Resumen Introducción: Los inventarios son fundamentales para la gestión forestal, pero en la Amazonía la ausencia de estandarización produce pérdida de información, baja precisión y mediciones inconsistentes. Esto impide comparaciones válidas y compromete el uso de información en redes y programas. El tamaño de la unidad de muestreo es de importancia clave en el inventario de bosques nativos, particularmente en lo que respecta a la precisión y los costos. Objetivo: Identificar un tamaño de parcela que proporcione una precisión adecuada para los parámetros dendrométricos en la Amazonía. Métodos: En Cotriguaçu, Mato Grosso, Brasil, probamos cuatro tamaños de parcela con seis repeticiones cada una: 2 500, 5 000, 7 500 y 10 000 m². Medimos diámetro a la altura del pecho, densidad de población, área basal y biomasa. Se aplicaron los índices de Shannon y Jaccard; Funciones Weibull 2P y Gamma para adaptarse a la distribución diametral; y el Criterio de Información de Akaike para el mejor modelo. Resultados: Hubo una relación directamente proporcional entre el área de parcela y la similitud poblacional, pero la diversidad no indicó alteraciones significativas. El tamaño de la parcela no afectó los atributos dendrológicos y la distribución diametral. Las áreas de parcela más grandes dieron lugar a coeficientes de variación más bajos e intervalos de confianza más pequeños. La función Gamma fue el mejor modelo para representar las distribuciones de diferentes tamaños de parcela. Conclusiones: Para bosques similares, recomendamos la parcela de 2 500 m² para evaluar diámetro a la altura del pecho, densidad de población, área basal y biomasa.

Abstract Introduction: Inventories are essential for forest management, but, in the Amazon region, the absence of standardization produces information loss, low accuracy, and inconsistent measurements. This prevents valid comparisons and compromises the use of information in networks and software. Sampling unit size is of key importance in the inventory of native forests, particularly regarding accuracy and costs. Objective: To identify a plot size that provides adequate precision for dendrometric parameters in the Amazon. Methods: In Cotriguaçu, Mato Grosso, Brazil, we tested four plot sizes with six repetitions each: 2 500, 5 000, 7 500, and 10 000 m². We measured diameter at breast height, population density, basal area, and biomass. We applied Shannon and Jaccard indexes; Weibull 2P and Gamma functions to fit the diametric distribution; and the Akaike Information Criterion for the best model. Results: There was a directly proportional relationship between plot area and population similarity, but diversity did not indicate significant alterations. Plot size did not affect dendrometric attributes and diametric distribution. Larger plot areas led to lower coefficients of variation and smaller confidence intervals. The Gamma function was the best model to represent the distributions of different plot sizes. Conclusions: For similar forests, we recommend the 2 500 m² plot to evaluate diameter at breast height, population density, basal area, and biomass.

Resumo O objetivo do estudo foi ajustar modelos de volume e crescimento e analisar os incrementos de clones e material seminal de Teca aos seis anos influenciados por quebra de copa. Foram medidos o diâmetro à altura do peito (DAP) e a altura comercial (hc) e total (h) de árvores de teca em um experimento de blocos casualizados com cinco tratamentos clonais e um seminal de Teca. Foram cubadas 10 árvores de cada tratamento e comparada as médias dos volumes, ajustando modelos de volume e crescimento (DAP, h e volume). O modelo de Schumacher-Hall foi escolhido para o clone 68 e para os demais tratamentos o de Prodan Modificado. O crescimento foi expresso pelo modelo de Moissev para DAP e volume e Backman para altura. O ICA e IMA para DAP e h são afetados negativamente por danos na copa e os clones tiveram os maiores ganhos em produtividade, destacando o clone 61.

Abstract In this study, the main important plants collected by the stingless bee Trigona fulviventris were determined in a secondary dry forest fragment in Pocosol, Guanacaste during the rainy season. A total of 26 pollen types were obtained by collecting individuals of Trigona fulviventris these corresponded mainly representative species of herbs and shrubs. In addition, although there was unusual phenology through the year of the study, a collection of plants was carried out in order to covering the most important species according within the flight range of this species (300-500 m). For the palinological analysis a combination of methods were used and the results showed a convergence of 27% of coincidence when comparing both pollen collected by the bees and plant sources. In addition, the presence of the most representative species at the time of study at the site (Baltimora recta and Dorstenia contrajerva) was determined using ecological indexes. Moreover it was able to demonstrate a generalist behavior of T. fulviventris regarding the search for limited nutritional. The aim of the study was to adjust volume and growth models and analyze the increments of six years old teak clones and seminal material influenced by canopy breakage. Diameter at breast height (DBH), commercial (hc) and total height (h) were measured in a randomized block experiment in with five treatments using clonal and seminal teak material. Ten trees from each treatment were cubed and the mean volumes were compared models (DBH, h and volume). Schumacher-Hall model was chosen for clone 68 and the Modified Prodan model for the other treatments. DBH and volume were expressed by the Moissev model and height by the Backman model. DBH and h CAI and MAI are negatively affected by canopy damage and clones had the greatest gains in productivity, especially the clone 61.

