Resumen El objetivo de este trabajo fue diagnosticar de forma participativa la comunidad rural de San Miguel Tlanichico, perteneciente al estado de Oaxaca, México, en 2020, para determinar la viabilidad de implementar una tecnología apropiada, como propuesta de solución al problema de saneamiento de aguas residuales (SAR). La metodología empleada se llevó a cabo en dos fases; en la primera se realizó una revisión bibliográfica del medio natural y construido de la comunidad San Miguel Tlanichico y en la segunda fase se efectuaron recorridos de campo donde se aplicó una encuesta diseñada con 27 ítems agrupados en cuatro ejes temáticos: 1). Percepción de la problemática; 2). Cultura del agua; 3). Saneamiento de las aguas residuales; y 4). Disposición a la capacitación en tecnologías para el tratamiento de aguas residuales. Este instrumento fue aplicado en un censo a 137 personas de la comunidad en sus viviendas. A partir del diagnóstico realizado se identificó que 94.89%, reconoció que existen problemas ambientales en su comunidad, 57.69% percibe la contaminación del agua como problema prioritario, 30.30% señalaron que no realizan el SAR generadas y 73.72% indicaron que si asistirían a algún curso para capacitarse en la construcción de tecnologías apropiadas de saneamiento. Los resultados anteriores reflejan que resulta fundamental conocer la problemática y la disponibilidad de las personas para poder adoptar una tecnología, para ello se requiere de realizar diagnósticos participativos y la etnografía, con la finalidad de identificar la cultura de las personas y las comunidades.

Abstract The objective of this work was to diagnose in a participatory way the rural community of San Miguel Tlanichico, belonging to the state of Oaxaca, Mexico, in 2020, to determine the feasibility of implementing an appropriate technology, as a solution proposal for the problem of wastewater sanitation (WWS). The methodology used was carried out in two phases; in the first, a bibliographic review of the natural and built environment of the San Miguel Tlanichico community was carried out and in the second phase, field tours were carried out where a survey designed with 27 items grouped into the following four thematic axes was applied: 1). Perception of the problems; 2). Water culture; 3). Wastewater sanitation; and 4). Willingness to train in technologies for wastewater treatment. This instrument was applied in a census to 137 people from the community in their homes. From the diagnosis made, it was identified that 94.89% recognized that there are environmental problems in their community, 57.69% perceive water pollution as a priority problem, 30.30% indicated that they do not perform the sanitation of WW generated and 73.72% indicated that they would attend a course to train in the building of appropriate sanitation technologies. The above results reflect that it is essential to know the problems and willingness of people to be able to adopt a technology, for this it is necessary to carry out participatory diagnoses and ethnography in order to identify the culture of people and communities.

RESUMO Objetivo: Descrever o desenvolvimento da informatização de escalas de predição de risco, utilizadas pela enfermagem no prontuário eletrônico, no sistema AGHUse®. Método: Relato de experiência de produção tecnológica em um hospital universitário, que seguiu as fases de concepção, detalhamento, construção e prototipagem. Resultados: Foram informatizadas diferentes escalas, destacando-se as de Braden e de Braden Q, que avaliam risco de lesão por pressão, e a de Severo-Almeida-Kuchenbecker, que avalia risco de quedas. O processo de informatização e implantação ocorreu por meio do cadastro das escalas no software, aplicação delas na prática assistencial, integração e visualização de seus escores em relação às demais funcionalidades do prontuário eletrônico. Considerações finais: As funcionalidades desenvolvidas na informatização das escalas de predição de risco favoreceram a sua operacionalização, refletindo-se positivamente na prática do enfermeiro e na segurança do paciente. Objetivo eletrônico AGHUse AGHUse® Método universitário concepção detalhamento prototipagem Resultados destacandose destacando se Q pressão SeveroAlmeidaKuchenbecker, SeveroAlmeidaKuchenbecker Severo Almeida Kuchenbecker, Kuchenbecker Severo-Almeida-Kuchenbecker quedas software assistencial finais operacionalização refletindose refletindo paciente

