Resumo em Português:

RESUMO No presente trabalho, adotou-se a análise estatística de Weibull para avaliação da resistência mecânica à flexão, e sua repetibilidade, de mármores sintéticos, tanto puros quanto reforçados com fibra vidro-E. O objetivo foi observar o comportamento do módulo de Weibull e da resistência mecânica, à medida que se introduz fibra de vidro picotada na composição do mármore sintético. Para isso foram avaliados quatro diferentes teores, em massa, de fibra de vidro, para estabelecer uma curva padrão do comportamento mecânico, à medida em que se alterou a fração de fibra do compósito. A metodologia de Weibull viabiliza esta análise, uma vez que, além dos corpos de prova possuírem grande semelhança dimensional de espessura com os produtos fabricados em mármore sintético, ela quantifica a ocorrência de imperfeições devido ao processo de fabricação. Os resultados demonstraram que a inserção de fibra de vidro, em uma massa de 3 Kg de mármore sintético, em proporções de 12,5 a 100 gramas provocou, dependendo da quantidade de fibra inserida, uma variação na resistência intrínseca, que inicialmente diminuiu (0 a 25 g) e depois aumentou até o valor máximo com 100 gramas. Outro resultado importante foi o tempo de desmoldagem, que influenciou fortemente a dispersão dos resultados, que quando diminuído de 24h para 2h, provocou uma diminuição do módulo de Weibull (i.e. aumento na variação da tensão de ruptura), de até 60%.

Resumo em Inglês:

ABSTRACT In the present study, the Weibull statistical analysis was adopted for evaluating the flexural strength, as well as its repeatability, of cultured marbles, both pure and reinforced with fiberglass. The objective of this study was to observe the behavior of the Weibull modulus and mechanical strength, as chopped fiberglass was incorporated in the composition of cultured marble. For this purpose, four different compositions with different amounts of glass fiber, by weight, were evaluated, to establish a standard curve of the mechanical behavior of the composite fiber. The Weibull approach enables this analysis since, in addition to the dimensional thickness resemblance of test samples with the products made of synthetic marble, it quantifies the occurrence of imperfections due to the manufacturing process. The results showed that the glass fiber insertion into a mass of 3 kg of synthetic marble, in proportions of 12.5 to 100 grams, caused a variation in the intrinsic resistance, depending on the amount of fiber inserted, which initially fell (0 to25 g) and then increased to a maximum of 100 grams. Another important result was the time of demolding, which strongly influenced the dispersion of the results that, when reduced by 2h to 24h, caused a decrease in Weibull modulus (i.e. increase in the variation of the rupture stress), up to 60%.

Resumo em Inglês:

ABSTRACT The usage of natural fibers on the composites development has grown rapidly in the recent years due to the fibers plentiful availability, renewable source, low density and biodegradability. However, there are some drawbacks, for instance, the fiber dispersion on a polyolefin matrix. In this work, the influence of processing speed on the mechanical and dynamic mechanical properties of polystyrene (PS) filled with cellulose fiber composites was investigated. The composites were processed on a twin-screw co-rotating extruder, using screw speeds of 200 rpm, 400 rpm and 600 rpm. The dynamic mechanical properties and the mechanical properties were investigated as a function of fiber content. The composites processed on a screw speed of 400 rpm had presented an increase on flexural and impact strength, compared to the composites processed at 200 rpm. The flexural and storage modulus had increased when increasing the fiber content, as well as increasing the processing speed. The greater fiber dispersion obtained at a screw speed of 400 rpm hinders the agglomeration arrangement and distributes the fibers more equally on the matrix. The increase on processing speed probably generates a fiber size reduction, increasing the fiber superficial area and generating a greater contact with the matrix as well. Therefore, the efforts transference of matrix to fibers is improved, originating an increase on the evaluated properties.

Resumo em Português:

RESUMO Pesquisas tem sido realizada com objetivo de combinar propriedades dos materiais com a finalidade de melhorar o processo de regeneração. Portanto scaffolds como sistemas de liberação controlada de fármacos tem sido estudado a fim de proporcionar o crescimento do tecido ao mesmo tempo que a região esteja sendo tratada. Diante disso, essa pesquisa tem como objetivo desenvolver scaffolds de quitosana e avaliar a inserção do fármaco curcumina por meio dos métodos de reação de solução e adsorção visando obter um sistema quitosana/curcumina para liberação controlada do fármaco. Os scaffolds foram produzidos pelo método de agregação de esferas, onde as esferas foram inicialmente obtidas a partir do gotejamento da solução de quitosana e quitosana/curcumina em solução de sulfato de sódio (5%) e posteriormente agregadas pela solução de gelatina (5%). Foram realizadas as caracterizações de espectroscopia no infravermelho com transformada de Fourier (FTIR), microscopia ótica (MO), microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV) e calorimetria exploratória diferencial (DSC). Por FTIR sugeriu-se a interação da quitosana com a curcumina. A partir das avaliações morfológicas por MO e MEV foi possível identificar o fármaco no interior das estruturas pelos dois métodos utilizado. E por DSC observou-se para amostra de quitosana/curcumina o desaparecimento do pico de fusão característico da curcumina, indicando assim que a curcumina foi encapsulada na quitosana no estado amorfo, o que provavelmente ocasionará uma liberação mais lenta do fármaco. Dessa forma, constatou-se que as estruturas obtidas são promissoras para o estudo de liberação controlada de fármaco.

Resumo em Inglês:

ABSTRACT Researches have been conducted in order to match material properties to improve the regeneration process. Thereby, scaffolds as controlled drug delivery systems have been studied in order to enhance the obtained structure by providing tissue growth while the region is being treated. Thus, this research aims to develop scaffolds of chitosan, and avaluatinh the insertion of curcumin drug by the methods of , solutions reaction and adsorption, aiming at obtaining a chitosan/curcumin for controlled drug release system. The scaffolds were produced by beads aggregation method, in which the beads were originally obtained from the dropping of chitosan solution and chitosan / curcumin in sodium sulphate solution (5%) and then attached by the gelatin solution (5%). The following characterizations were performed: Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Optical Microscopy (OM), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC). By FTIR analysis, it was possible to verify the likely interaction of chitosan with curcumin. From the morphological analysis by OM and SEM it was possible to identify the drug inside the structures by both methods. DSC analysis showed the total disappearance of the characteristic melting peak of curcumin, thus indicating that curcumin has been encapsulated in chitosan in the amorphous state, which is likely to cause a slower release of the drug. Thus, it was found that the obtained structures are promising for the study of controlled drug release.