Abstract The objectives of this research were to verify the relationships between the dendrometric and edaphic variables with the yield of oleoresin from Copaifera spp., and to adjust equations to predict yield from a primary forest. Thirty Copaifera spp. trees were selected to extract oleoresins over 24 hours, using a 1.91 cm (¾ inch) auger. In addition, data were collected on tree size and the edaphic characteristics of the topsoil around of each tree. Principal components analysis was used to verify the relationships between variables and a regression analysis was used to verify variables that may be best to predict oleoresin yield. After the principal components analysis, the only variable related to the oleoresin yield was the stem height, which had the best adjusted coefficient of determination (0.84) and relative standard error (13.11%). We found the yield of oleoresin from Copaifera spp. in primary a forest had a significant and positive correlation with the stem height, whereas no significant correlations were found between yield, or any other dendrometric or topsoil variables studied.

Resumen El objetivo de este estudio fue investigar la relación entre las variables dendrométricas y del suelo con el rendimiento de aceite de Copaifera spp. y ajustar una ecuación para predecir la productividad en bosque primario. En el área de la investigación, 30 árboles de Copaifera spp. fueron seleccionados como muestras para la extracción del aceite por un período de 24 horas, con el uso de la barrena con 1,91 cm (3/4"). Además, fueron colectadas informaciones sobre el tamaño de los árboles y las características del suelo superficial en los alrededores de cada árbol. Se aplicó el análisis de componentes principales para verificar la relación de las variables con el rendimiento de aceite y, posteriormente, fue ajustada una ecuación para predecir este rendimiento mediante análisis de regresión. La única variable relacionada con el rendimiento de aceite fue la altura del fuste, y fue selecionada como el modelo que presentó mejor coeficiente de determinácion (0,84) y error típico de estimación (13,11%). Por lo tanto, se concluyó que el rendimiento del aceite de Copaifera spp. en bosque primario tiene una correlación positiva y significativa con la altura del fuste, mientras que las otras variables dendrométricas y del suelo superficial no presentaron correlación significativa con el rendimiento de aceite.

ABSTRACT Tectona grandis (teak) plantations have gained increased interest in recent decades in Brazil, bringing about the need for acquiring information regarding the growth and productive potential. The present work aims to evaluate the growth of dominant height in teak at various locations in the state of Mato Grosso, midwest Brazil. For this purpose, six stands were evaluated in distinct municipalities and the database was obtained from trunk analysis. Subsequently, the dominant height growth was estimated using nonlinear regression models, whose performance was evaluated, based on goodness-of-fit statistics and graphical analysis of residues. Tests for model identity were used to analyze the differences in growth rates between sites (municipalities). The studied teak stands displayed different dominant height growth trends, with differences reaching up to 37%.

ABSTRACT Copaiba trees, of the genus Copaifera (Fabaceae), produce an oleoresin that has pharmacological applications. The yield from the trees is very variable, and factors affecting production are still unknown. We evaluated the yield of oleoresin from Copaifera spp. in the Cerrado- Amazonia ecotone, as well as its relationship with the growth and age of trees. We sampled 30 Copaifera trees by extracting oleoresin for 24 h with a metal borer. Increment cores were collected from 15 trees to determine their age by counting growth rings and to calculate the mean annual increment of the diameter at breast height. The cylinders were sanded and the number of growth rings was counting with a magnifying glass (10x). The ages of trees from which increment cores were not collected were estimated by simple regression analysis. The proportions of productive and non-productive trees were recorded. The best adjusted model for age estimation showed R²adjust. = 0.616 and Syx% = 4.42. The average productivity of oleoresin was 0.124 L per day, and 30% of the trees were productive. The proportion of productive trees increased with increasing diameter at breast height and age, but after a point, increasing diameter was associated with reduced productivity. The mean annual increment had an inverse relationship with diameter for the productivity of oleoresin. The results suggest that other factors could be triggering and controling the oleoresin production and not only the age.

O interesse no cultivo da teca para a produção de toras pode ser demonstrado pelo aumento da área plantada. Entretanto, estudos sobre o desenvolvimento da teca ainda são escassos, principalmente no Estado de Mato Grosso, em que se demonstra alta perspectiva de retorno financeiro. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o desenvolvimento quantitativo e qualitativo da teca, até dez anos de idade, em Nossa Senhora do Livramento, Mato Grosso. De 73 parcelas permanentes, foram obtidos os valores de densidade, diâmetro a 1,3 m do solo, alturas total e dominante, área basal, volume total, os incrementos corrente anual e médio anual, e o ajuste de modelos de regressão. Também foram avaliadas as frequências quanto a forma ou qualidade do fuste, além do estado fitossanitário. O plantio de teca apresenta desenvolvimento quantitativo de semelhante a superior aos de Ásia, África e Américas Central e do Sul, sendo que a execução dos desbastes e desramas promovem a melhoria da qualidade.