RESUMEN Objetivo: Describir el desarrollo de la informatización de las escalas de predicción de riesgo utilizadas por la enfermería en la historia clínica electrónica, en el sistema AGHUse®. Método: Relato de experiencia de producción tecnológica en un hospital universitario, que siguió las fases de concepción, detalle, construcción y prototipado. Resultados: Se computarizaron diferentes escalas, con énfasis en la Braden y Braden Q, que evalúa el riesgo de lesiones por presión, y la Severo-Almeida-Kuchenbecker, que evalúan el riesgo de caídas. El proceso de informatización e implementación pasó por el registro de las escalas en el software, aplicación de las mismas en la práctica asistencial, integración y visualización de sus puntuaciones con las demás funcionalidades de la historia clínica electrónica. Consideraciones finales: Las funcionalidades desarrolladas en la informatización de las escalas de predicción de riesgo favorecieron su operacionalización, repercutiendo positivamente en la práctica de enfermería y la seguridad del paciente. Objetivo electrónica AGHUse AGHUse® Método universitario concepción detalle prototipado Resultados Q presión SeveroAlmeidaKuchenbecker, SeveroAlmeidaKuchenbecker Severo Almeida Kuchenbecker, Kuchenbecker Severo-Almeida-Kuchenbecker caídas software asistencial finales operacionalización paciente

ABSTRACT Objective: To describe the development of computerization of risk prediction scales used by nursing in the AGHUse® system. Method: An experience report of technological production at a university hospital, which followed the phases of conception, detailing, construction and prototyping. Results: Different scales were computerized, with emphasis on the Braden and Braden Q, which assess the risk of pressure injuries, and the Severo-Almeida-Kuchenbecker, which assesses the risk of falls. The process of computerization and implementation took place through registration of the scales in the software, application of them in care practice, integration and visualization of their scores with the other functionalities of the electronic medical record. Final considerations: The functionalities developed in the computerization of risk prediction scales favored its operation, reflecting positively on nursing practice and patient safety. Objective AGHUse system Method hospital conception detailing prototyping Results computerized Q injuries SeveroAlmeidaKuchenbecker, SeveroAlmeidaKuchenbecker Severo Almeida Kuchenbecker, Kuchenbecker Severo-Almeida-Kuchenbecker falls software record considerations operation safety

ABSTRACT Some studies have found that severity of COVID-19 is associated with a high viral load determined by the number of cycles (Ct) of SARS-CoV-2 DNA amplification. The objective was to determine the relationship between the Ct value and the severity of the SARS-COV-2 virus infection in inpatients and outpatients at a reference hospital in Paraguay between March and June 2021. Cross-sectional retrospective study of adult patients with COVID-19, ambulatory and hospitalized admitted to the National Hospital. Patients whose infection was confirmed by RT-PCR for SARS-CoV-2 were included, a cut off point of Ct <25 was considered. Five hundred seventeen patients between 16 and 98 years of age were studied (mean ± SD: 51.5 ± 17.5), 268 men (51.8%), age> 60 years (36.6%), hospitalized (69.8%), admitted to ward (57.1%), and admitted to intensive care (12.8%), mean time of illness 8.48 ± 4.2 days and mortality was 22.2%. A higher risk of death was found for patients with Ct <25 for both gene E (OR: 1.61; 95% CI: 1.06-2.44) and gene N2 (OR: 1.83; 95% CI: 1.19- 2.80) and with age> 60 years (OR: 3.69; 95% CI: 2.39-5.68). These two factors remained associated with death in the multivariate analysis. There was a higher risk of hospitalization and death in patients with TC <25. Ct value could be useful for predicting clinical course and prognosis of COVID-19 patients.