Resumo em Inglês:

ABSTRACT In this study, Zn incorporated non-stoichiometric hydroxyapatite (nHAp) was synthesized via precipitation method and effect of the incorporation of Zn (fraction: 2, 4, 6 and 8 mol-%) on the microstructure of nHAp was studied by XRD, FTIR analysis and SEM-EDS techniques. The formation of nHAp was confirmed by XRD and FTIR those showed that no secondary phase was formed through the Zn incorporation. The SEM studies also revealed that particles were formed in nano-metric size (30-60 nm). It was found that crystallite and particle size of Zn incorporated nHAp gradually decreased up to 6 mol-%, and started to increase while the Zn fraction reached up to the 8 mol-% and hence the morphology of the aggregated products was also changed. It can be concluded that the incorporation of Zn cations cause to form nHAp phase. Furthermore, the nHAp microstructure has deviated from stoichiometric condition by incorporation of more Zn cations.

Resumo em Português:

RESUMO O presente trabalho trata da simulação numérica do comportamento mecânico de microestruturas de Compósitos com Matriz Metálica (CMMs) utilizando uma proposta de modelo de homogeneização computacional baseada numa abordagem multi-escala. Na microestrutura do compósito, as inclusões são consideradas elásticas e o comportamento da matriz é governado pelo modelo de von Mises com endurecimento isotrópico. Um modelo de fratura coesiva é desenvolvido para simular a fase de descolamento da interface matriz/inclusão. Todo o estudo é baseado no conceito de Elemento de Volume Representativo (EVR), no qual podem ser empregados modelos constitutivos que levam em conta os fenômenos dissipativos de fissuração e plasticidade. Uma série de EVRs com diferentes composições de inclusões elásticas e submetidos a diferentes condições de restrição cinemática foram analisados. Também observou-se a sensibilidade paramétrica do modelo de fratura coesiva e a importância de se considerar a fase de descolamento matriz/inclusão no processo de ruptura da microestrutura. De modo geral, os resultados encontrados contribuem para a discussão acerca do emprego de modelos simples, em termos de formulação e identificação paramétrica, na modelagem da microestrutura de materiais heterogêneos, refletindo assim na acurácia de resultados qualitativos quanto ao seu comportamento macroscópico.

Resumo em Inglês:

ABSTRACT This work deals with numerical simulation of the metal matrix composites (MMCs) microstructures mechanical behavior using a proposed computational homogenization modeling based on multi-scale approach. In the microstructure, elastic inclusions are considered and the matrix mechanical behavior is governed by a von Mises model with isotropic strain hardening. Besides, a cohesive fracture and contact model is developed in order to simulate the debonding phase in the matrix/inclusion interface. The study is based on the concept of Representative Volume Element (RVE), in which can be used constitutive models that take into account the dissipative phenomena of cracking and plasticity. A set of RVEs composed of different distributions of elastic inclusions and submitted to different kinematical restrictions are analyzed. Moreover, the parametric sensibility of the cohesive fracture model and the debonding interface relevance in the rupture processes of the microstructure are observed. In general, the results contribute to the discussion about the use of simple constitutive models, in their formulation and parametric identification, for modeling of the heterogeneous materials microstructures, leading to accurate qualitative results related to the macroscopic behavior.

Resumo em Inglês:

ABSTRACT The structural parameters, band structures and density of states of anatase TiO2 co-doped with Cu and S were calculated by first-principles based on the density functional theory. The results indicate that the volumes of the co-doped TiO2 increase due to the lattice distortion. The calculated X-ray diffraction pattern shows that the crystal phase of TiO2 is still kept as anatase after Cu and S co-doping. The band gap of TiO2 broadened when S substitutes for Ti or O along with Cu substitutes for Ti. The calculated partial density of states shows that the impurity energy levels mainly come from the Cu 3d and S 3p orbital. The calculated results may provide some theoretical foundations for the photocatalytic activity enhancement of TiO2 co-doped with Cu and S.

Resumo em Espanhol:

RESUMEN En este trabajo se evaluó el efecto de la electrodeposición de fosfato de calcio sobre nanoestructuras de TiO2. Para ello, se desarrollaron nanoestructuras de TiO2 sobre sustratos de Ti6Al4V en una solución de NH4F y NH4H2PO4 y posteriormente se realizó electrodeposición catódica empleando una solución compuesta de Ca(NO3)2 y (NH4)2HPO4 como electrolito. La morfología de las superficies se observó mediante microscopia electrónica de barrido y la capacidad de las superficies para formar apatitas se evaluó a través de absorción atómica tras inmersión de las muestras en fluido corporal simulado (SBF) durante 7 días. Finalmente se evaluó la respuesta electroquímica de las superficies biofuncionalizadas mediante pruebas de resistencia a la polarización y curvas potenciodinámicas. Estos ensayos permitieron observar un incremento en la resistencia a la degradación de las superficies biofuncionalizadas respecto al sustrato.

Resumo em Inglês:

ABSTRACT In this work the effect of the electrodeposition of calcium phosphate on TiO2 nanostructures was evaluated. For that, TiO2 nanostructures were developed in a solution of NH4F and NH4H2PO4 on Ti6Al4V substrates and subsequent cathodic electrodeposition was performed using Ca(NO3)2 and (NH4)2HPO4 as electrolyte. The surface morphology was observed by scanning electron microscopy and the surface capacity to form apatites was evaluated by Atomic absorption spectroscopy after immersion of samples in simulated body fluid (SBF) for 7 days. Finally, the electrochemical response of biofunctionalized surfaces was evaluated by polarization resistance tests and potentiodynamic curves. These tests allowed to observe an increase in the resistance to degradation of biofunctionalized surfaces respect to the substrate.

