Resumo em Inglês:

The evolution in the understanding of the recrystallization phenomena is summarized in this paper. Initially the main developments concerning recrystallization are presented from a historical perspective. Definitions and concepts involving recrystallization are presented regarding it as a solid-state reaction that occurs by nucleation and growth. The recrystallization nucleation mechanisms are subsequently discussed. Finally, the growth step is highlighted, emphasizing boundary and sub-boundary mobilities and the forces acting on the high angle grain boundaries that sweep the microstructure during recrystallization.

Resumo em Inglês:

Impurity interstitial atoms present in metals with BCC structure can diffuse in the metallic matrix by jumps to energetically equivalent crystallographic sites. Anelastic spectroscopy (internal friction) is based on the measurement of mechanical loss or internal friction as a function of temperature. Due to its selective and nondestructive nature, anelastic spectroscopy is well suited for the study of diffusion of interstitial elements in metals. Internal friction measurements were made using the torsion pendulum technique with oscillation frequency of a few Hz, temperature interval from 300 to 700 K, heating rate of about 1 K/min, and vacuum better than 10-5 mbar. The polycrystalline Nb and Ta samples used were supplied by Aldrich Inc. The results obtained showed thermally activated relaxation structures due to stress-induced ordering of oxygen atoms around the Nb (or Ta) atoms of the metallic matrix. The results were interpreted by three methods and led to activation enthalpy values for the diffusion of oxygen in Nb and Ta of 1.15 eV and 1.10 eV, respectively.

Resumo em Inglês:

Despite the excellent characteristics of porcelain tiles, their application on building facades requires special attention, since this material differs from conventional ceramics and because facades are exposed to weathering that can damage ceramic revetments. The combination of polymer and silica fume to produce mortars results in excellent properties, which are ideal for repairs and revetments requiring high performance. Such improvements justify its study for the installation of porcelain tiles. This article presents bond strength results for mortars containing different amounts of polymer and silica indicating the applicability of these mortars as a construction material. To complement this study, the interface between the porcelain and the mortars was analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM).

Resumo em Inglês:

Surface rolling is a process extensively employed in the manufacture of ductile cast iron crankshafts, specifically in regions containing stress concentrators with the main aim to enhance fatigue strength. Such process hardens and introduces compressive residual stresses to the surface as a result of controlled strains, reducing cyclic tensile stresses near the surface of the part. The main purpose of this work was to apply the residual analysis to check the suitability of the S-N approach to describe the fatigue properties of a surface rolled cast iron. The analysis procedure proved to be very efficient and easy to implement and it can be applied in the verification of any other statistical model used to describe fatigue behavior. Results show that the conventional S-N methodology is able to model the high cycle fatigue behavior of surface rolled notch testpieces of a pearlitic ductile cast iron submitted to rotating bending fatigue tests.

Resumo em Inglês:

The optical properties of single mode fibers, which are drawn from the silica preform made by MCVD technique, have been studied. The properties such as cutoff wavelength, chromatic dispersion, and polarization mode dispersion (PMD) were studied for 2.3 km length of single mode fiber (SMF). The cutoff wavelength was measured by fiber optic test procedure (FOTP)-80 which was found to be 1179 nm. The chromatic dispersion was measured by FOTP-169 at various wavelengths, the zero dispersion being observed at 1503 nm. The PMD was measured by interferometric method, and exhibited the magnitude of 0.07 ps at 1550 nm. The results are discussed to assess the suitability of these fibers for long haul communication systems.

Resumo em Inglês:

In this work, (100) oriented monocrystalline silicon samples were single point diamond turned under conditions that led to a ductile and brittle regime. Raman spectroscopy results showed that the ductile regime diamond turning of silicon surfaces induced amorphization and, on the contrary, in the brittle mode machining condition this amorphous layer does not exist. Ductile machined surface was found to be a mixture of crystalline and amorphous phases probed by (macro)-Raman spectroscopy. Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) analyses were then carried out in order to characterize the structural alteration in the machined surface and chips. The electron diffraction pattern of the machined surface detected a crystalline phase along with the amorphous silicon confirming the former results. The mechanism of material removal is widely discussed based upon the results presented here.