The interest in the cultivation of teak for timber production can be demonstrated by the increase in planted area. However, studies on the development of teak are still scarce, especially in the state of Mato Grosso, where this cultivation presents a high prospect of financial return. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the quantitative and qualitative development of teak until ten years of age in the municipality of Nossa Senhora do Livramento, Mato Grosso state, Brazil. In an area divided in 73 permanent plots, we obtained the values of density, diameter at 1.3 m above the ground, total and dominant height, basal area, total volume, current annual and mean annual increments, and adjustment to regression models. We also assessed the frequency regarding the form or quality of stem and the phytosanitary status. The teak plantation studied presented quantitative development similar to or greater than those found in Asia, Africa, and South and Central Americas. The execution of thinning and pruning were the main causes of teak cultivation quality improvement.

O trabalho teve como objetivo determinar a capacidade produtiva local da teca em Monte Dourado, Estado do Pará, Brasil, por meio da análise de curvas de índice de sítio. Os dados foram obtidos pela análise de tronco de dez árvores dominantes de um povoamento com 26 anos de idade. Foram ajustados dez modelos de regressão e o critério de seleção obedeceu ao menor erro padrão da estimativa, ao maior coeficiente de determinação ajustado, à significância do teste F e dos coeficientes de regressão e à análise gráfica dos resíduos. As curvas de índice de sítio foram confeccionadas pelo método da curva-guia. O modelo de Spillman apresenta o melhor ajuste, por meio do qual foram geradas três curvas de índice de sítio de 16m a 24m na idade-índice de 26 anos. A região de Monte Dourado, PA, apresenta potencial produtivo para o desenvolvimento da teca.

The study aims to determine the local productive capacity of teak in Monte Dourado, Pará State, Brazil, with the analysis of site index curves. The data were obtained by stem analysis of ten dominant trees in a stand with 26 years of age. Were adjusted ten regression models and the criterion for selection followed the lowest standard error of estimate, the highest adjusted coefficient of determination, the significance of F test and of regression coefficients and graphical analysis of the residuals. The site index curves were built by the guide-curve method. The Spillman model present the best fit, by which were generated three curves of site index from 16m to 24m, at 26 years of index-age. The region of Monte Dourado - PA showed a productive potential for the development of teak.

Os plantios comerciais de Pinus foram estabelecidos no Brasil há mais de 30 anos, inicialmente nas regiões Sul e Sudeste. No entanto, com a introdução de espécies tropicais, tornou-se viável em todo o país. Considerando a importância da obtenção de parâmetros que permitam avaliar o crescimento e o potencial da produção de povoamentos de Pinus, o presente trabalho visa ajustar modelos tradicionais de relação hipsométrica para as espécies Pinus caribaea Morrelet var. hondurensis Barret & Golfari e Pinus tecunumanii Eguiluz & Perry, em povoamento homogêneo, no município de Vilhena, Estado de Rondônia. Foram ajustados dez modelos, e o critério de seleção obedeceu ao menor erro padrão de estimativa (Syx%), maior coeficiente de determinação ajustado (R²aj.), valor de F e coeficientes de regressão significativos e a análise gráfica dos resíduos. O modelo <img border=0 width=287 height=96 src="../../../../../img/revistas/cr/v40n12/a10img01.gif">apresentou melhor ajuste, com R²aj. de 0,896 e Syx% de 3,941% para o P. caribaea var. hondurensis e R²aj. de 0,973 e Syx% de 6,319% para o P. tecunumanii.

The commercial plantings of Pinus were established in Brazil for over 30 years, initially in the South and Southeast. However, with the introduction of tropical species, became feasible in the whole country. Considering the importance of obtaining parameters to assess growth and the potential production of Pinus, the present work aims to adjust traditional models of hypsometric relation to species Pinus caribaea Morrelet var. hondurensis Barret & Golfari and Pinus tecunumanii Eguiluz & Perry, in pure stand, in the municipality of Vilhena, Rondônia State. Ten models were adjusted and the selection criteria followed the lower standard error of estimate (Syx%), higher adjusted coefficient of determination (R²aj.), F value and regression coefficients significant and graphical analysis of the residues. The model <img border=0 width=287 height=96 src="../../../../../img/revistas/cr/v40n12/a10img01.gif">showed the better fit, with R²aj. of 0,896 and Syx% of 3,941% for P. caribaea var. hondurensis and R²aj. of 0,973 and Syx% of 6,319% for P. tecunumanii.

