ABSTRACT Background: A manic state induced by antidepressant withdrawal is a rare clinical occurrence that has been increasingly reported in the last decades and currently represents a nosological entity with specified criteria. Objectives: This paper aims to report a case of mania induced by escitalopram withdrawal in a patient with unipolar depression. Furtherly, we intend to review the published case reports of manic states induced by antidepressant withdrawal, analysing its epidemiology and discussing the current theories concerning its pathophysiology. Methods: We conducted a search in PubMed database in July 2019, without restriction by year of publication, and selected case reports and literature reviews in English, which were fully read. Results: Only 29 reported cases fulfil the most accepted diagnostic criteria. This phenomenon is more frequent in patients with unipolar depression, may occur with any major class of antidepressant and it is still unclear whether it indicates a latent bipolar disorder. Our case report is the third case associated with the use of escitalopram published in the literature. Conclusion: Although a rare phenomenon, mania induced by antidepressant withdrawal poses relevant clinical challenges and its possible pathophysiological processes may shed some light on the mechanisms underlying affective disorders.

Depression is a complex condition, and its classical biological/psychosocial distinction is fading. Current guidelines are increasingly advocating psychotherapy as a treatment option. Psychodynamic psychotherapy models encompass a heterogeneous group of interventions derived from early psychoanalytic conceptualizations. Growing literature is raising awareness in the scientific community about the importance of these treatment options, as well as their favorable impact on post-treatment outcomes and relapse prevention. Considering the shifting paradigm regarding treatment of depressive disorder, the authors aim to provide a brief overview of the definition and theoretical basis of psychodynamic psychotherapy, as well as evaluate current evidence for its effectiveness.

Resumo Objetivo: Descrever o caso de uma paciente medicada com sertralina, bupropiona e risperidona que apresentou três crises tônico-clônico generalizadas espontâneas após eletroconvulsoterapia (ECT). Descrição do caso: Uma mulher de 53 anos com antecedentes de perturbação depressiva maior recorrente foi internada em nosso serviço devido a novo episódio depressivo maior com sintomas psicóticos e 6 semanas de evolução. Ela já estava medicada com 200 mg/dia de sertralina e 2 mg/dia de risperidona. Após 8 semanas usando 200 mg/dia de sertralina, 4 mg/dia de risperidona e bupropiona de liberação lenta (titulada até 300 mg/dia), sem melhoras objetivas, decidiu-se iniciar 8-10 sessões de ECT. Dois dias após a primeira sessão, ocorreram três crises tônico-clônico generalizadas num espaço de 6 horas. Foram introduzidos fenitoína e valproato de sódio no esquema terapêutico da paciente, e não ocorreram mais crises. Após avaliação neurológica e discussão do caso, optou-se por suspender a fenitoína e a bupropiona (2 dias após as crises espontâneas) e retomar a ECT. No restante do tratamento não ocorreram mais crises convulsivas espontâneas e, até data da alta, a paciente apresentava melhorias significativas e estava livre de transtorno depressivo maior. Comentários: Este relato ilustra a ocorrência de crises convulsivas espontâneas após a ECT, as quais parecem ter sido causadas por mecanismos farmacológicos etiológicos específicos, a saber, as propriedades pró-convulsivantes da bupropiona, mesmo com o uso de sertralina e risperidona, que baixam o limiar convulsivante.

Abstract Objective: To report a case of post-electroconvulsive therapy spontaneous seizures in a patient medicated with sertraline, bupropion and risperidone. Case description: A 53-year-old woman with recurrent major depression was admitted to our psychiatry department for a major depressive episode of 6 weeks' duration, with psychotic symptoms. She was already on 200 mg/day of sertraline and 2 mg/day of risperidone. After 8 weeks on 200 mg/day of sertraline, 4 mg/day of risperidone and slow release bupropion (titrated to 300 mg/day), with no objective improvements, the decision was taken to initiate a course of 8-10 electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) sessions. Two days after the first treatment, three generalized tonic-clonic seizures occurred within 6 hours. Phenytoin and sodium valproate were added to the patient's daily medication and no further spontaneous seizures were observed. After neurologic assessment and discussion of the case, phenytoin and bupropion were withdrawn at once (two days after the spontaneous seizures) and the decision was taken to resume the ECT treatment. No further spontaneous seizures occurred and, at discharge, the patient exhibited significant improvements and was free from major depressive symptoms. Comments: This report illustrates a case of post-ECT spontaneous seizures that might have been due to a specific pharmacological etiological pathway, namely, bupropion's proconvulsive properties, although both sertraline and risperidone also lower the convulsive threshold.

Descrevemos um caso clínico de uma senhora de 44 anos de idade, sem antecedentes psiquiátricos prévios, internada após hemorragia significante causada por uma lesão facial autoinfligida (com exposição de músculo). Possíveis explicações psicopatológicas deste caso, tal como em casos similares, relacionam-se com frustração, agressividade e impulsividade.

We describe the case of a 44-year-old woman, without known previous psychiatric history, hospitalized after a significant hemorrhage caused by self-inflicted deep facial dermal lesions (with muscle exposition). Psychopathological possible explanations of this case, as in similar reviewed ones, are related to frustration, aggression, and impulsivity.