Resumo em Inglês:

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to evaluate how the fertilizer composition, type and application method contribute to the initial growth of Pinus taeda applied at planting. Seedlings from an open-pollinated seed orchard of Pinus taeda were planted on a Humic Dystrudepts soil containing 15 treatments of fertilizer application at planting. Basal diameter (immediately above ground – about 5 cm) and total height were measured on all live plants after six, 12 and 42 months. The basal diameter at six and 12 months ranged from 0.49 to 0.63 cm and 1.64 to 2.15 cm, respectively. The height at six and 12 months ranged from 0.49 to 0.64 m and 0.77 to 1.01 m, respectively, indicating that fertilizing improved this characteristics in ~30%. Fertilizer composition, type and application method contributed to the first year of growth of Pinus taeda. Nevertheless, fertilization response disappeared after 42 months.

Resumo em Português:

RESUMO O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a influência de diferentes áreas úteis proporcionadas pelos espaçamentos de plantio (3 × 1, 3 × 2, 3 × 3, 3 × 4 m) na produção e na permeabilidade do cerne e do alburno da madeira de clones de Eucalyptus grandis e Eucalyptus grandis × Eucalyptus urophylla, aos 4 anos de idade. Independente do clone, não houve efeito do espaçamento de plantio na relação cerne/alburno e na permeabilidade da madeira. Todos os clones apresentaram um decréscimo na quantidade de cerne com o aumento da altura do fuste, independentemente do espaçamento de plantio, e o E. grandis (B) foi o único que a percentagem de cerne correlacionou-se positiva e significativamente com as variáveis ​​dendrométricas (DAP e altura comercial). O uso do composto dymethil yellow foi indispensável na demarcação das regiões do cerne e do alburno nas amostras a partir de 50% da altura do fuste. A permeabilidade do cerne foi baixa em todos os clones avaliados, sugerindo obstrução dos vasos por tilas ou outras substâncias, enquanto a permeabilidade do alburno atingiu 405,4 cm3/cm.atm.s.

Resumo em Inglês:

ABSTRACT The objective of this work was to evaluate the influence of different useful areas provided by the planting spacings (3 × 1, 3 × 2, 3 × 3, 3 × 4 m) on the production and permeability of heartwood and sapwood of Eucalyptus grandis and Eucalyptus grandis × Eucalyptus urophylla clones at 4 years old. Regardless of the clone, there was no effect of planting spacing on the heartwood/sapwood relation and wood permeability. All clones showed a heartwood decrease with increased height, regardless of planting spacing, and E. grandis (B) was the only one that had its heartwood percentage positively and significantly correlated with the dendrometric variables (DBH and commercial height). The use of the dymethil yellow compound was indispensable in defining the heartwood and sapwood regions in the samples from 50% of the stem height. The heartwood permeability was low in all evaluated clones, suggesting vessel obstruction by tyloses or other deposits, while sapwood permeability reached 405.4 cm3/cm.atm.s.

Resumo em Inglês:

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to evaluate the use of the MSI Sentinel-2 and SRTM data to estimate the volume of wood in a Semidecidual Seasonal Forest. Regression equations were fitted based on the remote sensing data, taking into consideration the individual bands and vegetation index of the MSI, elevation values and their derivatives obtained from the SRTM mission and the combination of the data drawn from the MSI and SRTM. RMSE and graphic analysis of residues were used to assess the accuracy of the fitted equations. The best model revealed values of 0.6508 and RMSE of 20.41% in the fit, and of 0.5680 and RMSE of 26.61% in the validation, using the combined MSI and SRTM data as predictors. The volume estimation using spectral data showed satisfactory results, highlighting the importance of topography in the prediction of the volume of wood for the area under investigation.

Resumo em Inglês:

ABSTRACT The objective of this work was to understand the relationship between decomposition of leaf litter and climatic elements and determine the mineralization of nutrients in the decomposition process in a fragment of Semideciduous Submontane Forest, located in southern state of of Espírito Santo. Overall, 84 litterbags were deposited in 12 permanent plots, collecting one litterbag per plot for 30, 60, 90, 150, 210, 270 and 360 days after the beginning of the experiment. The leaf material remaining in the litterbag was oven-dried and weighed, with later analysis of nutritional compounds. The leaf litter decomposition rate was 1.42, 75.95% of decomposing litter at the end of the evaluation period. Mineralization occurred in the following order: K, Corg., Mg, S, P, N and Ca. There was a positive correlation of average and minimum air temperature, as well as accumulated precipitation and leaf litter decomposition .

