermical cells walls, and in the tissue around the domatia.

Resumo em Inglês:

The paper deals with the ocurrence of domatia in species and hybrids of Vitaceae family. The author found domaãtia in 95 of 157 hybrids studied. The domatia are always in the axils of the first and second ribs, and occasionaly also in ribs of others orders. The domatia found were of the types: "en touffe de poils", "en pertuis" and "en pochette", types according to the Chevalier's Classification (1941). It was found a varation of the type "en pertuis", the hole being not circular but narrow and long. One of the hybrids have domatia of two types: "en touffe de pois" and "en pertuis". Many of the domatia have mites in its interior.