Resumo em Inglês:

Four fungicide trials were conducted in northern RS state during 2009. Six treatments, from the combination of one (flowering = F) or two applications (F + 10 days) of metconazole sprayed alone or in mixture with pyraclostrobin were tested. Fusarium head blight incidence (INC) and severity (SEV) were assessed at the pre-harvest period and Fusarium-damaged kernel (FDK), kernel infection (KI) and deoxynivalenol (DON) and nivalenol (NIV) trichothecenes were quantified on harvested kernels. Disease incidence ranged from 43.8% to 90% and from 7.3% to 31% respectively in the unsprayed check. Both INC and SEV were reduced in all fungicide treatments compared to the check across trials. Levels of FDK and KI were not affected by fungicides where susceptible and moderately resistant cultivars were used, respectively. The fungicide x cultivar susceptibility interaction was significant with the highest severity reduction (>70%) susceptible cultivars. Overall yield increased (+400 kg/ha) in fungicide-treated plots compared to the check; the mixture of fungicides led to higher increase (+275kg/ha) in yield. Yield increased modestly (+150 kg/ha) for two sprays compared to a single spray. Both DON and NIV were found in variable levels across trials but non significant effect of fungicides was found on mycotoxin levels.

Resumo em Inglês:

Sugarcane brown rust disease caused by Puccinia melanocephala is one of the important fungal diseases affecting sugarcane yield around the world. Cultivar resistance is the most appropriate control method for this disease. In this study, 62 introgression lines chosen from the crossing Saccharum officinarum L. cv. Ludashi x Erianthus rockii Yunnan 95-19 were evaluated for brown rust resistance using artificial inoculation. More than 30% of the introgression lines were identified as resistant. Clones Yunye 09-609, Yunye 09-618, Yunye 09-622, Yunye 09-636, Yunye 09-637, Yunye 09-645, Yunye 09-647 and Yunye 09-652 were shown to have high levels of resistance. The resistant lines identified in this study could be used as sources of brown rust resistance in sugarcane breeding programs.

Resumo em Inglês:

This study was conducted to assess the biocontrol efficacy of Bacillus subtilis (strain 4812) and Bacillus methylotrophicus (strain H8) individually or in combination with two plant defense inducers including Acetyl salicylic acid (ASA) and DL-Beta-aminobutyric acid (BABA) against tomato wilt caused by Ralstonia solanacearum. The pathogen was significantly inhibited by all treatments in the greenhouse and in vitro tests. The treatments H8+ASA and 4812+H8 were found to be the most effective treatments in in vitro tests. Applied on tomato seeds and as soil drenching, the disease was most inhibited by H8 whereas 4812+H8+ASA was the least effective treatment. High activity of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase was observed in the plants treated with 4812+H8, H8+ASA and 4812+H8+ASA. The highest expression of peroxidase and polyphenoloxidase enzymes was found in the plants treated with H8, 4812+H8 and H8+ASA. The result of real time PCR showed that concentration of the pathogen in stem tissues was significantly reduced in all treated plants and H8+ASA was the most effective treatment. This study revealed that combined application of Bacillus strains can be considered as a more effective biocontrol agent against tomato bacterial wilt. Furthermore, the synergistic effect of plant defense inducers was variable to different Bacillus strains.

Resumo em Inglês:

The resistance of coffee plants to Meloidogyne exigua is conferred by the gene Mex-1. However, the mechanisms of resistance still need to be clarified. Therefore, the penetration, development and reproduction of two populations of M. exigua (M1, isolated from the coffee plant and M2, from rubber tree) in susceptible (Coffea arabica 'Catuai') and resistant (C. canephora 'Apoatã') cultivars were studied. A greater quantity of J2 from M1 penetrated the susceptible cultivar, but there was no difference between the cultivars for M2. Although the resistant coffee cultivar formed some galls, the nematode did not reproduce. M2 did not induce the formation of galls or the production of eggs in either cultivars. Events related to hypersensitive reaction (HR) were observed as well as other defense responses of the coffee cultivar against M. exigua, which inhibited the formation of the feeding site, provoked emigration of the J2 and delayed or inhibited development and reproduction. The response of the non-host plant was more effective, because it did not allow development of the nematode or, consequently, its reproduction. It was concluded that the coffee cultivar's resistance to M. exigua is not restricted to HR, but rather to a set of defense responses, both constitutive and induced, expressed after nematode penetration, especially phenolic-like compounds.

