Resumo em Inglês:

Cashew wine of demi-sec grade was produced in a stirred batch reactor. The kinetic parameters obtained for cashew wine fermentation were Y X/S=0.061, Y P/S=0.3 and µmax=0.16 h-1. The yield and the productivity of cashew wine were 57.7% and 0.78 g/Lh respectively. A 2² factorial experimental design was used for the cashew wine vinegar fermentation optimization study. The cashew wine vinegar process optimization ranges found for initial concentrations of ethanol and acetic acid as independent variables were 4.8 to 6.0% and 1.0 to 1.3% respectively.

Resumo em Inglês:

With the more Stringent legislations pertinent to the management of industrial effluents, it deemed necessary to develop an efficient compact, low cost treatment system that complies with applicable laws. Numerous versions of chemically enhanced - biological treatment schemes are commercially established. Chemically enhanced-trickling filter has been perceived as an efficient intervention scheme. This paper presents a fast-track approach for estimation of the minimum total annual treatment cost for the proposed Chemically Enhanced Primary Treatment/ Trickling Filter (CEPT-TF) system under given sets of conditions. The effect of different chemicals has been incorporated through empirical performance formulas. In addition, the influence of the type and characteristic of the media filter has been also addressed. The analysis of the results of the performance of the first stage of the treatment scheme tends to indicate that about 80 % of the biological pollution load can be removed by the upstream chemical treatment at the optimal dose. The optimal economic dose of iron salts ranges from 30 to 40 ppm according to unit capacity and characteristics of the influent. Further, the effect of biological filter media type on the total annual cost has been found to be relatively insignificant (6-16) %.

Resumo em Inglês:

The photocatalytic activity of bulk and supported TiO2 catalysts were tested using formic acid as a probe molecule. The supported catalysts tested were prepared by impregnation using aluminum oxide (Al2O3) as the support and the bulk catalysts by precipitation, both in sol-gel systems. For purposes of comparison, a photocatalyst supplied by DEGUSSA (P25) was also tested. The photolysis rate was found to be less significant than the photocatalytic rate. The Langmuir-Hinshelwood model was adopted and its constants were estimated and used to compare the various catalysts. The supported catalysts showed no significant activity, in spite of their high specific surface area. The bulk catalysts tested showed the highest photocatalytic rates. The adsorption constants determined experimentally were different from the ones estimated based on the kinetic experiments. The parameter estimation procedures tested were used to clarify this issue.

Resumo em Inglês:

The textile dye (Basic Blue 41(BB41)) removal capability of a laboratory-scale wetland system was presented in this study. Twenty glass aquaria were used to establish the wetland. Myriophyllum spicatum and Ceratophyllum demersum were planted in the aquaria and acclimated. After establishing flow conditions, the aquaria were fed with synthetic wastewaters containing BB41. The concentration of the dye was adjusted to 11.0 mg/L in the synthetic wastewater. Hydraulic retention times (HRTs) ranged between 3 and 18 days. Effective HRTs were 9 and 18 days. The highest dye removal rates were 94.8 and 94.1% for M. spicatum and C. demersum aquaria respectively. The statistical ANOVA method was used to assess the dye removal capability of the wetland system. In all cases the ANOVA method revealed that plants in the wetland system and HRT were important factors and the wetland system was able to remove the dye from influent wastewater.

Resumo em Inglês:

The present work deals with the relationship between colloidal interactions and physical properties of emulsions, in particular rheology and gel transition. Experimental data on protein-stabilized oil-in-water emulsions are considered. In this system, the excess of protein in the aqueous phase yields reversible droplet aggregation by the mechanism of depletion. Thus both phase and flow behaviors can be controlled by changing protein concentration, ionic strength and temperature. Calculations of the potential of interaction between droplets are carried out in the framework of colloid science. Particular emphasis is placed on the role that droplet-droplet interaction plays in defining the morphology of the aggregates, hence the microstructure and finally, the bulk physical properties. This understanding offers new perspectives in the study of complex food systems.

Resumo em Inglês:

In this paper, a new resolution method for the dynamic simulation of a simulated moving bed is presented. A general rate model for each solute and each column is presented for the case of a linear isotherm. A hybrid resolution is developed, in which an analytical solution is used for the solid stationary phase, while the mobile fluid phase concentrations are obtained by numerical resolution. It is illustrated, through a numerical study, that the resolution method is robust. The method is validated by comparison with previously published experimental results. It is also shown that these numerical simulations are obtained much faster than those based on the physical separation process, allowing the use of this resolution method for on-line applications and process control.

Resumo em Inglês:

In this work, the effects of electrical double layer (EDL) near the solid/ liquid interface, on three dimensional heat transfer characteristic and pressure drop of water flow through a rectangular microchannel numerically are investigated. An additional body force originating from the existence of EDL is considered to modify the conventional Navier-stokes and energy equations. These modified equations are solved numerically for steady laminar flow on the basis of control volume approaches. Fluid velocity distribution and temperature with presence and absence of EDL effects are presented for various geometric cases and different boundary conditions. The results illustrate that, the liquid flow in rectangular microchannels is influenced significantly by the EDL, particularly in the high electric potentials, and hence deviates from flow characteristics described by classical fluid mechanics.