RESUMEN Algunos estudios han encontrado que la severidad de la COVID-19 se asocia con una alta carga viral determinada por los números de ciclos (Ct) de amplificación de ADN de SARS-CoV-2. El objetivo fue determinar la relación entre el umbral de ciclos de PCR de SARS-CoV-2 y la severidad de la infección por el virus SARS-COV-2 en pacientes internados y ambulatorios en un hospital de referencia entre marzo a junio del 2021. Estudio retrospectivo observacional analítico de corte trasverso de pacientes adultos con COVID-19, ambulatorios e internados en el Hospital Nacional. Se incluyeron los pacientes cuya infección fue confirmada por RT-PCR para SARS-CoV-2, se consideró un punto de corte para Ct<25. Se estudiaron 517 pacientes entre 16 a 98 años de edad (media ± DE: 51,5±17,5), 268 varones (51,8%), edad >60 años (36,6%), estuvieron hospitalizados (69,8%), internados en sala (57,1%), y admitidos en cuidados intensivos (12,8%), tiempo medio de enfermedad 8,48 ± 4,2 días. La mortalidad fue de 22,2%. Se encontró mayor riesgo de fallecer para los pacientes con Ct <25 tanto para el gen E (OR: 1.61; IC95%: 1,06-2,44) como para el N2 (OR: 1.83; IC95%: 1,19-2,80) y con edad >60 años (OR: 3,69; IC95%: 2,39-5,68). Estos dos factores permanecieron asociados con el óbito en el análisis multivariado. Hubo mayor riesgo de hospitalizarse y fallecer en los pacientes con Ct<25. El valor Ct podría ser útil para la predicción del curso clínico y el pronóstico de los pacientes con COVID-19.

Abstract The municipality of Santiago Tulantepec de Lugo Guerrero, Hidalgo, is favored in the production of corn in its different varieties because the climatological conditions and the type of soil are conducive to producing this crop. The objective of this research was to analyze the relationship between the production and commercialization of corn, to know the economic benefits that result in greater utility for producers in the area. The analysis required knowing its production and commercialization and the costs from sowing to harvest, taking information in the production cycle 2017-2018. Data collection was based on a finite sample; through a simple random sampling, with an eighteen-item data collection instrument, applied to corn producers, taking as a universe the 407 producers enrolled in the ProAgro program, calculating, and resulting in the application to 198 as a sample for the study. A reliability test was applied using Crobach’s Alpha, which yielded 0.702, to give reliability and validity to the research. The information collected was processed in a database of the SPSS statistical program, obtaining the measures of central tendency. Finally, based on the results, recommendations and proposals are made based on the improvement of commercialization procedures for producers, which can lead to new research for the agricultural sector in the municipality.

Resumen El municipio de Santiago Tulantepec de Lugo Guerrero, Hidalgo, se ve favorecido en la producción de maíz en sus distintas variedades debido a que las condiciones climatológicas y el tipo de suelo se prestan para producir este cultivo. El objetivo de esta investigación fue analizar la relación entre la producción y comercialización de maíz, para conocer los beneficios económicos que resulte en mayor utilidad para los productores de la zona. El análisis demandó conocer su producción y comercialización y los costos de siembra hasta su cosecha, tomando información en el ciclo productivo 2017-2018. La recopilación de datos se basó en una muestra finita; a través, de un muestreo aleatorio simple, con un instrumento de recopilación de datos de dieciocho ítems, aplicado a productores de maíz, tomando como universo a los 407 productores inscritos en el programa ProAgro, calculando y resultando la aplicación a 198 como muestra para el estudio. Se aplicó una prueba de confiabilidad mediante Alfa de Crobach, la cual arrojó 0.702, para dar confiabilidad y validez a la investigación. La información recopilada se procesó en una base de datos del programa estadístico SPSS, obteniendo las medidas de tendencia central. Finalmente, a partir de los resultados se hacen recomendaciones y propuestas basadas en la mejora de los procedimientos de comercialización para los productores, que puede dar pauta a nuevas investigaciones para el sector agrario en el municipio.