Resumo em Inglês:

The incorporation of micrometer sized silica particles on poly (ethylene-co-vinyl acetate) - EVA - residues from the footwear industry was evaluated. The effects of the processing parameters - temperature and mixing ratio - on the mechanical behavior of molded plates of neat recycled EVA and EVA/silica composites were also investigated. The mechanical properties measured by the tensile test, the fractographic analysis by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and the 13C Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) showed a reduced EVA to silica compatibility. Therefore, incorporation of untreated silica to recycled EVA copolymer produced a slight decrease on the mechanical performance of EVA/silica composites in respect to neat EVA copolymer. The NMR analysis also shows that the crosslinking process on recycled EVA may be occurring at the carbonyl group.

Resumo em Inglês:

In this work, copper-zinc alloy coatings on mild steel substrates were obtained in nontoxic pyrophosphate-based electrolytes, at room temperature and under continuous current. The effects of bath composition and current density on the hardness of the coatings, as well as on their morphologies, were evaluated. The results showed that the electrolyte composition, and the use of stress relieving additives strongly influence the hardness of the coatings, while the current density directly affect their morphology. Hence, for a current density of 116 A/m², copper-zinc alloy deposits with no pores or cracks were produced in a pyrophosphate-based electrolyte, especially when allyl alcohol was added to the solution.

Resumo em Inglês:

Sized PAN-based carbon fibers were treated with hydrochloric and nitric acids, as well as argon and oxygen cold plasmas, and the changes on their surfaces evaluated. The physicochemical properties and morphological changes were investigated by atomic force microscopy (AFM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), tensile strength tests and Raman spectroscopy. The nitric acid treatment was found to cause the most significant chemical changes on the carbon fiber surface, introducing the largest number of chemical groups and augmenting the roughness. The oxygen plasma treatments caused ablation of the carbon fiber surface, removing carbon atoms such as CO and CO2 molecules. In addition, the argon plasma treatment eliminated defects on the fiber surface, reducing the size of critical flaws and thus increasing the fiber's tensile strength.

Resumo em Inglês:

Aluminum-lithium alloys are candidate materials for many aerospace applications because of their high specific strength and elastic modulus. These alloys have several unique characteristics such as excellent fatigue crack growth resistance when compared with that of the conventional 2000 and 7000 series alloys. In this study, fatigue crack propagation behavior has been examined in a commercial thin plate of Al-Li-Cu-Mg alloy (8090), with specific emphasis at the fatigue threshold. The results are compared with those of the traditional Al-Cu-Mg alloy (2024). Fatigue crack closure is used to explain the different behavior of the compared alloys.

Resumo em Inglês:

The thermal decomposition of titanium hydride powder (delta-phase) to titanium (alpha-phase) was investigated by means of thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and high-temperature X-ray diffraction (HTXRD) in high vacuum. The delta-to-alpha phase transformation was followed in situ by HTXRD at temperatures varying from room temperature up to 1000 °C. The transformation was also analyzed as a function of time at isothermal conditions from 450 to 650 °C. The results of TGA show that the decomposition of the titanium hydride becomes significant at about 450 °C. Above 500 °C the decomposition is completed in times shorter than 50 minutes. The apparent activation energy for hydrogen desorption was found to be 63 ± 6 kJ.mol-1.

Resumo em Inglês:

This work involved the application of luminescence spectroscopy under steady-state conditions to study the curing process of the epoxy resin diglycidyl-ether of bisphenol-A (DGEBA) using the curing agents 4,4'-diaminodiphenylmethane (DDM) and 4,4'-diaminodiphenylsulfone (DDS). Two fluorescence methods were employed: the intrinsic method related to the polymeric matrix and the extrinsic method, using the molecular probe 9-anthroic acid (9-AA). Stoichiometric mixtures, with and without 9-AA, were heated to 120 °C at a 5 °C/min heating rate. These samples were then cured at 120 °C for a further 2 hours and allowed to cool to room temperature for 20 minutes. The results obtained by the two methods indicate that the cross-linking reaction can be monitored by analyzing the spectral changes of the emission bands of DGEBA, curing agents and 9-AA.