Resumo em Inglês:

ABSTRACT This study was aimed to investigate the welding parameters on mechanical behavior of 2 mm thick AA1050 sheet materials joined by cold metal transfer (CMT) method. Macro structural examination showed that decreasing heat input decreased the pore size in the weld metal. Tensile test was applied and failure occurred in heat affected zone of aluminum sheet metal. Maximum tensile strength was found in the sample with minimum heat input. Heat affected zone was observed explicitly in the sample produced with the maximum heat input. Decreasing joint gap affected the bending strength positively. Bending strength was found superior with maximum bonding line length.

Resumo em Português:

RESUMO Neste trabalho, investigamos o processo de preparação de filmes finos de niobato de lítio (LiNbO3), utilizando como fonte de Nióbio (Nb) o Oxalato Amoniacal de Nióbio (NH4H2NbO(C2O4).3H2O, na síntese da resina precursora pelo método dos precursores poliméricos (Pechini). A cinética de formação de fase foi investigada com base nos padrões de difração de raios x (DRX) das amostras, revelando uma forte influência da estequiometria da resina e do tratamento térmico sobre a formação da fase desejada LiNbO3. Uma análise comparativa com estudos já realizados na literatura e dados experimentais observados para o pó, revelam que esta forte influência sobre a formação de fase dos filmes possivelmente esta relacionada ao emprego do precursor Oxalato como material de partida. A morfologia dos filmes foi investigada com base em imagens obtidas por microscopia eletrônica de varredura por emissão de campo (FEG-SEM), revelando uma microestrutura heterogênea e não contínua. Uma análise qualitativa dos elementos presentes no filme foi realizada com base em medidas de energia dispersiva de raios x (SEM-EDS), revelando a presença residual do elemento químico carbono nas amostras finais, embora as fases contendo íons de carbono não tenham sido evidenciadas nos estudos de DRX.

Resumo em Inglês:

ABSTRACT In this study we investigated the preparation of thin films of lithium niobate (LiNbO3), by using ammonium niobium oxalate - (NH4H2NbO (C2O4) .3H2O - in the synthesis of the precursor resin, by the polymeric precursor method (Pechini). The crystalline phase formation was investigated by XRD analysis, revealing a strong influence of the stoichiometry of the resin and thermal treatment on the formation of LiNbO3 phase. A comparative analysis with previous studies in the literature and experimental data observed for powder reveals that this strong influence on the phase formation of the films is probably related to the use of oxalate precursor as starting material. The morphology of the films was investigated by scanning electron microscopy with field emission gun (FEG-SEM); its revealed a porous structure, a qualitative analysis of elements present in the film was based on the EDS spectra analysis (SEM-EDS), revealing the presence of residual carbon in the final samples.

Resumo em Português:

RESUMO O reaproveitamento de resíduos de borracha é de extrema importância atualmente, tanto para minimizar os efeitos nocivos no meio ambiente, quanto para reduzir o custo no desenvolvimento de novos materiais. Considerando que a maioria dos trabalhos relatados na literatura se refere ao reaproveitamento dos resíduos de pneus, o presente trabalho tem como objetivo avaliar a influência dos compatibilizantes SBS e SEBS-MA no desempenho da mistura de PS/resíduo de borracha da indústria de calçado (SBR), utilizando 5% em peso destes compatibilizantes. As misturas inicialmente foram preparadas em uma extrusora de rosca dupla corrotacional e, posteriormente, os grânulos extrudados moldados por injeção. Estas foram analisadas por ensaios de impacto, flexão, temperatura de deflexão térmica (HDT), termogravimetria (TG) e microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV). Os resultados evidenciaram que a utilização de qualquer um dos compatibilizantes na mistura PS/SBR aumentou expressivamente a resistência ao impacto, enquanto que as propriedades de flexão e HDT foram inferiores em relação à matriz polimérica. Em geral, ficou comprovado que o SBS é mais eficaz no processo de compatibilização do sistema PS/SBR, aumentando em 320% a resistência ao impacto em relação ao PS, bem como tendo uma perda de apenas 10,9% da HDT. Os resultados de termogravimetria ilustraram que a mistura PS/resíduo apresentou uma maior estabilidade térmica, em relação ao PS puro, para temperatura superior a 376ºC. As morfologias apresentadas pelas misturas ternária e binária foram bastante diferentes e típicas de misturas imiscíveis. Estes resultados mostram uma boa perspectiva de uso destes rejeitos industriais (SBR), uma vez que se pode valorizar um material que seria descartado. Além disso, tem a possibilidade de desenvolver um novo material com boas propriedades, bem como minimizar o efeito negativo desses rejeitos nos ecossistemas.

Resumo em Inglês:

ABSTRACT The reuse of rubber residue is extremely important nowadays, both to minimize the bad effects to the environment and to reduce the costs of new materials development. Seeing that, most of the reported papers in literature refer to the reuse of tire rubber, this work aims to evaluate the influence of SBS and SEBS-MA compatibilizers on the performance of PS/rubber residue (SBR) mixture from shoes industry, using 5% wt. of these compatibilizers. The mixtures were initially prepared in a co-rotational twin screw extruder and the extruded pellets were later molded by injection. The samples were analyzed by impact, flexural, heat deflection temperature (HDT), thermogravimetry (TG) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) experiments. The results evidenced that the use of any compatibilizers in the PS/SBR mixtures significantly increased the impact strength whereas the tensions and HDT properties were lower in relation to polymer matrix. It was proved that the SBS is more efficient in the compatibilizing process of PS/SBR system, increasing 320 % the impact strength compared to PS, as well as having a 10.9 % lost only in the HDT. The results of TG illustrated that the PS/residue mixture presented a higher thermal stability in relation to the pure PS, for temperature over 376ºC. The morphologies presented from ternary and binary mixtures were clearly different and typical of immiscible blends. The results showed a good perspective of this industries wastes (SBR) use, once it was possible to value a material that would be discharged. Besides, there is the possibility to develop a new material with good properties, as well as minimize the negative effect of these wastes in the environment.