Resumo em Inglês:

The use of Mucuna aterrima, Dolichos lab lab, Crotalaria mucronata, Arachis hypogaea, Mucuna deeringiana, C. spectabilis, and C. breviflora, intercropped with coffee plants, was evaluated as green manures in the management of Cercospora coffeicola under field conditions in Carlópolis and Jacarezinho counties in the state of Paraná in the crop seasons of 2008/2009 and 2009/2010. The main plot was comprised by treatments with green manures and urea, whereas subplots by the application or not of the poultry litter. There were two controls without green manure and urea: one with and another one without application of Beauveria bassiana, which was used to control Hypothenemus hampei. Similar founds were obtained at both municipalities. The percentage of diseased leaves (DL) was lower for most of the green manures and urea treatments. However, all the treatments reduced the DL in 2009/2010. Although A. hypogaea did not differ statistically from the controls in most of the experiments, the number of lesions per leaf was lower in the other treatments. Similarly, the percentage of healthy coffee berries was higher in the treatments than the controls in most of the experiments in both years. In general, there was no synergistic effect between green manures and urea with the poultry litter, and the efficiency of most green manures was similar to urea in the management of Cercospora leaf spot.

Resumo em Inglês:

The objective of this study was to estimate the reduction in yield caused by Colletotrichum graminicola in resistant and susceptible maize hybrids inoculated at different stages of development. Two trials were conducted in different environmental conditions in a randomized block design with treatments arranged as a 2 × 5 factorial scheme and three replications. Treatments consisted of two hybrids (H8664, resistant and H8621, susceptible) inoculated at three growing stages (8-leaf, 12-leaf and tasseling stage). Internal lesion length, adjusted yield, and yield components (length, diameter and ear weight) were evaluated 120 days after emergence. Significant differences in yield and ear weight were detected in the susceptible hybrid inoculated at the earliest stage: yield was reduced by 16.1 and 20.2% in the first and second experiment, respectively. Although lesion length in the susceptible hybrid was approximately three times greater than in the resistant, there were no significant differences in lesion length among treatments for each hybrid. However, there were differences in the number of dead plants and ear weight. It is suggested that damage caused by early infection with C. graminicola results mainly from plant death and reduction in ear weigh rather than from the extent of colonization of the stalk.

Resumo em Português:

O objetivo do trabalho foi determinar o fator de reprodução de Meloidogyne javanica nas olerícolas alho poró (Allium porrum), cebolinha (A. schoenoprasum), coentro (Coriandrum sativum), salsa (Petroselinum crispum), beterraba (Beta vulgaris), cenoura (Dacus carota), rabanete (Raphanus sativus), brócolis, couve flor e repolho (Brassica spp.), alface (Lactuca sativa), pimentão e pimenta (Capsicum spp.), e em plantas de adubação verde Cajanus cajan, Crotalaria breviflora, C. juncea, C. mucronata, C. ochroleuca, C. spectabilis, Dolichos lalab, Helianthus annuus, Lollium multiflorum, M. aterrima, M. cinereum, Mucuna deeringiana, Pennisetum glaucum e Raphanus sativus. Os experimentos foram conduzidos em casa de vegetação durante 60 dias. A infestação do substrato foi realizada com 5.000 ovos e juvenis de segundo estádio de M. javanica. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado com seis repetições por tratamento. As plantas imunes a M. javanica foram: salsa graúda 'Portuguesa', os brócolis 'Bruxelas' e 'Tronchuda Portuguesa', as pimentas 'Dedo de Moça', 'Malagueta', 'Doce Italiana', 'Jalapeño M', 'Amarela Comprida' e 'Cambuci', os pimentões 'Dagmar', 'Casca Dura Ikeda', 'Magna Super' e os porta enxertos para pimentão 'Silver' e 'AF 8253'. As plantas resistentes a M. javanica foram: alface 'Roxa', cebolinhas 'Tokyo' e 'Nebuka', alho 'Poró Gigante', salsa 'Lisa Comum', brócolis 'Brasília', azevém, C. spectabilis, C. juncea, C. breviflora, girassol 'Uruguai', guandu anão, milheto e mucuna preta.