Abstract In Mexico, the National Council for the Evaluation of Social Development Policy uses the term income poverty, for this purpose it uses the minimum welfare line, which refers to people whose income is insufficient to acquire the recommended basic basket, equivalent to the value of the food basket per person and that of the welfare line, similar to the previous denomination of patrimonial poverty, equivalent to the value of the food and non-food basket per person per month. Constitutionally, the minimum wage must cover the needs of a family in the material, social and cultural aspect and to provide education. The study period was from January 2002 to June 2020. The information was processed in the statistical program SAS®. The objective of this paper was to estimate the percentage change rate of the national consumer price index, prices of the rural and urban food basket and of general minimum wage to explain the differential between the latter and verify its effect when being above or below the percentage change of the national consumer price index and the VPPCA. In episodes of high inflation, mainly in the food aspect, periods 2004, 2007-2009, 2012-2013 and 2017, the SMG barely compensated part of the increase, with the panorama accentuating in 2017; however, significant increases that occurred since 2015 and in recent periods (2019 and 2020) in the nominal SMG by 16 and 20% have been important in reducing the gap between the real SMG.

Resumen En México, el Consejo Nacional de Evaluación de la Política de Desarrollo Social utiliza la denominación de pobreza por ingreso, para tal fin emplea la línea de bienestar mínimo, el cual se refiere a las personas cuyos ingresos son insuficientes para adquirir la canasta básica recomendable, equivalente al valor de la canasta alimentaria por persona y el de línea de bienestar, semejante a la anterior denominación de pobreza patrimonial, equivalente al valor de la canasta alimentaria y no alimentaria por persona al mes. Constitucionalmente el salario mínimo debe cubrir las necesidades de una familia, en orden material, social y cultural y para proveer educación. El periodo de estudio fue de enero 2002 a junio 2020. La información se procesó en el programa estadístico SAS®. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue estimar la tasa de variación porcentual del índice nacional de precios al consumidor, precios de la canasta alimentaria rural y urbana y salario mínimo general para explicar el diferencial existente entre este último y comprobar su efecto al estar sobre o debajo de la variación porcentual del índice nacional de precios al consumidor y VPPCA. En episodios de alta inflación, principalmente en el aspecto alimentario, periodos 2004, 2007-2009, 2012-2013 y 2017 el SMG apenas ha compensado parte del aumento, acentuándose el panorama en 2017; sin embargo, aumentos importantes ocurridos desde 2015 y en los últimos periodos (2019 y 2020) en el SMG nominal en 16 y 20% han sido importantes para reducir la brecha entre el SMG real.

ABSTRACT Objective: Choosing Wisely (CW) is an initiative that aims to advance the dialogue between physicians and patients about low-value health interventions. Given that thyroid conditions are frequent in clinical practice, we aimed to develop an evidence-based list of thyroid CW recommendations. Materials and methods: The Thyroid Department of the Brazilian Society of Endocrinology and Metabolism (SBEM) named a Task Force to conduct the initiative. The Task Force work was based on an electronic Delphi approach. The 10 recommendations that received the highest scores by the Task Force were submitted for voting by all SBEM associates. The 5 recommendations that received the highest scores by SBEM associates are presented herein. Results: The Task Force was composed of 14 thyroidologists from 10 tertiary-care, teaching-based Brazilian institutions. The brainstorming/ideation phase resulted in 69 recommendations. After the removal of duplicates and recommendations that did not adhere to the initiative's scope, 35 remained. Then the Task Force voted to attribute a grade (0 [lowest agreement] to 10 [highest agreement]) for each recommendation. The 10 recommendations that received the highest scores by the Task Force were submitted to all SBEM associates. A total of 683 associates voted electronically, attributing a grade (0 to 10) for each recommendation. The 5 recommendations that received the highest scores by the SBEM associates compose our final list. Conclusion: A set of recommendations to avoid unnecessary medical tests, treatments, or procedures for thyroid conditions are offered with a transparent methodology. This initiative aims to foster productive interactions between physicians and patients, stimulating shared decision-making.