Resumo em Inglês:

ABSTRACT In conventional recycling method, metal chips are cast after pressing and melting in electric arc furnace. Material loss occurs during the recycling from liquid metal due to the several reasons. Direct recycling method which produces the aluminium powder from aluminium chips using mechanical mill can be an alternative to conventional recycling method. Thus material and energy losses, and labour cost will be reduced by direct recycling method without melting. In this study, the particle morphology of powder direct recycled from AA6013 aluminium alloy chips with cryogenic, disc and ball type grinders is investigated. Mechanical milling resulted flaky and irregular shaped AA6013 particles. It was ascertained that the chips did not break sufficiently in despite of the long duration milling mechanisms by ball mill. Cryogenic mill provides the energy required for milling mechanisms to act. Disc mill has the highest impact energy was determined. Consequently, efficiency of ball mill is lower than the efficiency of cryogenic and disc type mills. Shape factors of powders produced with ball and cryogenic mills were found greater than that of the powder produced by disc mill. Disc mill has the most efficient and effective impact energy which produces the smaller particles per minute, was determined.

Resumo em Inglês:

ABSTRACT Wear resistance and Frictional stability are key performance requirements for brake lining. Automotive brake linings are usually made of various ingredients such as binder, filler, friction modifiers and reinforcement. Rockwool is a mineral fiber and steel fiber is a metallic fiber. In this work reinforcement fibers used are both the mineral and metallic fibers with six different composition prepared and tested. The result shows that metallic fibers should be high compared to mineral fiber for best frictional performance and wear resistance. Friction-wear properties of the reinforced samples were investigated on the cast iron disc as a counterpart using a pin on disc wear tester. The investigation confirmed that the sample with increase in steel fiber (4%, 8% and 12%) improves the wear resistance. On the other hand specimen with high content of Rockwool fiber forms an improper ratio among the other ingredients. The SEM images of the sample indicated that an increase in steel fiber higher than 12% content resulted in adhesive wear.Analysis of the experimental result shows that the sample with 12% steel fiber and 8% Rockwool fiber exhibited the optimum friction-wear behavior. Finally the effect of environment on the composites was investigated in water, salt water and oil.

Resumo em Português:

RESUMO Este trabalho tem por objetivo caracterizar o desempenho de resistência mecânica e absorção de água de blocos solo-cimento para alvenaria, após 28 dias de cura, com a incorporação limite dos seguintes coprodutos siderúrgicos em substituição parcial ao solo: adições de até 20 % em massa do pó de balão coletado em alto-forno, até 10 % de poeiras de despoeiramento de aciaria elétrica, e até 20 % de escória granulada de forno elétrico a arco. As formulações propostas incluem adições simultâneas de pós obtidos do descarte da produção de blocos solo-cimento, onde a substituição parcial ao solo foi de até 20 % em massa. Os resultados obtidos sugerem a potencialidade de uso dos resíduos siderúrgicos em blocos intertravados de solo-cimento para alvenaria sustentável, como alternativa de aplicação para esses resíduos. Verificou-se a possibilidade de bons resultados confrontando os valores exigidos por norma (absorção de água < 20% e resistência mecânica > 2,0 MPa) com destaque quando se utilizou 20% pó de balão juntamente com 10% de reuso do bloco solo-cimento; 10% de escória de aciaria ou 20% de escória de aciaria juntamente com 10% de reuso do bloco solo-cimento; e 2,5% de pó de despoeiramento juntamente com 20% de reuso do bloco solo-cimento.

Resumo em Inglês:

ABSTRACT This work aims to characterize the mechanical resistance performance and water absorption of soil-cement blocks for masonry, after 28 days of moist curing, with the incorporation limit of the following steel co-products to partial replacement of soil: up to 20% by weight of balloon blast furnace dust powder additions, 10% of dedusting dust secondary from electric arc furnace, and 20% of granulated slag of electric arc furnace. The proposed formulations also evaluated simultaneous additions of soil-cement blocks discarded, after granulated by crushing, with partial replacement of soil in up to 20% by mass. The results suggest the potential use of steel residues in soil-cement interlocked blocks for sustainable masonry, as applying alternative to this waste. It was found that the results that stood out, comparing standard specification (water absorption < 20% and strength > 2.0 MPa), the results that stood out were using 20% powder flask along with a 10% reuse of the soil-cement block; 10% of steel slag or 20% of steel slag with 10% reuse of soil-cement block; and 2.5% dusting powder with 20% reuse of the soil-cement block.

Resumo em Espanhol:

RESUMEN Se describe un método simple y barato para la fabricación de moldes de alúmina nanoporosa, con potenciales aplicaciones para la fabricación de nanohilos. Se utiliza como materia prima un aluminio de grado comercial. Los moldes nanoporosos fabricados tienen un diámetro promedio de poros de (20 ± 4) nm. El proceso de fabricación consta de dos etapas de anodizado. Se detallan ambas etapas de anodizado y se caracteriza el material que se obtiene como resultado de cada una de ellas. Los moldes nanoporosos obtenidos con dos pasos de anodizado tienen la distribución más estrecha de tamaño de poros, mejor circularidad y orden espacial. En dichos moldes se crecen nanohilos a base de ferrita de cobalto (CoFe2O4). Para hacerlo, se usa un método simple y un equipamiento sencillo. Mediante microscopía electrónica se hace una caracterización morfológica de las plantillas y de los nanohilos obtenidos.

Resumo em Inglês:

ABSTRACT A simple and low cost method for the fabrication of Nanoporous alumina templates with potential applications for nanowires fabrication is described. As raw material, commercial aluminum has been used. The nanoporous templates obtained have a mean pore diameter of (20 ± 4) nm. The fabrication process consists mainly of two-step anodization. Both steps are described in detail, the obtained material for each anodization step is characterized. The Nanoporous template obtained after two-step anodization present a narrow distribution of the porous size, a better circularity and homogeneous distribution. Cobalt ferrite (CoFe2O4) nanowires structures have been synthesized from the obtained alumina templates. A simple equipment method has been developed. A morphological characterization of the obtained templates and nanowires, by the use of electron microscopy techniques, is also presented.

