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Materials Research, Volume: 4, Número: 3, Publicado: 2001

  • Plastic behavior of medium carbon vanadium microalloyed steel at temperatures near gamma <-> alpha transformation Original Articles

    Lourenço, N.J.; Jorge Jr., A.M.; Rollo, J.M.A.; Balancin, O.

    Resumo em Inglês:

    Dilatometric techniques were used to build the continuous cooling transformation (CCT) diagram for a medium carbon microalloyed steel; the microstructure and hardness were determined at different cooling rates. The mechanical behavior of the steel in the austenite field and at temperatures approaching austenite to ferrite transformation was measured by means of hot torsion tests under isothermal and continuous cooling conditions. The no recrystallization temperatures, Tnr, and start of phase transformation, Ar3, were determined under continuous cooling condition using mean flow stress vs. inverse of absolute temperature diagrams. Interruption of static recrystallization within the interpass time in the austenite field indicated that the start of vanadium carbonitride precipitation occurred under 860 °C. Austenite transformation was found to start at around 710 °C, a temperature similar to that measured by dilatometry, suggesting that interphase precipitation delays the transformation of deformed austenite. Pearlite was observed at temperatures ranging from 650 °C to 600 °C, with the flow curves taking on a particular shape, i.e., stress rose sharply as strain was increased, reaching peak stress at low deformation, around 0.2, followed by an extensive softening region after peak stress.

  • Preparation of ferroelectric bi-layered thin films using the modified polymeric precursor method Original Articles

    Zanetti, S.M.; Leite, E.R.; Longo, E.; Varela, J.A.

    Resumo em Inglês:

    The modified polymeric precursor method was used to synthesize ferroelectric bismuth-layered compounds such as, SrBi2Ta2O9 (SBT) and SrBi2Nb2O9 (SBN). This method allows for the use of precursor reagents such as oxide, carbonate or nitrate as cation sources, with the additional advantage of not requiring special equipment for the synthesis. The films were deposited by spin coating on Pt/Ti/SiO2/Si(100) and SrTiO3(100) (STO) substrates and crystallized at temperatures between 700 and 800 °C in the case of SBT films and 650 °C to 750 °C in that of SBN films. The crystallographic and microstructural characterizations were carried out by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). The ferroelectric and dielectric properties of the films indicate their applicability in ferroelectric memories and optical devices.

  • Effects of hot isostatic pressure on titanium nitride films deposited by physical vapor deposition Original Articles

    Carbonari, M.J.; Martinelli, J.R.

    Resumo em Inglês:

    Films of titanium nitride deposited by physical vapor deposition on 304 L stainless steel substrates were hot isostatic pressed (HIP) under 150 MPa at 550 °C. To study the effects of this treatment on the microstructure of those films, X-ray diffraction analyses, Rutherford Backscattering spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and atomic force microscopy were performed. Surface hardness, and roughness were also evaluated to characterize the TiN properties. The hot isostatic pressure leads to an increase of hardness for depths up to 0.1 mum and a crystallographic texture change from (111) to (200). The original TiN golden color turned to red after the treatment. An increase of the grain size has been observed for hot isostatic pressed samples, but the stoichiometry of the TiN film was determined to be 1:1 by RBS. The microstructure observed by atomic force microscopy indicated that the TiN film surface is smoother after the HIP treatment.

  • Chirality and helicity of poly-benzyl-L-glutamate in liquid crystals and a wave structure that mimics collagen helicity in crimp Original Articles

    Vidal, Benedicto de Campos; Mello, Maria Luiza Silveira

    Resumo em Inglês:

    Ideal biocompatible polymers must show a mimetic superstructure with biological supra-organization. Collagen-rich structures like tendons and ligaments are materials with various levels of order, from molecules to bundles of fibers, which affect their biomechanical properties and cellular interactions. Poly-benzyl-L-glutamate (PBLG) displaying helicity was used here to test the development of wave-like structures as those occurring in collagen fibers. Birefringence of PBLG under various crystallization conditions was studied with a lambda/4 compensator according to Sénarmont. Qualitative observations were plainly sufficient to conclude that the PBLG fibrils were supra-organized helically as a chiral object. During crystallization stretched PBLG formed a helical superstructure with characteristic striation resembling waves (crimp). Supported by optical anisotropy findings, a twisted grain boundary liquid crystal type is proposed as a transition phase in the formation of the PBLG chiral object. A similarity with the wavy organization (crimp) of collagen bundles is proposed.

  • Structural evolution of silica sols modified with formamide Original Articles

    Lenza, R.F.S.; Vasconcelos, W.L.