Resumo em Inglês:

Quartz with aluminum as impurity absorbs energy from ionizing radiation and modifies its color. Colorless quartz becomes smoky or dark smoky (morion quartz) when exposed to gamma rays. By heat-treatment, smoky quartz may become successively greenish, yellowish, or brownish as the irradiation dose increases. Natural, colorless quartz is routinely colored by irradiation with gamma rays and heat-treatment for jewelry production. The color formation in natural quartz through this procedure is explained based on EPR, UV-VIS, and IR studies of irradiated and irradiated and heat-treated samples. Smoky quartz shows absorption bands in the visible region and a strong EPR signal. After heat-treatment it shows absorption bands in the near UV region with extensions into the visible region and a weak EPR signal. The intensity of the absorption bands is proportional to the irradiation dose. These changes of color are explained by the model of Itoh, Stoneham, and Stoneham. [AlSi O4 /h+]0 centers are produced by irradiation, causing the EPR signal and the absorption bands in the visible region. [AlSi O4]- centers are created from [AlSi O4 /h+]0 centers by heat-treatment. They cannot cause an EPR signal and have absorption bands in the near UV region with extensions into the visible region. The highest concentration of [AlSi O4]- centers occurs when the charge compensators have medium mobility. Lithium should give the best condition for color formation. Sodium (low mobility) and hydrogen (high mobility) should make smoky quartz colorless after heat-treatment.

Resumo em Inglês:

An austenitic stainless steel was deformed in torsion over a temperature range of 900-1200 °C using strain rates of 1, 5 and 10 s-1. The stress vs. strain curves determined were corrected for deformation heating and the flow stress was found to rise in the initial work-hardening regime, reaching a maximum before dropping to the steady state due to softening brought about by dynamic recrystallization. In order to determine the onset of dynamic recrystallization, diagrams of work-hardening rate vs. applied stress were drawn up for the hardening region of the flow stress curves. The flow stress curves were modeled by adjusting an evolution equation having one internal variable that describes the plastic behavior in the work-hardening regime to the experimental data. The flow stress after the onset of dynamic recrystallization was determined by incorporating the fractional softening into the evolution equation. Describing the effects of temperature and strain rate on the evolution equation through Zener-Hollomon parameters, a database was constructed for use in computer models to predict the roll force of rolling or forging loads under hot working conditions.

Resumo em Inglês:

Carbon/epoxy 8552 prepreg is a thermoplastic toughened high-performance epoxy being used in the manufacture of advanced army material. Understanding the cure behavior of a thermosetting system is essential in the development and optimization of composite fabrication processes. The cure kinetics and rheological behavior were evaluated using a differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) and a rheometer. Values of the kinetic parameters were obtained from dynamic DSC scans using an nth order reaction model. Rheological measurements as a function of temperature and time were made for the prepreg system. The manufacturer's recommended cure cycle was evaluated and considered adequate to consolidated the studied system.

Resumo em Inglês:

A new welding method which allows the assembly of two titanium nitride coated titanium parts is proposed. The welding procedure utilizes the possibility for pulse-shaping in order to change the energy distribution profile during the laser pulse. The pulse-shaping is composed of three elements: a) a short high power pulse for partial ablation at the surface; b) a long pulse for thermal penetration; and c) a quenching slope for enhanced weldability. The combination of these three elements produces crack-free welds. The weld microstructure is changed in comparison to normal welding, i.e. with a rectangular pulse, as the nitrogen and the microhardness are more homogenously distributed in the weld under pulse-shaping conditions. This laser pulse dissolves the TiN layer and allows nitrogen to diffuse into the melt pool, also contributing to an enhanced weldability by providing suitable thermal conditions.

Resumo em Inglês:

The compaction rate, the relation between the density of the wood panel and the density of the wood used for producing the particles, is an indicator of the product's densification. Among the various types of wood panels, particleboards are widely employed in the lumber industry, mainly for the furniture production. This paper presents a study of the relation between the compaction rate and the properties of tensile strength perpendicular to surface, Modulus of Rupture (MOR) and Modulus of Elasticity (MOE) obtained from a static bending test, thickness swelling and water absorption (2 and 24 hours). These properties were calculated according to the Brazilian ABNT, NBR 14810 standard. Particleboards were produced using the species Pinus elliotti and adhesive ureaformaldehyde. The relation was established by a multiple linear regression, and the most appropriate statistical models were determined. The estimated models indicate statistically significant effects of water absorption in 2 hours and MOR in the particleboards' compaction rate.