ABSTRACT Objective: Although the prognostic role of BRAFV600E mutation in papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) is controversial, the American Thyroid Association (ATA) includes the mutational status in their risk stratification system. To evaluate the impact of the BRAFV600E mutation status on PTC risk stratification. Subjects and methods: PTC patients attending a university-based hospital who had the analysis of the BRAFV600E mutation were included. Persistent disease was defined as the presence of biochemical or structural disease. The performance of the ATA risk stratification system on predicting persistent disease with or without the BRAFV600E mutation status information was evaluated. Results: Of the 134 patients evaluated, 44 (32.8%) carried BRAFV600E mutation. The median tumor size was 1.7 cm (P25-75 1.0-3.0), 64 (47.8%) patients had lymph node, and 11 (8.2%) distant metastases. According to the ATA risk stratification system, patients were classified as low, intermediate, and high risk in 55 (41%), 59 (44%), and 20 (14%) patients, respectively. The data on BRAFV600E mutation reclassified 12 (8.9%) patients from low to intermediate risk. After a median follow-up of 8.5 years, the prevalence of persistent disease was similar in patients with and without BRAFV600E mutation (P = 0.42). Multivariate analysis failed to demonstrate an association between the BRAFV600E mutation and persistent disease status (RR 0.96; 95%CI 0.47-1.94). Notably, none of the patients reclassified from low to intermediate risk showed persistent disease on follow-up. Conclusion: Inclusion of BRAFV600E mutational status has a limited impact on risk stratification and does not add to the prediction of outcomes in PTC patients.

ABSTRACT Objective: This study aimed to explore the patterns of radioactive iodine (RAI) use for differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC) in Brazil over the past 20 years. Materials and methods: A retrospective analysis of the DTC-related RAI prescriptions, from 2000 to 2018, retrieved from the Department of Informatics of the Unified Health System (Datasus) and National Supplementary Health Agency (ANS) database was performed. RAI activities prescriptions were re-classified as low (30-50 mCi), intermediate (100 mCi), or high activities (>100 mCi). Results: The number of DTC-related RAI prescriptions increased from 0.45 to 2.28/100,000 inhabitants from 2000 to 2015, declining onwards, closing 2018 at 1.87/100,000. In 2018, population-adjusted RAI prescriptions by state ranged from 0.07 to 4.74/100,000 inhabitants. Regarding RAI activities, in the 2000 to 2008 period, the proportion of high-activities among all RAI prescriptions increased from 51.2% to 74.1%. From 2009 onwards, there was a progressive reduction in high-activity prescriptions in the country, closing 2018 at 50.1%. In 2018, the practice of requesting high-activities varied from 16% to 82% between Brazilian states. Interestingly, variability of RAI use do not seem to be related to RAI referral center volume nor state socio-economic indicators. Conclusion: In recent years, there has been a trend towards the lower prescription of RAI, and a reduction of high-activity RAI prescriptions for DTC in Brazil. Also, significative inter-state and inter-institutional variability on RAI use was documented. These results suggest that actions to advance DTC healthcare quality surveillance should be prioritized.

Abstract In Mexico, the production of guava (Psidium guajava L.) is very representative, since year after year, it is among the first 10 fruits harvested with higher yields. From 2008, fresh guava began to be sent to the United States of America, aimed at the nostalgia market, complying with the tariff and phytosanitary requirements for the crossing to this country, as one of these requirements is that the cargo is irradiated, which is the elimination of bacteria and pathogens harmful to health. The present work, shows the methodology and procedures before an open market essential for the competitive strategy and the generation of income that improves the planning of the distribution of fresh guava in all the federal entities of Mexico both producing and consuming United States of America; through the formulation in linear programming of a distribution optimization model for this fruit, which minimizes transport costs where it identifies potential consumption centers and recommends that quantities should be supplied to said market, to maintain the balance between the supply and demand of fresh guava, in order to make the products and services available to customers at the time and place, in the desired conditions and forms, in the most cost-effective manner refer.