Resumo em Inglês:

The goal of this work was to determinate the Meloidogyne javanica reproduction factor on vegetable crops (Allium porrum, A. schoenoprasum, Beta vulgaris, Brassica spp., Capsicum spp., Coriandrum sativum, Daucus carota, Lactuca sativa, Petroselinum crispum and Raphanus sativus) and on plants used as green manure (Cajanus cajan, Crotalaria breviflora, C. juncea, C. mucronata, C. ochroleuca, C. spectabilis, Dolichos lalab, Helianthus annuus, Lollium multiflorum, M. aterrima, M. cinereum, Mucuna deeringiana, Pennisetum glaucum and Raphanus sativus). The experiments were carried out in a greenhouse during 60 days. The substrate infestation was made with 5,000 eggs and possible second stage juveniles of M. javanica. The immune plants to M. javanica were: P. crispum 'Portuguesa', Brassica spp. 'Bruxelas and 'Tronchuda Portuguesa', Capsicum spp. 'Dedo de Moça', 'Malagueta', 'Doce Italiana', 'Jalapeño M', 'Amarela Comprida', 'Cambuci', 'Dagmar', 'Casca Dura Ikeda', 'Magna Super', 'Silver' and 'AF 8253'. The resistant plants were: L. sativa 'Roxa', A. schoenoprasum 'Tokyo' and 'Nebuka', A. porrum 'Poró Gigante', P. crispum 'Lisa Comum', D. carota 'Brasília', L. multiflorum, C. spectabilis, C. juncea, C. breviflora, H. annuus 'Uruguai', C. cajan 'Iapar 43', P. glaucum and M. aterrima.

Resumo em Português:

Variedades crioulas constituem alternativas para a ampliação da base genética e incorporação de genes de resistência a doenças em programas de melhoramento genético de plantas. Para tanto, há necessidade de utilização de métodos de seleção capazes de explorar eficientemente o material genético disponível. Com a finalidade de selecionar progênies de meios-irmãos derivadas de mamoeiros dióicos, para a efetiva concentração de alelos que condicionam resistência à pinta-preta, testaram-se os índices de seleção de Smith & Hazel, Pesek & Baker, Williams e Mulamba & Mock. A proposta de utilização de um índice visa buscar uma alternativa mais robusta na identificação de genótipos resistentes. Definiu-se a intensidade de seleção de 41,66%, correspondendo ao número de dez progênies. Os índices de Mulamba & Mock e Willians proporcionaram ganhos mais adequados para as características avaliadas quando utilizado o coeficiente de variação genético (CVg) como critério de peso econômico, sendo selecionadas as progênies 'STA-02', 'STA-04', 'STA-05', 'STA-08', 'STA-13', 'STA-15', 'STA-16', 'STA-17', 'STA-22' e 'STA-24', para compor um novo ciclo de seleção.

Resumo em Inglês:

Landraces are alternatives for widening the genetic base and for incorporation of disease resistance genes in plant breeding programs. For this the use of screening methods capable of efficiently exploiting the available genetic material are needed. With the goal of selecting half-sib families of papaya for a favorable alleles concentration for resistance to black spot, the selection indices of Smith & Hazel, Pesek & Baker, Williams, and Mulamba & Mock were tested. The proposed use of an index aims to seek a more robust alternative to identify genotypes resistant The selection intensity of 41.66% was defined, corresponding to the number of ten progenies. The indices of Mulamba & Mock and Williams have provided gains more suitable for the evaluated characteristics when used the genetic variation coeficient (CVg) as criterion of economic weight. This two methodologies helped select the following progenies 'STA-02', 'STA-04', 'STA-05', 'STA-08', 'STA-13', 'STA-15', 'STA-16', 'STA-17', 'STA-22' and 'STA-24', to compose a new cycle of selection.

Resumo em Inglês:

Fusarium root rot caused by Fusarium solani f. sp. phaseoli (Fsp) is widely distributed in Latin America. Experiments involving artificial inoculations could be better compared whether the number of Fsp infective propagules is well quantified by using chlamydospores. This study aimed to define the adequate concentration of chlamydospores of Fsp for assessment of the disease severity under controlled conditions. In greenhouse, two experiments were performed, where common bean susceptible genotypes were sown in a substrate infested with 0, 1000, 2000, 3000, 4000, 5000 or 6000 chlamydospores g-1 of substrate. Plants were rated for disease severity at 30 d after emergence. Linear response plateau was used to represent the relationship between disease severity and concentration of chlamydospores in the substrate. According to our results, concentrations between 4500 and 5000 chlamydospores g-1 of substrate maximizes the disease severity and can be recommended to evaluate large-scale screenings of bean germplasm.