    Resumo em Inglês:

    In this work we investigated the influence of formamide on the acid-catalyzed sol-gel process by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Three silica sols were studied: Sol catalyzed with nitric acid without formamide, sol catalyzed with nitric acid containing formamide and sol catalyzed with a mixture of nitric acid and hydrofluoric acid and modified with formamide. Following the time evolution of both the Si-(OH) stretching vibration at around 950 cm-1 and the Si-O-(Si) vibration between 1040 cm-1 and 1200 cm-1 we were able to describe the structural evolution of each sol. The curve of evolution of Si-(OH) stretching vibration corresponding to sol A has a simple asymptotic evolution. In the case of formamide containing sol, we observed a two-step structural evolution indicating that for the system containing formamide the polymerization goes through a temporary stabilization of oligomers, which can explain the non-variation of the Si-O(H) bond wavenumber for a certain time. Gelation times were of several days for gels without formamide and few hours for gels containing additive. The presence of additive resulted in a highly interconnected gel.

  • Influence of the mechanical loading history on the stress assisted two way memory effect in a Ti-Ni-Cu alloy Original Articles

    Araújo, Carlos José de; Gonzalez, Cézar Henrique; Morin, Michel; Guénin, Gérard

    Resumo em Inglês:

    In this work, several tests of thermal cycling under constant load are carried out on Ti-45.0Ni-5.0Cu (at%) shape memory wires. The properties related to the Stress Assisted Two Way Memory Effect (SATWME) of the material are investigated as a function of the mechanical loading history for the same temperature range during cooling and heating. For this reason, two thermomechanical tests have been employed: tests I, where one sample is used for just one constant stress level test and tests II, where only one sample is employed for several constant stress level tests in sequence. The results obtained show that for loads applied below 150 MPa, the transformation temperatures and the thermal hysteresis associated with the transformation of the material are the same during the two tests. However, above 150 MPa in tests II transformation temperatures and thermal hysteresis are respectively higher and smaller than the ones obtained in tests I. On the other hand, transformation temperatures obtained from both tests are in good agreement with the ones measured by DSC and electrical resistance measurements. It is also observed that the SATWME obtained by tests II is smaller than the one measured during tests I. It is shown that these different behaviors are induced by accumulation of plastic strain in the sample during tests II.

  • Preparation of silica by sol-gel method using formamide Original Articles

    Lenza, R.F.S.; Vasconcelos, W.L.

    Resumo em Inglês:

    In this work we obtained microporous and mesoporous silica gels by sol-gel processing. Tetraethylortosilicate (TEOS) was used as precursor. Nitric acid and hydrofluoric acid were used as catalysts. In order to study the affect of formamide as drying additive, we used a molar ratio alkoxide/formamide of 1/1. The performance of formamide in obtaining crack-free gels was evaluated through monolithicity measurements. The structural evolution occurring in the interconnected network of the gels during thermal treatment was monitored by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), shrinkage and density measurements and nitrogen gas sorption. We noted that in the presence of formamide, the Si-O-Si bonds are stronger and belong to a more cross-linked structure. The samples obtained in the presence of formamide have larger pore volume and its pore structure is in the range of mesoporosity. The samples obtained without additive are microporous. Formamide allowed the preparation of crack-free silica gels stabilized at high temperatures.

  • Removal of Cd+2 from aqueous solutions onto polypyrrole coated reticulated vitreous carbon eletrodes Original Articles

    Tramontina, Jucelânia; Machado, Giovanna; Azambuja, Denise S.; Piatnicki, Clarisse M.S.; Samios, Dimitrios

    Resumo em Inglês:

    The development of simple methods for removal of heavy metals from aqueous samples is a relevant field of research. In this connection, the electrodeposition of the Cd+2 ion, one of the most toxic species for animals and human beings, was investigated in aerated pH 4.8 sulfuric-sulfate solutions. In potentiostatic conditions, the maximum rate of cadmium deposition at a neutral polypyrrole (PPy0) coated reticulated vitreous carbon (RVC) working electrode occurs at -3.0 V vs. the saturated calomel reference electrode (SCE). Moreover, the conversion rate depends both on the applied potential and on the mass transport regime, and, for solutions containing 10 mg L-1 of Cd2+, the highest removal efficiency achieved is 84% after 90 min of electrolysis. The concentration decay of the Cd+2 ion in the solution was monitored by anodic stripping voltammetry (ASV) at a hanging mercury drop electrode. Besides, metallic cadmium deposited onto the polypyrrole modified RVC electrode was evidenced by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) analysis using the backscattered electron image (BEI) technique and by Energy Dispersive Spectrometry (EDS).