Resumen En México, la producción de guayaba (Psidium guajava L.) es muy representativa, pues año con año, se encuentra entre los primeros 10 frutos cosechados con mayores rendimientos. A partir de 2008 se empezó a enviar guayaba en fresco a Estados Unidos de América, dirigido al mercado de la nostalgia, cumpliendo con los requisitos arancelarios y fitosanitarios para el cruce a este país, pues uno de estos requisitos es que el cargamento esté irradiado, que es la eliminación de bacterias y patógenos nocivos a la salud. El presente trabajo, muestra la metodología y procedimientos ante un mercado abierto esencial para la estrategia competitiva y la generación de ingresos que mejora la planeación de la distribución de guayaba en fresco en todas las entidades federativas de México tanto productoras y consumidoras de Estados Unidos de América; a través, de la formulación en programación lineal de un modelo de optimización de distribución para este fruto, el cual minimiza los costos de transporte donde identifica los potenciales centros de consumo y recomienda que cantidades deben de abastecer a dicho mercado, para mantener el equilibrio entre la oferta y la demanda de la guayaba en fresco, a fin de hacer que los productos y servicios estén disponibles para los clientes en el momento y lugar, en las condiciones y formas deseadas, de la manera más efectiva en cuanto a costos y tiempos se refiere.

ABSTRACT Objective: The 8th TNM system edition (TNM-8) released in 2018 presents significant changes when compared to the 7th edition (TNM-7). The aim of this study was to assess the impact of changing the TNM staging criteria on the outcomes in a Brazilian cohort of differentiated thyroid carcinoma (DTC). Subjects and methods: DTC patients, attending a tertiary, University-based hospital, were classified by TNM-7 and TNM-8. Prediction of disease outcomes status of the two systems was compared in a retrospective cohort study design. Results: Four hundred and nineteen DTC patients were evaluated, comprised by 82% (345/419) women, with mean age at diagnosis of 46.4 ± 15.6 years, 89% (372/419) papillary thyroid carcinoma, with a median tumor size of 2.3 cm (P25-P75, 1.3-3.5). One hundred and sixty patients (38%) had lymph node metastases and 47 (11%) distant metastases at diagnosis. Using the TNM-7 criteria, 236 (56%) patients were classified as Stage I, 50 (12%) as Stage II, 75 (18%) as Stage III and 58 (14%) as Stage IV. When evaluated by the TNM-8, 339 (81%) patients were classified as Stage I, 64 (15%) as Stage II, 2 (0.5%) as Stage III and 14(3%) as Stage IV. After a median follow-up of 4.4years (P25-P75 2.6-6.6), the rate of incomplete biochemical and/or structural response was 54% vs. 92% (P = 0.004) and incomplete structural response was 42% vs. 86% (P = 0.009) for patients classified as stage IV by TNM-7 vs TNM-8, respectively. Only 4 (1%) disease-related deaths were recorded. Conclusions: In our cohort, 37% of DTC patients were down staged with the application of TNM-8 (vs. TNM-7). Additionally, TNM-8 seems to better stratify the risk of structural incomplete response at follow-up.

Abstract The present study analyzes the predominant production system in coffee exploitation (Coffea arabica L.) in the south of the State of Mexico, its commercialization process and the economic impact generated by said activity among the main participating agents, the reference year of the research was 2018. The predominant production system in the region was determined, the main marketing channels that the product follows from its exit at the farm until its arrival to the final consumer were identified and the margins were calculated, at current prices, the margins resulting marketing throughout the process. The use of coffee in the south of the State of Mexico is developed under a system of rustic or mountain production, shade, which is developed in small dispersed production units, as a complement to other agricultural activities. The traditional marketing channel used to take the product from exploitation to the final consumer was the direct sale of the producer to the producer cooperative, which adds value to the product and operates as the main intermediary. The participation of the producers in the final price of the product was an average of 75.46%, the collector participated with 15.67% and the retailers 8.92%. The average total marketing margin of 63.00 $ kg-1, of which the cooperative achieved the highest average margin with 23.95 $ kg-1, while the remaining 12.65 $ kg-1 was awarded by retailers.