Resumo em Inglês:

ABSTRACT We focus on understanding the influence of environmental variables on ecological processes, and such a focus promotes an integrated view of forest ecological patterns. The following questions were made: Do variations in temperature, precipitation, litterfall deposition and light intensity influence the density and composition of seed rain in a stretch of the Montane Atlantic Rainforest? Is there a pattern for dispersal syndrome in Montane Atlantic,? Over a period of 12 months, the deposition patterns of seed rains were evaluated. Seed density and species richness correlated with temperature and precipitation, with species richness decreasing with increasing altitude and seed density increasing as a function of the light incidence. Seed rain followed a seasonal deposition pattern with higher seed density and species richness in the higher rainfall period. Increasing trend in seed density was found in mountainous areas with northern and northeastern aspects (higher light incidences).

Resumo em Inglês:

ABSTRACT Pinus palustris Mill. ecosystem is considered one of the most threatened of North America. In this context, studies on biomass quantification are fundamental for forest management plans. Thus, the objective of this study was to develop a set of allometric equations to predict total P. palustris stump-biomass. Biomass data were collected at different locations in the southeastern United States. A total of 119 allometric equations were fitted from the combination of explanatory variables: diameter at breast height (DBH), height (H), age (I), basal area (G), number of trees per hectare (N), site index (S) and quadratic diameter (Dq). One of the models that presented the lowest residual standard error (Sy.x) and root mean square error (RMSE) was ln(W) = -0.9978+0.7082.(H)+0.1009.ln(H.DBH)-0.5310.(N)-0.0003.ln(Dq). Therefore, the insertion of dendrometric variables characteristic of forest stands has great efficacy in biomass prediction for trees from different sites.

Resumo em Inglês:

ABSTRACT The objective of the present study was to evaluate the influence of spacing, species richness, and sampling time on accumulated litter in forest restoration areas in the state of Espírito Santo, Brazil. The experiment was conducted under a randomized complete block design, in a subdivided plot scheme. Six treatments were evaluated, consisting of a combination of spacing levels and species richness. Accumulated litter samples were weighed and chemically analyzed to obtain nutrient concentrations. The variables analyzed in the restoration process, in general, did not influence litter biomass and nutrient concentrations. The time elapsed between restoration implantation and data sampling for the present study may have been insufficient for the occurrence of differences in variables evaluated. Despite the small amount of accumulated litter, it is of great importance for soil physical protection and fertility improvement, generating conditions for the stabilization of new forest species in the restoration area​​.

Resumo em Inglês:

ABSTRACT Melanoxylon brauna is a tree species native to the Atlantic Forest of high ecological and economic value. The objective of this study was to evaluate the growth and nutritional status of seedlings of two Melanoxylon brauna cultivars grown in substrate with different controlled-release fertilizer doses (CRF). The experiment was arranged in a randomized block 4 × 2 factorial design, with four CRF doses (0, 2, 4, and 8 kg m-3) and two seed origins (Viçosa-MG and Linhares-ES), with four replicates and 126 seedlings per plot. At 60, 90, and 120 days after emergence, seedlings were collected to measure variables related to emergence, growth, and nutrition. The greatest growth and best nutritional status were found for seedlings originated from seeds collected in Linhares at CRF dose of 8 kg m-3. On the other hand, seedlings originated from seeds collected in Viçosa showed low emergence and high plant mortality.

Resumo em Inglês:

ABSTRACT The extractives are responsible for some characteristics of wood, such as color, smell, natural resistance to rot, taste, and abrasive properties. In addition, its content and composition vary between wood species. The objective of this work was to present a phytochemical analysis of wood extractives of native species from the Atlantic Forest, aiming at the characterization of some classes of secondary metabolites. Phytochemical tests for the detection of classes of metabolites present in Croton Urucurana Baill, Pelthoforum dubium (Spreng.) Taub., Jacaranda cuspidifolia Mart., and Hymenaea courbaril L. were carried out with crude wood, hydrophilic extract (methanol), and lipophilic extract (cyclohexane). Phytochemical analysis detected the presence of alkaloids, phenolic compounds, and triterpenoids in all the hydrophilic extracts of the species studied. Saponins were only detected in P. dubium and J. cuspidifolia. Phytochemical analysis permitted the identification of several metabolites, suggesting possible pharmacological actions of the species studied.

Resumo em Inglês:

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to identify, characterize and map an area for its different types of direct and indirect use of native vegetation of sandy coastal plains (Restinga) at “Praia das Neves”, a district of the municipality of Presidente Kennedy, state of Espírito Santo, Brazil. Data were collected on site using an orthophotomosaic provided by the State Environmental Institute (IEMA) on a 1:35,000 scale, where plant formations of sandy coastal plains were identified and mapped. Six phytophysiognomies were categorized by the following surveying: Halophyte/Creeping-Psamophyte, Open Scrub Palm, Low Closed Thicket, Open Scrub, Non-Flooded Forest and Herbaceous Swamp. Vegetation portions were fragmented due to use for real estate dynamics and cattle raising activity. Among the most prominent and supplied goods are wood exploitation, vegetable products for food and fresh water supply. Furthermore, the services identified are water resource maintenance and ecological functions provided by sandy coastal plain phytophysiognomies.