  • Electroactive properties of flexible piezoelectric composites Original Articles

    Sakamoto, Walter Katsumi; Souza, Edmilson de; Das-Gupta, Dilip K.

    Resumo em Inglês:

    A flexible piezoelectric composite with 0-3 connectivity, made from Lead Zirconate Titanate (PZT) powder and vegetable-based polyurethane (PU), was doped with small amount of semiconductor powder. As a result a composite with 0-0-3 connectivity was obtained. The nature of absorption and steady state electrical conduction and the dielectric behaviour have been studied for this ceramic/polymer composite. The dielectric loss processes of the composite were observed to be dominated by those the polymer. Adding a semiconductor phase in the composite the electrical conductivity can be controlled and a continuous electric flux path could be created between the PZT grains. This composite may be poled at low voltage and in shorter time compared with composites without a conductive phase.

  • Sistema de baixo custo para nucleação de pré-trincas por fadiga em corpos de prova de tenacidade à fratura

    Guimarães, V.A.; Hein, L.R.O.; Zangrandi Filho, J.

    Resumo em Inglês:

    Fracture toughness testing becomes a very important parameter for mechanical design and maintenance of parts and structures. This work presents the design and construction of a machine device to perform the pre-crack nucleation on SE(B) specimens for fracture toughness testing. Employing this device, it is possible to test materials for K Ic, CTOD and J Ic in a conventional tensile test equipment, assisted by a data acquisition system. The device is based on the concept of loading from an eccentric mechanism, controlling the displacement by means of a marking ring. The main contribution of this work is the low cost technology offered for laboratories, without high priced servo-hydraulic testing machines, giving them autonomy for the execution of fracture toughness tests. The experimental results satisfied the expectation about crack nucleation on SE(B) and applied loading control.

  • Obtenção e caracterização de materiais argilosos quimicamente ativados para utilização no descoramento de óleo vegetal

    Foletto, Edson L.; Volzone, Cristina; Morgado, Ayres F.; Porto, Luismar M.

    Resumo em Inglês:

    A natural bentonite sample from Argentina was activated by sulfuric acid in different concentrations (20 and 40 wt%) and different contact time (120 and 210 min), at the same temperature (90 °C) . The ratio of the mass of clay to the volume of acid solution was 1:10 (w/v). These materials were tested to verify its bleaching (decolorization) capacity of soybean oil, which was compared to a standard commercial bleaching material Fulmont Premiere. Differential thermal analysis and thermogravimetric techniques, infrared spectrometry and chemical analysis showed that the acid activation modified the clay material structural properties. Bleaching capacity was found to be dependent on the acid concentration and treatment time used. The activated Argentine material showed superior bleaching performance compared to the commercial clay used by vegetable oil refiners.

  • Wet processing and characterization of ZrO2/stainless steel composites: electrical and mechanical perfomance Original Articles

    López-Esteban, S.; Bartolomé, J.F.; Pecharromán, C.; Mello Castanho, S.R.H.; Moya, J.S.

    Resumo em Inglês:

    Zirconia/stainless steel composites have been prepared by a wet processing method with metal volume concentration ranging from 15% to 30%. The composites were characterized by electrical and mechanical measurements. The dependence of the electrical properties of these composites with the metal concentration presents a percolative behaviour with a metal-insulator transition, in addition to an increment of the capacity in the neighbourhood of a critical volume concentration. This value was found to be f c = 0.285, which is much higher than the theoretical value for randomly dispersed 3D composites (f c = 0.16). It has been found that the incorporation of stainless steel particles to zirconia matrix, increases the toughness and decreases both the hardness and the flexural strength. The enhancement of toughness is attributed to a crack deflection mechanism as a consequence of a weak ZrO2/stainless steel interface.

  • TiO2 thin film growth using the MOCVD method Original Articles

    Bernardi, M.I.B.; Lee, E.J.H.; Lisboa-Filho, P.N.; Leite, E.R.; Longo, E.; Varela, J.A

    Resumo em Inglês:

    Titanium oxide (TiO2) thin films were obtained using the MOCVD method. In this report we discuss the properties of a film, produced using a ordinary deposition apparatus, as a function of the deposition time, with constant deposition temperature (90 °C), oxygen flow (7,0 L/min) and substrate temperature (400 °C). The films were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM) and visible and ultra-violet region spectroscopy (UV-Vis). The films deposited on Si (100) substrates showed the anatase polycrystalline phase, while the films grown on glass substrates showed no crystallinity. Film thickness increased with deposition time as expected, while the transmittance varied from 72 to 91% and the refractive index remained close to 2.6.
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