Resumen El presente estudio analiza el sistema de producción predominante en la explotación de café (Coffea arabica L.) en el sur del Estado de México, su proceso de comercialización y el impacto económico que genera dicha actividad entre los principales agentes participantes, el año de referencia de la investigación fue 2018. Se determinó el sistema de producción preponderante en la región, se identificaron los principales canales de comercialización que sigue el producto desde su salida en la finca hasta su arribo al consumidor final y se calcularon, a precios corrientes, los márgenes de comercialización resultantes durante todo el proceso. El aprovechamiento del café en el sur del Estado de México se desarrolla bajo un sistema de producción rústico o de montaña, de sombra, el cual se desarrolla en pequeñas unidades de producción dispersas, como un complemento de otras actividades agropecuarias. El canal de comercialización tradicional empleado para llevar el producto desde la explotación hasta el consumidor final fue: la venta directa del productor a la cooperativa de productores, la cual le añade valor al producto y opera como principal intermediario. La participación de los productores en el precio final del producto fue en promedio de 75.46%, el acopiador participó con 15.67% y los detallistas 8.92%. El margen de comercialización total promedio 63.00 $ kg-1, del cual la cooperativa consiguió el mayor margen promedio con 23.95 $ kg-1, mientras el restante 12.65 $ kg-1 se lo adjudicaron los detallistas.

Abstract Mexico is the center of origin of the corn and, therefore, has the vital importance of conserving the germplasm and maintaining the genetic diversity of this crop in the presence of pests and diseases, or of other types of natural phenomena that end with the dominant varieties that they are usually planted in other countries. In Mexico, a great diversity of varieties of this cereal is sown. The popcorn maize is listed as the oldest and is currently in danger of extinction. Popcorn has high fiber, vitamins, minerals, proteins and antioxidants, also help lower cholesterol and control diabetes. Therefore, it is very important to establish a standard busted protocol of popcorn, which allows the evaluation of the genotypes in a consistent manner in the different breeding programs. In this work, the influence of genotype, sample size, time of exposure to microwaves, and moisture of the grain on the busted characteristics of two popcorn maize genotypes, one commercial yellow and one experimental hybrid was evaluated. Significant differences were found in the variables evaluated. The commercial genotype obtained the highest volume of expansion (27.11 cm3), using 2:45 min in the microwave, and with a humidity of 12%; while in the hybrid genotype it is recommended to use 2:30 min and a humidity of 13%, to obtain the greatest volume of expansion (9.48 cm3).

Resumen México es centro de origen del maíz y por lo tanto, tiene la vital importancia de conservar el germoplasma y mantener la diversidad genética de este cultivo ante cualquier presencia de plagas y enfermedades o de otro tipo de fenómenos naturales que acaban con las variedades dominantes que suelen sembrarse en otros países. En México se siembra una gran diversidad de variedades de este cereal. El maíz palomero es catalogado de los más antiguos y en la actualidad se encuentra en peligro de extinción. Las palomitas de maíz tienen altos contenidos de fibra, vitaminas, minerales, proteínas y antioxidantes, además ayudan a disminuir el colesterol y a controlar la diabetes. Por lo cual, es de gran importancia establecer un protocolo estándar del método de reventado de palomitas de maíz, que permita realizar las evaluaciones de los genotipos de manera consistente en los diferentes programas de mejoramiento genético. En este trabajo se evaluó la influencia del genotipo, tamaño de muestra, tiempo de exposición a las microondas, y humedad del grano sobre las características de reventado de dos genotipos de maíz palomero, un comercial amarillo y un híbrido experimental. Se encontraron diferencias significativas en las variables evaluadas. El genotipo comercial obtuvo el mayor volumen de expansión (27.11 cm3), utilizando 2:45 min en el microondas, y con una humedad de 12%; mientras que en el genotipo híbrido se recomienda utilizar 2:30 min y una humedad de 13%, para obtener el mayor volumen de expansión (9.48 cm3).