Resumo em Inglês:

In this work the air flow in a furnace was computationally investigated. The furnace, for which experimental test data are available, is composed of a movable block burner connected to a cylindrical combustion chamber by a conical quarl. The apertures between the movable and the fixed blocks of the burner determine the ratio of the tangential to the radial air streams supplied to the furnace. Three different positions of the movable blocks were studied at this time. A three-dimensional investigation was performed by means of the finite volume method. The numerical grid was developed by the multiblock technique. The turbulence phenomenon was addressed by the RNG k-epsilon model. Profiles of the axial, tangential and radial velocities in the combustion chamber were outlined. The map of the predicted axial velocity in the combustion chamber was compared with a map of the experimental axial velocity. The internal space of the furnace was found to be partially filled with a reverse flow that extended around the longitudinal axis. A swirl number profile along the furnace length is presented and shows an unexpected increase in the swirl in the combustion chamber.

Resumo em Inglês:

Using the reactive magnetron rf co-sputtering technique and a Ti target partially covered with a small Al plate, TiAlN coatings were made on c-Si in a reactive atmosphere of nitrogen and argon. Coatings were deposited on substrates at 22°C and at 150°C. The substrate temperature notably affected the thickness, crystalline grain size, and hardness of the coatings. We analyzed the dependence of both structure and crystalline grain sizes on substrate temperature and the chemical composition of the coatings. The structural properties and the chemical composition were obtained by means of XRD and EDS techniques. High aluminum content was found in the coatings for the samples grown at the lower substrate temperature when samples were measured by electron dispersive spectroscopy technique. Atomic force microscopy measurements showed a surface morphology dependent on the nitrogen content. Scanning electron microscopy measurements showed a clear pyramidal microstructure of TiAlN coatings grown at 22°C, while the microstructure of those grown at a substrate temperature of 150°C were not well defined.

Resumo em Inglês:

This paper presents an experimental analysis of the effect of dose and dose rate parameters during gamma irradiation of high-density polyethylene (HDPE) samples. Considerations concerning the influence of these parameters on HDPE mechanical strength properties as a result of the predominance of oxidative degradation or of cross-linking are presented. The experimental results show an improvement of HDPE mechanical strength as dose increases, indicating the predominance of cross-linking over oxidative degradation and that lower doses are necessary to obtain a similar change in resistance parameters when radiation is applied at lower dose rates, showing that gamma radiation affects the HDPE in a more efficient way at lower dose rates.

Resumo em Inglês:

Product development and advanced control applications require models with good predictive capability. However, in some cases it is not possible to obtain good quality phenomenological models due to the lack of data or the presence of important unmeasured effects. The use of empirical models requires less investment in modeling, but implies the need for larger amounts of experimental data to generate models with good predictive capability. In this work, nonlinear phenomenological and empirical models were compared with respect to their capability to predict the melt index and polymer yield of a low-density polyethylene production process consisting of two fluidized bed reactors connected in series. To adjust the phenomenological model, the optimization algorithms based on the flexible polyhedron method of Nelder and Mead showed the best efficiency. To adjust the empirical model, the PLS model was more appropriate for polymer yield, and the melt index needed more nonlinearity like the QPLS models. In the comparison between these two types of models better results were obtained for the empirical models.

Resumo em Inglês:

The dynamics of flash drums is simulated using a formulation adequate for phase modeling with equations of state (EOS). The energy and mass balances are written as differential equations for the internal energy and the number of moles of each species. The algebraic equations of the model, solved at each time step, are those of a flash with specified internal energy, volume and mole numbers (UVN flash). A new aspect of our dynamic simulations is the use of direct iterations in phase volumes (instead of pressure) for solving the algebraic equations. It was also found that an iterative procedure previously suggested in the literature for UVN flashes becomes unreliable close to phase boundaries and a new alternative is proposed. Another unusual aspect of this work is that the model expressions, including the physical properties and their analytical derivatives, were quickly implemented using computer algebra.

Resumo em Inglês:

Indium can be recovered by treating residues, flue dusts, slags, and metallic intermediates in zinc smelting. This paper investigates the adsorption characteristics of indium and iron on an iminodiacetic acid chelating resin, Amberlite®IRC748 (Rohm and Haas Co.-USA). High concentrations of iron are always present in the aqueous feed solution of indium recovery. In addition, the chemical behaviour of iron in adsorptive systems is similar to that of indium. The metal concentrations in the aqueous solution were based on typical indium sulfate leach liquor obtained from zinc hydrometallurgical processing in a Brazilian plant. The ionic adsorption experiments were carried out by the continuous column method. Amberlite®IRC748 resin had a high affinity for indium under acidic conditions. Indium ions adsorbed onto the polymeric resin were eluted with a 0.5mol/dm³ sulphuric acid solution passed through the resin bed in the column. 99.5% pure indium sulfate aqueous solution was obtained using the iminodiacetic acid chelating resin Amberlite®IRC748.

Resumo em Inglês:

Gas chromatography used to calculate the specific retention volume of several hydrocarbons in different chromatographic liquid phases (Squalane, Carbowax-400, Carbowax-1500, Carbowax-4000, Amine-220, Dinonyl phthalate, Tributyl phosphate and Trixylenyl phosphate). Some thermodynamic parameters, such as enthalpy of sorption and Flory-Huggins parameters relating the interaction between liquid phases and solutes, were also calculated from the determined retention volumes. Liquid phase solubility parameters of Squalane, Carbowax-400, Carbowax-1500 and Carbowax-4000 at 80 ºC as well as the polar and apolar components were calculated too. A new model was proposed to correlate polar contribution to the solubility parameter of a liquid phase with the specific retention volume of a solute in this liquid phase.