Resumo em Português:

RESUMO A retificação é um processo de usinagem por abrasão destinada a obtenção de peças com baixas tolerâncias dimensionais e de acabamento superficial. Neste processo é indispensável para garantir a qualidade superficial da peça, a lubri-refrigeração, proporcionada pela ação do fluido de corte. Entretanto, o uso de tal fluido gera elevado custo de descarte, risco para o meio ambiente e a saúde dos operadores. O objetivo deste trabalho é o estudo de métodos que minimizem tais desvantagens através da otimização da aplicação do fluido de corte (método otimizado) ou através da redução de consumo de tal fluido (método da MQL). Os métodos propostos foram avaliados especificamente na retificação cilíndrica do aço ABNT 52100, amplamente usado na fabricação de rolamentos, utilizando rebolo convencional de carbeto de silício com ligante resinoide. Os ensaios foram realizados em três diferentes velocidades de avanço: 0,25, 0,50 e 0,75mm/min, sendo as taxas de remoção de material, respectivamente, 0,72, 1,44 e 2,16 mm³/mm.s. A análise dos resultados foi feita através da avaliação das variáveis de saída do processo de retificação, tais como rugosidade, desgaste do rebolo, relação G, microdureza e microestrutura. Foram obtidos bons resultados de rugosidade para todos os métodos, porém os resultados de desgaste do rebolo e os possíveis danos à peça aumentam conforme menor for a capacidade refrigerante do método de lubri-refrigeração utilizado devido à reatividade do carbeto de silício com o ferro a altas temperaturas. O método de lubrificação com MQL apresenta menores esforços de corte, consequentemente é requerida menor potência de usinagem, porém o método de lubri-refrigeração convencional, no geral, apresenta melhores resultados.

Resumo em Inglês:

ABSTRACT Grinding is a machining process by abrasion dedicated to obtain workpieces with low roughness and dimensional accuracy. In this process, it is indispensable to ensure superficial quality of the machined workpiece, the lubricant and cooling method provided by the action of the cutting fluid. However, the use of such fluid generates high cost of disposal, risks to the environment and to the machine operator's health. The main goal of this work is the study of methods that minimize such disadvantages through the optimization of the application of the cutting fluid (optimized method) or through the reduction of the fluid consumption (MQL method). The proposed methods are evaluated specifically on the cylindrical grinding of the ABNT 52100 steel grade, widely used in the manufacture of bearings by utilizing conventional silicon carbide grinding wheel with resin binder. The experiments were carried out with three different feed rates: 0.25, 0.5 and 0.75mm/min, that resulted in the following material removal rates, respectively, 0,72, 1,44 and 2,16 mm³/mm.s. The analysis of the results was made through the evaluation of the grinding process's outputs, such as roughness, grinding wheel wear, G ratio, micro-hardness and micro-structural. Good results of roughness were recorded for all of the methods, however, the results for the grinding wheel wear and the likely damages to the workpieces increase as the cooling capacity of the lubricant and cooling method decreases due to the reactivity of the silicon carbide to the iron in high temperatures. Lower cutting efforts were obtained after machining with the MQL cooling technique consequently demanding lesser machining power. However, in general, the conventional lubri-cooling method, provides better results.

Resumo em Inglês:

ABSTRACT Many dynamic engineering systems have interferences and interactions that causes wear under friction effect. Carbonaceous materials, such as polycrystalline graphites, are of great interest in engineering systems due to their inherent lubricant properties and their versatility as a material for applications in the areas of mechanics, transportation, energy systems and sensitive technologies. In this work the tribological behavior of three identical pairs, pin-on-disc, of commercial polycrystalline graphites were evaluated, in a controlled environment at 20 °C and 50 % RH. Results of tribological behavior were correlated considering the prevalence of basal plane, identified by polarized light optical microscopy, as a function of the tribological behavior, measured by tests with pin on disc tribometer. The results showed that the coefficient of friction behavior is directly related to the basal plane mosaic domain and the extension of the damage generated on this plane due to the contact between the tribological pair. The materials studied presented an increase in the friction coefficient values, 0,10; 0;13 and 0,23 with increasing area of the basal plane mosaic domain, respectively 55; 64 and 81% respectively.

Resumo em Português:

RESUMO O consumo de areias de britagem para produção de argamassas vem aumentando, uma vez que as jazidas de areia natural estão cada vez mais escassas e que a exploração dessa areia gera grande impacto ambiental. Nesse sentido, o objetivo deste trabalho é verificar a influência do emprego de areias de britagem de diferentes origens e mineralogias nas propriedades de argamassas de revestimento no estado fresco. Com base em uma ampla caracterização de agregados originários de diferentes fontes litológicas, a pesquisa visou avaliar quais parâmetros da areia melhor explicam os comportamentos de consistência e de densidade de massa da argamassa. O estudo foi realizado com cinco areias, sendo uma areia natural e quatro de britagem oriundas de rochas de diferentes litologias (granito, dolomito, micaxisto e quartzito). Além da caracterização granulométrica e da determinação dos índices físicos das areias, foram realizadas análises morfoscópica e petrográfica, bem como a determinação do ângulo de atrito interno por meio do ensaio de cisalhamento direto. Para verificar o efeito das características das areias nas propriedades da argamassa no estado fresco, empregou-se uma mistura 1:1:6 (cimento:cal:areia, em volume), tendo-se realizados os ensaios de determinação do índice de consistência na mesa ABNT, penetração do cone e densidade de massa. As principais conclusões obtidas ressaltam que a porosidade (vazios entre partículas e grãos de areia) e a massa unitária da areia são os parâmetros que melhor se correlacionam com a consistência e a densidade de massa das argamassas, o que é explicado pela alteração imposta no volume de pasta das argamassas devido ao volume de vazios deixado pelos grãos das areias.