Abstract The present study, analyses the prevailing production system of tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) in southern State of Mexico, its marketing process and economic impact of this activity on the different agents involved, the reference year of this study was 2014. The predominant operating system in the region was determined; also, the main marketing channels that the product follows from its exit of the farm until it reaches the final consumer were identified and calculated at current prices, marketing margins. For margins calculation followed statistically representative batches of the product through its way with the participating agents and the various costs and prices which were produced in its path were recorded. The predominant production system in the exploitation of tilapia in southern State of Mexico is semi-intensive, which is developed as a complement to other agricultural activities. The traditional marketing channel used to carry the product from the farm to the final consumer was direct sale in the producer’s farm to the final consumer. Producer participation in the final product price was on average 37.15%; intermediaries with 15.42% and restaurants with 46.93%. The total average marketing margin was $ 63.00 kg-1, from which restaurants obtained the largest average margin with $58.88 kg-1, while the remaining $4.12 kg-1 it was taken by intermediaries.

Resumen En el presente estudio, se analiza el sistema de producción imperante en las explotaciones de tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) del sur del Estado de México, su proceso de comercialización y el impacto económico de dicha actividad en los diversos actores participantes, el año de referencia del trabajo fue 2014. Se determinó el sistema de explotación predominante en la región; asimismo, se identificaron los principales canales de comercialización que sigue el producto desde su salida en la granja hasta su llegada al consumidor final y se calcularon, a precios corrientes, sus márgenes de comercialización. Para el cálculo de los márgenes se siguieron lotes estadísticamente representativos del producto a su paso por los agentes participantes y se registraron los distintos costos y precios que se fueron produciendo en su trayecto. El sistema de producción predominante en la explotación de tilapia en sur del Estado de México es el semi-intensivo, el cual se desarrolla como un complemento de otras actividades agropecuarias. El canal de comercialización tradicional empleado para llevar el producto desde la explotación hasta el consumidor final fue: la venta directa en la granja del productor al consumidor final. La participación del productor en el precio final del producto fue en promedio del 37.15%; los acopiadores participaron con el 15.42% y los restaurantes con el 46.93%. El margen de comercialización total promedio fue de $63.00 kg-1, del cual los restaurantes obtuvieron el mayor margen promedio con $58.88 kg-1, mientras el restante $4.12 kg-1 se lo adjudicaron los acopiadores.

Abstract Mexico is a guava (Psidium guajava L.) producer and its consumption is in fresh or processed in different industrialized foods. Fresh guava is a perishable product, so that its distribution should be done in the shortest transportation time to its different consumer markets. This paper shows the methodology and procedures before an essential closed market for competitive strategy and revenue generation that improve planning for distribution of fresh guava in all the states of Mexico both producers and consumers, through the formulation of an optimization of distribution model for this fruits; which minimizes transportation costs which identifies potential consumption centers and recommends what amounts should be supplied to that market, to maintain balance between supply and demand of fresh guava, in order to make products and services available to customers at the time and place, thus conditions and desired shapes, the most effective way in terms of costs and time are concerned. The methodology used was from a transportation model of linear programming, with information on production, consumption and transportation costs.

Resumen México es un país productor de guayaba (Psidium guajava L.) y su consumo se da en fresco o procesado en distinto alimentos industrializados. La guayaba en fresco es un producto perecedero, por lo que su distribución se debe realizar en el menor tiempo de transportación a sus diferentes mercados consumidores. El presente trabajo, muestra la metodología y procedimientos ante un mercado cerrado esencial para la estrategia competitiva y la generación de ingresos que mejora la planeación de la distribución de guayaba en fresco en todas las entidades federativas de México tanto productoras y consumidoras, a través de la formulación de un modelo de optimización de distribución para este fruto; el cual, minimiza los costos de transporte donde identifica los potenciales centros de consumo y recomienda que cantidades deben de abastecer a dicho mercado, para mantener el equilibrio entre la oferta y la demanda de la guayaba en fresco, a fin de hacer que los productos y servicios estén disponibles para los clientes en el momento y lugar así como en las condiciones y formas deseadas, de la manera más efectiva en cuanto a costos y tiempos se refiere. La metodología utilizada fue de un modelo de transporte de programación lineal, con información de producción, consumo y costos de transporte.