Resumo em Inglês:

Currently there is a large and increasing demand for immature coconuts for fresh consumption of their liquid endosperm (coconut water). The occurrence of post-harvest diseases prevent its sale and change the taste, making it inappropriate for consumption. In 2011, coconut fruits showing internal post-harvest rot symptoms were found in a market in Belo Horizonte and after incubation for 5 days in a humid chamber at room temperature, fungal structures were observed. Fruiting structures show morphology typical of Ceratocystis paradoxa. For molecular identification, DNA sequences were generated for the Internal Transcribed Spacer regions 1 and 2 including the 5.8S rRNA gene, part of the β-tubulin and the Transcription Elongation Factor 1-α gene regions. These data were compared with those of other C. paradoxa using phylogenetic analysis. Koch's postulates was confirmed by inoculation of 6-mm-diameter PDA plugs with the isolate on fruits of coconut. Morphology of the isolates in culture as well as phylogenetic inference showed that the causal agent of internal post-harvest rot disease on coconut is C. paradoxa.

Resumo em Inglês:

The aim of this work was to evaluate the efficiency of real-time RT-PCR for detection of different isolates of ten important virus species that infect grapevines in Brazil: Grapevine leafroll-associated virus (GLRaV-1, -2, -3 and -5), Grapevine virus A (GVA), Grapevine virus B (GVB), Grapevine virus D (GVD), Grapevine rupestris stem pitting-associated virus (GRSPaV), Grapevine fleck virus (GFkV) and Grapevine fanleaf virus (GFLV). The reactions consisted of individual (simplex) and simultaneous (duplex) virus detections. Thirty six grapevine accessions, regenerated after thermotherapy and tissue culture treatments, have been analysed. All the above-mentioned viruses were sensitively detected in simplex reactions in samples infected with different virus isolates. Specifically to GLRaV-1 it was necessary to mix reagents refered by different sources to achieve the amplification. GVA, GRSPaV, GLRaV-2 and GLRaV-3 combined with GVB, GFLV, GFkV, GVD and GLRaV-5 were accurately detected in duplex trials. It was shown, that real-time RT-PCR (TaqMan) is able to efficiently detect different local virus species and isolates.

Resumo em Português:

Objetivou-se neste trabalho elaborar e validar uma escala diagramática para a ferrugem alaranjada da cana-de-açúcar e comparar a sua eficiência em avaliar a doença com a escala da ferrugem marrom. Para elaboração da escala foram coletadas 120 folhas de uma cultivar suscetível à doença, e a maior e menor severidades encontradas representaram os extremos da escala. Os níveis intermediários foram calculados respeitando a lei de Weber-Fechner. A escala foi proposta com nove níveis de severidade: 0,06; 0,14; 0,36; 0,89; 2,17; 5,18; 11,87; 24,92 e 45,00%. Oito avaliadores realizaram a validação estimando a severidade de 120 folhas em três avaliações: sem escala, com a escala da ferrugem marrom e com a escala da ferrugem alaranjada. A escala elaborada foi mais eficiente para avaliar a doença, proporcionando um coeficiente de determinação (R²) médio de 0,91 e ausência de erros constantes e sistemáticos. Com a escala da ferrugem marrom, o R² médio foi de 0,84, e três avaliadores cometeram desvios constantes. Com a escala elaborada, aproximadamente 92% das estimativas estiveram na faixa de variação de 5% do valor real, enquanto que nas avaliações sem escala e com a escala da ferrugem marrom, aproximadamente 78% e 84% das estimativas, estiveram nessa faixa, respectivamente.

Resumo em Inglês:

The aim of this work was to elaborate and validate a diagrammatic scale to quantify the severity of orange rust of sugarcane and to compare its efficiency in assessing the disease with the scale of brown rust. For the design of the scale, 120 sugarcane leaves were collected from a susceptible cultivar and the highest and the lowest severity founded were selected as extremes of scale. The intermediate levels were calculated according to the law of Weber-Fechner. The scale was proposed with nine levels of severity: 0,06; 0,14; 0,36; 0,89; 2,17; 5,18; 11,87; 24,92 and 45,00%. The validation was accomplished by eight appraisers who estimated the severity of 120 leaves in three assessments: without scale, with scale of brown rust and with the proposed diagrammatic scale. The scale proposed was more efficient than the scale of brown rust to assess the severity of this disease, providing an average coefficient of determination (R²) of 0,91 and absence of constant and systematic errors. With the scale of brown rust, the average R² was 0,84 and three appraisers committed constant errors. Moreover, with the scale proposed, approximately 92% of the estimates of the appraisers had been in the range of variation of 5% of the value of real severity, while in the assessments without scale and with scale of brown rust, approximately 78% and 84% of the estimates were in that range, respectively.