Resumo em Inglês:

ABSTRACT The use of manufactured sands in the production of mortars has been increasing in the last years, since the natural sand deposits are becoming increasingly scarcers and the exploitation of sand generates high environmental impact. In this sense, the objective of this work is to verify the influence of manufactured sands from different origins and mineralogies on the properties of rendering mortars in the fresh state. Based on an extensive characterization of aggregates from different lithological sources, the research aimed to assess which sand parameters explain better the mortar behaviors of consistency and bulk density. The study was performed with five sands: one natural sand and four manufactured sands originated from rocks of different lithologies (granite, dolomite, mica-schist and quartzite). In addition to the particle size characterization and the determination of the physical indices of sands, a morphoscopic analysis and a petrographic analysis were also carried out as well as the determination of internal friction angle obtained from direct shear test, used for soils. To verify the interference of sand characteristics on the mortar properties in fresh state, it was employed a mix proportion 1: 1: 6 (Portland cement:lime:sand, by volume), and it was performed the tests to determine the consistency index in ABNT table (flow table), the cone penetration (ASTM) and the bulk density. The main conclusions point out that the porosity (voids among particles and sand grains) and the apparent dry density of sand are the best parameters to explain the variation of mortars consistency and bulk density. This is explained by the change imposed on the paste volume of mortars due to the voids volume left by the sand grains arrangement.

Resumo em Inglês:

ABSTRACT The compatibility between superplasticizer and cement was influenced by the adsorption capacity of cement particles. This study investigated the relevance between the adsorption capability and surface free energy. Adsorption capacity and surface free energy of both sulphoaluminate cement and portland cement were measured. The adsorption capacity of cement particles was measured by ultraviolet spectrophotometry. The test showed that particles of sulphoaluminate cement adsorbed more molecules of superplasticizer than portland cement particles. The weight of superplasticizer adsorbed by 2g of sulphoaluminate cement and portland cement were 0.28mg and 0.159mg respectively. Surface free energy of cement particles was calculated by contact angle and the contact angles were determined by the thin-layer wicking technique and washburn equation which is theoretical basis of thin-layer wiching technique presented by Chibowski E. The sulphoaluminate cement, portland cement's surface free energy were 51.46 mJ·m-2 and 49.36 mJ·m-2 respectively. The results showed that the higher adsorption capacity of particles was usual accompanied by higher surface free energy. The fluidity of cement paste was influenced by the adsorption capacity of cement particles because the more molecules of superplasticizer was adsorbed by cement particles there were lacking superplasticizer in the paste. The macro-behaviour of higher adsorption capacity is that the cement paste need more superplasticizer to reach the needed fluidity.

Resumo em Português:

RESUMO Neste trabalho foram realizados estudos sobre a fabricação de um biocompósito à base de titânio para implantes dentários a partir da mistura de pó de hidreto de titânio (92%) com nitrato de cálcio (8% em volume). O pó de hidreto de titânio foi adicionado na solução aquosa de nitrato de cálcio, dissolvido por agitação mecânica, e em seguida os precursores foram misturados e dispersados/homogeneizados por ultrassom. Posteriormente, a mistura foi secada em evaporador rotativo, compactada com 600 MPa à temperatura ambiente, desmoldada e sinterizada em alto vácuo a 1200 oC durante 2 horas. Foi analisada a microestrutrura e fases formadas, as propriedades mecânicas, a rugosidade da superfície, a porosidade aberta, a molhabilidade da superfície e a citotoxicidade do biocompósito. As fases identificadas após a sinterização foram α-Ti e CaTiO3. O limite de resistência em compressão, o módulo de Young (E) e o ângulo de contato do biocompósito diminuíram significativamente com relação ao hidreto de titânio puro sinterizado nas mesmas condições. O limite médio de resistência em compressão do hidreto de titânio foi de 1794,67 MPa e do biocompósito foi de 481,36 MPa. O módulo de Young e o ângulo de contato do hidreto de titânio e do biocompósito foram de aproximadamente 112 GPa e 94 graus, e de 75 GPa e 83 graus, respectivamente. A rugosidade de superfície foi da mesma ordem de grandeza entre os materiais e ficou aproximadamente entre 1,4 e 1,5 µm (Ra) e 1,4 e 1,9 µm (Ra e Sa), medidas com rugosímetro de contato e com microscópio confocal a laser, respectivamente. A porosidade aberta do biocompósito sinterizado foi de aproximadamente três vezes maior do que aquela do hidreto de titânio sinterizado. Nos ensaios de citotoxicidade a porcentagem de células viáveis do biocompósito foi superior àquela do controle negativo e àquela do hidreto de titânio sinterizado.

Resumo em Inglês:

ABSTRACT A titanium-based biocomposite was prepared from titanium hydrate powder and calcium nitrate for dental implant applications. The minor precursor was added in the major precursor of titanium hydrate in the concentration of 8% in volume. Titanium hydrate was added in the calcium nitrate solution, previously dissolved by mechanical agitation in distilled water, and then mixed/homogenized by ultrasound. The mixture was dried in a rotating evaporator, pressed at 600 MPa at room temperature and vacuum sintered at 1200 oC during 2 hours. It was analyzed the microstructure and phases formed, the mechanical properties, the surface roughness, the open porosity, the surface wetness and cytotoxicity of the materials. The phases formed in the biocomposite after sintering were α-Ti and CaTiO3. The compressive strength, Young modulus (E) and contact angle of the biocomposite significantly decreased compared to the sintered titanium hydrate. The average compressive strength of the titanium hydrate was 1794,67 MPa and of the biocomposite was 481,36 MPa. The Young modulus and contact angle of the titanium hydrate and of the biocomposite were approximately 112 GPa and 94 degree, and 75 GPa and 83 degree, respectively. The surface roughness was of the same order among the materials and found to be between 1.4 and 1.5 µm (Ra), and 1.4 and 1.9 µm (Ra and Sa), measured with a roughmeter and with a laser confocal microscope, respectively. The open porosity of the sintered biocomposite was approximately three times higher than that of sintered titanium hydrate. The viability cell percentage of the biocomposite was higher than that of negative control or sintered titanium hydrate.

Resumo em Português:

RESUMO A retificação é um processo de alta geração de calor, portanto, com seu uso em larga escala, a pesquisa e desenvolvimento de novas técnicas de lubri-refrigeração se fazem necessários, visando respeitar as leis ambientais, preservar a saúde do operador e reduzir custos de produção. Deve-se, então, buscar soluções que mantenham os mesmos parâmetros de qualidade, acabamento e os mesmos efeitos tecnológicos. Um dos métodos propostos para este fim é o MQL (mínima quantidade de lubrificação), que utiliza uma mistura de ar com baixo fluxo de óleo a elevada pressão. O aço a ser utilizado como corpo de prova foi VP 50, muito usado na indústria em moldes para injeção de termoplásticos. O rebolo utilizado foi o de carbeto de silício verde, com ligante vitrificado. Apresentam boas características térmicas, estabilidade química elevada na retificação ferros fundidos, materiais não ferrosos e não metálicos. A análise dos resultados foi feita através avaliação das variáveis de saída do processo, tais como rugosidade, emissão acústica, circularidade, microscopia óptica (para verificação de dano térmico) e microdureza. Dentre os resultados evidenciados, a técnica MQL demonstrou ser superior ao método convencional apenas nos parâmetros de circularidade e desgaste diametral do rebolo, sendo que não houve alteração microestrutural em ambos os métodos de lubrificação.

