ABSTRACT Determination of the chromosome base number of a taxon is fundamental to understanding karyotypic variation and its implications for the evolution of that group. This usually requires careful evaluation of cytological literature and robust phylogenetic support. The base number for the family Rutaceae (x = 9 or x = 18) has long been the subject of debate. Here, we analyzed the banding pattern, rDNA sites, and genome size of Dictyoloma vandellianum, subfamily Cneoroideae, the sister group of the remaining Rutaceae, and revised critical points about the chromosome base number of the family. We found that this species has n = 9, which differs from the n = 18 possessed by other cytologically known Cneoroideae species. Thus, n = 9 occurs in the main clades of Rutaceae and is the most probable base number of the family. The hypothesis of x = 18 as the base number is no longer sustainable, although n = 18 is very common in Rutaceae. Moreover, the fluorescent banding pattern and the relatively large genome size (1C = 1.3 pg) of D. vandellianum suggest that its chromosomal organization is highly divergent from Aurantieae, the only large Rutaceae clade where species with n = 9 are greatly dominant.

Invasive fungal infections have significantly increased over the last 20 years and, despite Candida albicans continues to be the main candida species, other species are emerging. Resistance to antifungal drugs is also emerging. We studied the resistance pattern to Amphotericin B and azole agents in 110 blood or other normally sterile sites yeasts clinical isolates. Overall, 5% resistance to azoles was detected and 100% were sensitive to Amphotericin B. The aim of this work is to review the trends in yeasts resistance from Chile and other countries, and to warrant the maintenance of a resistance fungal surveillance program

Las infecciones fúngicas invasoras han aumentado en forma explosiva en los últimos 20 años. Desde la década de los '90 se ha observado un cambio continuo en el patrón etiológico de estas micosis, donde las especies del género Candida son los principales agentes. Además, en los últimos años se evidencia cada vez con mayor frecuencia, el aislamiento de levaduras menos sensibles o resistentes a los antifúngicos. El objetivo de la presente publicación es revisar los antecedentes de resistencia en levaduras, tanto en el exterior como en nuestro medio y enfatizar la necesidad de mantener una red de vigilancia de resistencia. Médicos y Tecnólogos Médicos de Laboratorios de Microbiología de la red: Asociación Chilena de Seguridad: Eugenio Reyes. Hospital Barros Luco Trudeau: Marcela San Martín, Carolina Allende, Angélica Aranda, Dina Concha, Sara Cisternas, Herta Barría, Liliana Paredes. Hospital Base de Valdivia: M. Emilia Arce. Hospital Carlos Van Buren: Ema Gaete, Gerardo Peralta. Centro de Diagnóstico Universidad Católica de Chile: Ana M. Guzmán, E. Pilar León. Centro de Diagnóstico y Tratamiento Eloísa Díaz: Maggie Vecchiola, Carmen Villalobos. Hospital Clínico Universidad de Chile: Mailing Chang, Marcela Castillo. Hospital Gustavo Fricke de Viña del Mar: Alejandro Joyas, Berta Ossandón, Patricia Tapia. Hospital Juan Noé de Arica: Ricardo Zepeda, Pablo Herrera. Hospital Luis Calvo Mackenna: M. Teresa Siri, Mónica Córdova. Hospital Militar del General Luis Felipe Brieva Arán: Gloria Zenteno, Beatriz Bórquez. Hospital San Juan de Dios: Mónica Lafourcade, Angel Geraldo. Hospital Sótero Del Río: Patricia González, Marcela Gaete

Foram analisadas 33 espécies, entre nativas e introduzidas, pertencentes a 20 famílias de angiospermas ocorrentes no Estado de Pernambuco. A caracterização cariotípica da maioria das espécies foi baseada no número e morfologia cromossômica, padrão de condensação de cromossomos profásicos e estrutura de núcleo interfásico. Cinco espécies tiveram seus números cromossômicos determinados pela primeira vez, sendo elas: Cereus jamacaru (2n=22), Clitoria fairchildiana (2n=22), Eugenia luschnathiana (2n=22), Licania tomentosa (2n=22) e Spondias tuberosa (n=16). No caso de Licania tomentosa esta é a primeira citação de número cromossômico para o gênero. Das outras 28 espécies, três (Cecropia cf. palmata, 2n=26; Crinum erubescens, 2n=70; e Schinus terebentifolius, 2n=28) apresentaram números cromossômicos diferentes dos registrados previamente na literatura.

Thirty three native and introduced species from 20 families of angiosperms collected in the State of Pernambuco were analysed. The karyotype description of the majority of the species was based on chromosome number and morphology, condensation pattern of prophase chromosomes as well as interphase nuclear structure. In five species (Cereus jamacaru, 2n=22; Clitoria fairchildiana, 2n=22; Eugenia luschnathiana, 2n=22; Licania tomentosa, 2n=22; and Spondias tuberosa, n=16) the chromosome number is reported here for the first time. In the case of Licania tomentosa, this is also the first report for the genus. Among the other 28 species, three (Cecropia cf. palmata, 2n=26; Crinum erubescens, 2n=70; and Schinus terebentifolius, 2n=28) showed chromosome numbers different from what has previously been reported.

Foram analisados 51 acessos de citros do banco ativo de germoplasma do Centro Nacional de Pesquisa de Mandioca e Fruticultura Tropical (CNPMF/EMBRAPA), em Cruz das Almas, Bahia. A amostra incluiu representantes de 20 espécies de Citrus, uma de Poncirus e sete híbridos interespecíficos. Todos os acessos mostraram 2n = 18 sem nenhum indício de alteração numérica. A característica cariotípica mais claramente variável foi o número e posição das constrições secundárias (SECs). Em 19 acessos não foi possível localizar as SECs devido principalmente ao grau de condensação cromossômica. Nos demais acessos elas variaram em número de um a três e estavam localizadas na região proximal de um dos três maiores pares cromossômicos, na região terminal-subterminal de um dos pares de tamanho médio ou, mais raramente, em um dos cromossomos maiores. Em apenas uns poucos casos essas constrições foram observadas simultaneamente em ambos os homólogos de um par cromossômico. A alta variabilidade dessa característica cariotípica pode em parte ser devida à ativação diferencial dessa região na interfase anterior, mas pode também estar relacionada à grande heterozigosidade estrutural cromossômica conhecida em espécies de citros

The mitotic chromosomes of 51 citrus accessions from the Centro Nacional de Pesquisa em Mandioca e Fruticultura Tropical, Cruz das Almas, BA, Brazil, were analyzed. The sample included representatives of 20 Citrus species, one of Poncirus and seven hybrids. All accessions showed 2n = 18 without any evidence of numerical variation. The most clearly variable karyotype feature was the number and position of secondary constrictions (SECs). In 19 accessions the SECs were not identified, mainly due to the degree of chromatin condensation. In the remainder they varied in number from one to three per karyotype. They were found in the proximal region of one of the three largest chromosome pairs, in the terminal/subterminal region of a smaller chromosome or, more seldom, terminally in a larger chromosome. Only in a few cases were such constrictions observed simultaneously in both homologues of the same chromosome pair. The high variability of this karyotype feature may be due to the activation of this region in the previous interphase but may also indicate a high structural variability and heterozygosity of citrus germplasms