Resumo em Inglês:

ABSTRACT In this study, vegetation reproduction has been investigated in order to understand aspects of speciation, structuring and composition of plant communities. Thus, we sought to characterize the frequency of sexual systems from species recorded in seed rain occurring in a tropical rainforest (Atlantic Forest) in Caparaó National Park, Espírito Santo State, Brazil. We collected the seed rain for twelve months, classified and recorded the species for: sexual system; pollination and dispersion syndrome; and fruit type. Then we measured the correlation between these attributes through correspondence analysis. Regarding sexual systems, 71% were hermaphrodites, 13% dioecious, and 11% monoecious. Hermaphrodites are best associated with pollination, dispersion and fruit types, represented by 65% of data variance. This study may contribute to elaborating management and conservation programs taking into account the interaction of plants with the local fauna.

Resumo em Inglês:

ABSTRACT This paper aimed to estimate the basic density (DB) of the wood of Cerrado species using mixed linear models. For performing the DBH measurement, the sampling of 334 individuals was carried out. By keeping the Pilodyn apparatus in the DBH position, two measurements were made on opposite sides. Further, for determining DB, the trees were knocked down, followed by removal of five wood discs at different height of stem positions. For this purpose, two sets of modeling alternatives were proposed, which take into account with and without random effects, employing species as a random effect grouping variable. Thus, it was elucidated that, for the estimation of DB, the mixed model that considered the random effects performed better as compared to the alternative model without random effects. The inclusion of random effects leads to the estimation of DB with high accuracy.

Resumo em Inglês:

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of particle size of charcoal samples on the predictive model statistics of charcoal chemical composition based on the NIR spectroscopy. Spectra of Acacia and of Eucalyptus charcoal were collected in the 100, 60 and 40 mesh granulometry, besides the powder remaining at the bottom of the sieves sets. They were subjected to principal component analysis and partial least square regression in order to estimate of volatile material (VMC), ash (AC) and fixed carbon content (FCC) values. The estimation of the FCC, VMC and AC of Eucalyptus based on NIR was more accurate using spectra of lower-particle-size powder. The models for Acacia charcoal were better using spectra measured at 40 mesh to predict FCC, 100 mesh for AC, and smaller size for VMC. NIR spectroscopy was efficient in estimating the immediate chemical composition of charcoal, except for AC.

Resumo em Inglês:

ABSTRACT How does species choice influence ecological restoration outcomes? In order to answer this question, the goal of this study was to assess the community structure and species richness of natural regeneration beneath the canopy of four native species from the Atlantic Forest (Guarea guidonia (L.) Sleumer; Inga edulis Mart; Nectandra membranacea (SW) Griseb; and, Piptadenia gonoacantha (Mart.) J.F. Macbr). The research was carried out in plantations of native tree species at the Guapiaçu Ecological Reserve, in Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil. Our results pointed that abundance, basal area and species richness were significantly higher beneath Inga compared to Nectandra and Guarea. Whereas the lowest values observed in Guarea may suggest its negative effects under natural regeneration. Therefore, we highlighted that the positive or negative biological effects of tree species, instead of their simple response (mortality and initial growth), must be considered in ecological restoration projects.

Resumo em Inglês:

ABSTRACT Noise can entail irreversible damage to the health of workers exposed to this factor. Thus, this work aimed to evaluate noise levels emitted by chainsaws during forest cutting activity. Noise measurements were performed with dosimeters on the workstation and compared to NR15. The noise dose average of all activities in the operation studied exceeded the maximum allowable limit of 85 dB(A) for 8 hours of continuous work, exposing operators to noise levels that may cause health and physical damages. The most critical situation occurred on felling activity, evidencing the lack of acting in the chainsaws designs aiming to reduce noise levels. The results highlight the requirement to use PPE’s suitable for activities, such as hearing dampers, and point to the need to develop research and new equipment with less noisy sources that aim at maintaining the health of the harvesting operators.

Resumo em Inglês:

ABSTRACT A promising use of biosolids is as organic fertilizer in agricultural and forestry activities. However, its composition might contain several pollutants, especially heavy metals, which may result in an increase in the concentrations of these elements in the soil and the risk of groundwater contamination. This study aimed to determine the leaching levels of ions in a Ferralsol (clayey texture) and in a Planosol (sandy texture). The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse at Embrapa Agrobiologia, Seropédica, Rio de Janeiro state. Soils were packed in PVC columns and received 2 L/column of biosolids. The concentrations of heavy metals present in the biosolids composition were below the limits established by the legislation (CONAMA 375). In addition, the performed simulations showed the absence of contamination risk of soil or groundwater and surface water, according to the limits allowed by CONAMA 375. However, it should be emphasized the potential of nitrate leaching.