Resumo em Inglês:

Polymer composites used above their glass transition temperatures Tg present a substantial degradation of physical properties; therefore a material's glass transition temperature and its change with moisture absorption are of practical importance. Little attention has been paid to the role of the adhesive bonding between the reinforcing fiber and matrix, particularly for BMI matrix. In this work the effect of moisture on the dynamic mechanical behavior and the fiber/matrix interface was investigated. Two systems were evaluated: carbon fabric/epoxy and carbon fabric/bismaleimide laminates. The results demonstrated that the moisture absorbed by the laminates causes either reversible or irreversible plasticization of the matrix. The humidity combined with the temperature effects may cause significant changes in the Tg matrix and toughness affecting the laminate strength. Moisture absorption was correlated to the fracture mode of the laminate demonstrating the deleterious effect of moisture on the interface. This leads to debonding between fiber and matrix. This behavior was investigated by scanning electron microscopy and dynamic mechanical analysis.

Resumo em Inglês:

Cellular automata simulation of recrystallization in two dimensions is carried out. The simulated microstrutural evolution is compared in detail with the predictions from mathematically exact analytical theories considering both kinetic and geometrical aspects. Very good agreement is observed between the cellular automata simulation and the theoretical results. Moreover, the simulated data is used to test new expressions recently derived to describe the evolution of the interfaces between recrystallized grains. This work focuses on recrystallization but its results are applicable to any nucleation and growth transformation.

Resumo em Inglês:

Fe10Ag90 granular alloys have been prepared using a sol-gel process, sintered at 300 °C and annealed at temperatures between 400 °C and 700 °C. The mean size of the iron particles, obtained from X-ray diffraction, is 30.0 ± 0.7 nm. Due to the existence of a distribution of particle sizes in these samples, both blocked (BL) and superparamagnetic (SPM) particles are present simultaneously, as confirmed by magnetization measurements at room temperature. AC susceptibility measurements as a function of temperature reveal a magnetic phase transition at about 770 °C, indicating the presence of particles exhibiting bulk behavior, in the samples annealed above 550 °C. The presence of these particles has been attributed to an atomic diffusion process between the grains, forming bulk-like multiple-domain Fe particles having Curie temperatures near that of bulk alpha-Fe phase (T C = 770 °C).

Resumo em Inglês:

Phospho-tungstic and phospho-molybdic Wells-Dawson heteropolyacids, H6P2W18O62 .xH2O and H6P2Mo18O62 .xH2O respectively, were synthesized through ion exchange with a higher yield (~ 90%) than the conventional organic route (~ 70%). Pure, non-degraded heteropolyacids are obtained when the corresponding ammonium salt [(NH4)6P2W18 O62.13H2O or (NH4)6P2Mo18 O62.12H2O] is kept in contact with an acid resin [about (1:0.8) salt:resin weight ratio] up to three days. The use of an organic media instead of an aqueous media greatly favors the completeness of the exchange.

Resumo em Inglês:

A comparative study between epoxy Polymer Concrete plain, reinforced with carbon and glass fibers and commercial concrete mixes was made. The fibers are 6 mm long and the fiber content was 2% and 1%, respectively, in mass. Compressive tests were performed at room temperature and load vs. displacement curves were plotted up to failure. The carbon and glass fibers reinforcement were randomly dispersed into the matrix of polymer concrete. An increase in compressive properties was observed as function of reinforcement. The comparison also showed that Polymer Concrete, plain and reinforced, has a better performance than regular market concrete, suggesting that PC is a reliable alternative for construction industry.

Resumo em Inglês:

In this work titanium sol was prepared from tetraethylorthotitanate (TEOT) in ethanol, stabilized with beta-diketonate 2,4 pentanedione in molar ratio 1:1 homogenized by magnetic stirring, europium ion was add as structural probe. The xerogels were heat treated at 500, 750 and 1000 °C and the characterization was realized by x-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA/DSC) and photoluminescence (PL). The excitation spectra of Eu (III) ion present maximum in 394 nm correspondent to 5L6 level and emission spectra present bands characteristic transitions arising from the 5 D0 -> 7F J (J = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4) manifolds to samples treat at 500 and 750 °C. The Eu (III) emission disappear, when heated at 1000 °C, probably due to phase transition anatase to rutile and migrations of ions to the external surface that was proved by x-ray diffraction, transmission electronic microscopy and the thermogravimetric analyses of xerogels.