Resumo em Inglês:

ABSTRACT Grinding is a high heat generation process that requires large amount of coolant, therefore, its use in large-scale lead to research and development of new lubri-cooling techniques to attend technical requirements, environmental laws, to preserve the health of operator and, whenever possible, to reduce production costs. Into this context, it is important to find solutions that maintain the same quality standards, finishing and the same technological effects. An alternative that has been used since the end of 20th. century is the MQL (minimum quantity lubrication) technique, which uses a mixture of air with low oil flow with medium pressure. The steel to be used as a specimen was VP50, widely used in industry for injection mold of thermoplastic. The grinding wheel used was green silicon carbide with vitrified binder that possess good thermal properties, high chemical stability and is recommended for grinding of ferrous and nonferrous materials. The output variables employed in this work were the surface roughness, roundness errors and microhardness. The acoustic emission signal and diametrical wear were also monitored. Analyses of the machined surfaces to evaluate the occurrence of thermal damages were also carried out via optical microscope. Results show that machining with the MQL technique outperformed the traditional coolant delivery method in terms of roundness and diametrical wear. No evidence of microstructural changes in the machined surfaces was observed after grinding with both lubri-coolant techniques.

Resumo em Português:

RESUMO Produtos naturais são classicamente usados em tratamento de feridas, para prevenção de infecção. A Própolis é um agente antimicrobiano natural bem estabelecido, o qual contém compostos fenólicos e flavonoides, cujos teores variam conforme a sua origem. A Própolis de origem britânica e a de origem brasileira, a romã, o sangue de dragão e a sálvia são agentes antimicrobianos utilizados em biomateriais. O objetivo deste trabalho foi a análise do teor de fenóis e flavonoides, da atividade antioxidante das mesmas e das ligações químicas presentes nesses compostos, usando FTIR. A análise de FTIR revelou a presença desses compostos ativos em todos os produtos analisados. A própolis brasileira é rica em fenóis comparada aos outros fitoterápicos, seguido de romã e própolis britânica. A própolis britânica é rica em flavonoides devido à sua origem. Romã, própolis britânica e sangue de dragão apresentaram as maiores atividades antioxidantes. Todas as amostras apresentaram atividade antioxidante superior a 82%.

Resumo em Inglês:

ABSTRACT Natural products are used in wound healing in order to prevent infection. Propolis is a well known antimicrobial with phenolic compounds and flavonoid content which vary according to the propolis origin. Besides propolis (from both Brazilian and UK sources), pomegranate, dragon's blood and sage are possible antimicrobials to be used in biomaterials. The goal of this work was to analyze the amount of phenols and flavonoid compounds in these natural products, their antioxidant activities and the bonds present by FTIR. The FTIR analysis revealed the presence of active compounds in all drug samples. The phenols quantification showed that Brazilian propolis was rich in phenols compared to the other drugs, followed by pomegranate and UK propolis. UK propolis was the most rich in flavonoids, which is expected on account of its origin. Pomegranate, UK propolis and Dragon's blood presented the highest antioxidant activity. All samples presented antioxidant activity > 82%.

Resumo em Espanhol:

RESUMEN Dada la gran cantidad de consumo del petróleo como recurso energético, tiene por consecuencia una diminución en el crudo existente a nivel mundial, la explotación del crudo pesado surge como nueva alternativa de extracción que se deja a un lado debido a las dificultades asociadas a su procesamiento. Por lo tanto el proceso de combustión in situ, es un método de extracción que facilita la producción de este tipo de crudo, pues generan un aumento en la producción a expensas de un aumento de los costos asociados a mantenimiento, pues a las condiciones operacionales se favorecen fenómenos como la corrosión de los diferentes materiales involucrados en el proceso, pues están expuestos a atmosferas de sulfuro de hierro (H2S), entre otros gases; a temperaturas y presiones elevadas, lo cual promueve la corrosión y los fenómenos de Sulfide stress cracking. Adicionalmente, los materiales se ven afectados por la acidez y la cantidad de impurezas presentes en el crudo. Por lo anterior se evaluó el comportamiento del acero API P110 expuesto a crudo pesado con diferentes contenidos de azufre (0.5 - 1.5 % en peso), TAN (2.28 - 6.84 g KOH/g crudo) a elevadas temperaturas (190 -250 °C) y presiones (8.96x106 - 11.72x106 Pa), ya que se pueden presentar estas condiciones en el proceso de extracción por combustión in situ en fondos de pozo. Se encontró que el principal mecanismo de corrosión en estas condiciones es la corrosión por sulfidación cuyos principales productos de corrosión son el FeS y óxido de hierro (Fe3O4).

Resumo em Inglês:

ABSTRACT Given the large amount of consumption of oil as an energy source, is resulting in a diminution in the existing world oil, the exploitation of heavy oil emerges as new alternative extraction is left aside because of the difficulties associated to processing. Therefore the in situ combustion process is an extraction method that facilitates production of such oil therefore lead to increased production at the expense of an increase in costs associated with maintenance, as operational conditions promote corrosion phenomena as the different materials involved in the process, since they are exposed to atmospheres of iron Sulfide (H2S), among other gases; at elevated temperatures and pressures, which promotes corrosion phenomena Sulfide stress cracking. Additionally, the materials affected by the acidity and the amount of impurities present in the crude. Therefore the behaviour of API P110 steel exposed to heavy oil was evaluated with different sulphur contents (0.5 - 1.5 wt%), TAN (2.28 - 6.84 g KOH / g oil) at elevated temperatures (190-250 °C) and pressures (8.96x106 to 11.72x106 Pa), since these conditions may occur in the extraction process by in situ combustion downhole. It was found that the main mechanism of corrosion in these conditions is sulfidation corrosion corrosion whose main products are the FeS and iron oxide (Fe3O4).

Resumo em Português:

RESUMO Neste trabalho foram produzidos e caracterizados mecanicamente compósitos de resina de poliéster reforçada com tecido bidirecional de fios de rami, com diferentes teores de reforço. Estes compósitos foram testados experimentalmente e numericamente como faces de painéis sanduíches formados com núcleos de bucha vegetal impregnada com resina de poliéster e poliestireno expandido - EPS. A caracterização mecânica dos materiais em estudo foi realizada em laboratório a partir de ensaios de tração e flexão, e simulação numérica pelo Método de Elementos Finitos (MEF). A microestrutura do compósito foi analisada por Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura (MEV). A partir das propriedades mecânicas obtidas para os compósitos reforçados com tecido bidirecional de fios de rami e núcleos de EPS e bucha vegetal, observou-se viável a confecção de painéis sanduíches para aplicação na Construção Civil. Os compósitos com 50% de volume de fios de rami apresentaram as melhores propriedades mecânicas e foram usados como faces nos protótipos dos painéis. Os núcleos em estudo apresentaram bons resultados, com destaque para a bucha vegetal impregnada de resina poliéster, que apresentou maior rigidez e opções de confecção de painéis com maiores dimensões e mais delgados. O presente trabalho evidenciou o potencial das fibras vegetais para uso como constituintes dos compósitos poliméricos e núcleo dos painéis sanduíches e, portanto, revela uma nova alternativa de aproveitamento dessas fibras para aplicação no setor da construção.

Resumo em Inglês:

ABSTRACT In this work, composites of polyester resin reinforced with ramie fiber bidirectional woven cloth in different content by volume have been produced and characterized. These composites were tested experimentally and numerically as faces of sandwiches panels with cores of sponge gourd impregnated with polyester resin and expanded polystyrene-EPS. Mechanical characterization of these materials was conducted in the laboratory from tensile and bending tests, and numerical simulation using Finite Element Method (FEM). The composite was analyzed by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The mechanical properties obtained for the composites and cores showed viable making sandwich panels for application in construction. The composites with 50% volume fibers presented the best mechanical properties and have been used as faces in prototypes of the panels. The cores in study showed good results, with emphasis on the sponge gourd impregnated with polyester resin, which showed the highest stiffness and making options with larger and thinner panels. The present study showed the potential of natural fibers for use as reinforcing of polymeric composites and sandwich panels cores and so a new alternative use of these fibers for applications in the construction.

Resumo em Português:

RESUMO Com o objetivo de conhecer a influência das partículas AlB2 e AlB12 na capacidade de refino de grão de uma liga Al-4B sobre ligas de fundição à base de alumínio-silício, realizou-se testes de refino TP1 da Aluminum Association variando-se as concentrações de AlB2 e AlB12. Para a caracterização química foram utilizadas as técnicas de espectrometria de emissão óptica e espectrometria de energia dispersiva (EDS). O método utilizado para medir os tamanhos de grão foi o do intercepto, através de uma lupa estereoscópica. Os resultados foram comparados com os do refinador convencional Al-5Ti-1B. A liga alumínio-silício utilizada foi a Al-11Si-0,1Mg, comum na produção de rodas automotivas. A liga Al-4B com 100% de partículas AlB2 apresentou a melhor capacidade de refino, proporcionando tamanhos médios de grãos de 0,26 mm na liga Al-11Si-0,1Mg, no tempo de amostragem de 5 minutos. A liga Al-4B com 100% de partículas AlB12 apresentou um resultado intermediário, com tamanhos médios de grãos de 0,43 mm na liga Al-11Si-0,1Mg, no tempo de 5 minutos. A liga Al-11Si-0,1Mg refinada usando-se o refinador convencional Al-5Ti-1B apresentou tamanho médio de grão de 0,63 mm após 5 minutos de amostragem, o pior resultado quando comparado com os refinadores Al-4B com 100% de partículas AlB2 e AlB12 respectivamente.

Resumo em Inglês:

ABSTRACT In order to investigate the influence of AlB2 and AlB12 particles on the grain refining performance of an Al-4B master alloy in aluminum-silicon casting alloys, Aluminum Association TP-1 grain size tests were performed for varying concentrations of AlB2 and AlB12. For the chemical characterization, optical emission spectrometry and energy dispersive spectrometry (EDS) were used. Grain sizes were measured by line intercept method using stereoscopic microscope. The results were compared with the conventional grain refiner Al-5Ti-1B. The aluminum-silicon alloy used was the Al-11Si-0.1Mg, common in the production of automotive wheels. The master alloy Al-4B with 100% of AlB2 particles showed the best refining performance, providing average grain sizes of 0.26 mm in the alloy Al-11Si-0.1Mg after sampling time of 5 minutes. The alloy Al-4B with 100% of AlB12 particles showed an intermediate result, with average sizes of 0.43 mm in the alloy Al-11Si-0.1Mg after sampling time of 5 minutes. The alloy Al-11Si-0,1Mg refined using the conventional grain refiner Al-5Ti-1B presented average grain size of 0,63 mm after 5 minutes of sampling time, the worst result compared with the refiners Al-4B with 100% of AlB2 and AlB12 particles respectively.

Resumo em Inglês:

ABSTRACT The surface of textile materials is highly textured, commonly in non-uniform ways. Because of this texture effect, textile surface appears rougher and more porous than other printing substrates, which can cause excessive ink penetration during printing process. Next, washing process is very important factor because it influences ink characteristics on printed samples as well as structural changes of the textile substrate. The aim of this paper is to determine the influences of washing process and different mesh tread count used for printing on print quality. This will be obtained by using spectrophotometric analysis, and GLCM image processing method for print mottle estimation. The results of this research show that increasing number of washing processes leads to higher color differences reproduction color in comparison to printed materials before washing. It also shows that textile surface texture has a great influence on print mottle as well as that number of washing treatment series can generate variations of solid-tone print uniformity.