O presente trabalho foi desenvolvido com o propósito de estudar o fator de forma artificial de Pinus elliottii Engelm para a região da Serra do Sudeste do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul. Para tanto, estudou-se o desenvolvimento do fator de forma artificial em função de variáveis dendrométricas, além da confecção de tabelas de fator de forma para uso regional. Dentre os modelos estudados, o que melhor ajustou à variável dependente foi o expresso por, <IMG SRC="/img/revistas/cr/v31n1/a06img01.gif"> sendo: d o diâmetro à altura do peito, d0,5 e d0,3 os diâmetros relativos de Hohenadl, tendo apresentado um coeficiente de determinação igual a 0,89 e um coeficiente de variação de 3,59%. Os diâmetros relativos de Hohenald da equação de fator de forma foram estimados através das equações: ln(d0,5) = -0,27211 + 0,97542* ln(d) e ln(d0,3) = -0,62082 + 0,26949 * ln(d²) + 0,22483* ln(d*h), tendo apresentado coeficiente de determinação de 0,91 e 0,99 e coeficiente de variação 4,23 e 8,21%, respectivamente.

The present research was established with the purpose of studying form factors of Pinus elliottii Engelm for the region of Serra do Sudeste, Rio Grande do Sul. Thus, the development of artificial form factors in function of dendrometrical variables were studied. Furthermore tables of form factors for regional use were established. Of the tested models, the model that best adjusted the dependent variable can be expressed as follows: <IMG SRC="/img/revistas/cr/v31n1/a06img01.gif"> being: d= diameter at breast height, d0,5 and d0,3=diameters of Hohenadl, with a coefficient of determination of 0.89 and a coefficient of variation of 3.59%. The relative diameters of Hohenald of the equation of form factor were estimated through the equations: ln(d0.5) = -0.27211 + 0.97542 * ln(d) and ln(d0.3) = -0.62082 + 0.26949 * ln(d2) + 0.22483 * ln(d*h), showing a coefficient of determination of 0.91 and 0.99 and a coefficient of variation of 4.23 and 8.21%, respectively.

RESUMO No presente trabalho foi estudada a forma do tronco de Pinus elliottii Engelm, para formação de sortimentos e confecção de tabelas para uso na região da Serra do Sudeste do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul. A forma do tronco foi ajustada com boa precisão estatística por um polinômio de 5º grau, tendo como variáveis dependentes os diâmetros relativos (d i /d) e como variáveis independentes as alturas relativas (hi/h). A integração do polinômio permitiu estimar os volumes absolutos e relativos dos sortimentos, sendo estes classificados e expressos em percentagem do volume e em número de toras correspondentes. Para isso, foi considerado, para quantificar o volume total aproveitável da árvore, o diâmetro mínimo de 7 cm com casca e para o volume de toras para a serraria, o diâmetro de 14 cm com casca, ambos tomados na ponta fina da tora. Esses resultados deram origem a tabelas de sortimentos otimizadas para árvores individuais.

ABSTRACT In the present work the assortments of the of Pinus elliottii Engelm, with a view to the formation of assortments and tables of asssortments for regional use in the Serra do Sudeste, State of Rio Grande do Sul were studied. Thus, the development of stem taper for the medium tree and for diameter class and the formation of assortments were studied. Furthermore tables of assortments for regional use were developed. The polynomial models of 5th degree showed good adjustment and statistical precision, with relative diameter (di/d) as dependent variable and relative height (hi/h) as independent variable. Its integration allowed to estimate absolute and relative volumes of the assortments which were classified and expressed in percentage of the volume and number of corresponding logs. Thus, in order to quantify commercial volume of the tree, the minimum diameter of 7 cm outside bark at the small end of the tree and for sawlog timber a diameter of 14 cm outside bark were considered. These results are integrated in tables of optimized assortments for individual trees.

RESUMO O efeito de diferentes intensidades de desbaste sobre a produção Eucalyptus grandis Hill ex Maiden implantado no ano de 1981, em espaçamento inicial de 3,0 x 2,0 metros, na região de Cachoeira do Sul, Rio Grande do Sul, foi estudado com delineamento de blocos ao acaso, com duas repetições e quatro tratamentos: testemunha, sem desbastes, manutenção de 40%, 50% e 60% da área basal da testemunha, constando-se diferença significativa entre os tratamentos, ao nível de 5% de probabilidade. A produção máxima (756,3 m3cc/ha) foi obtida na testemunha, sem desbaste, que não diferiu estatísticamente de 639,6 m3cc/ha, obtido no tratamento com manutenção de 60% da área basal da testemunha, porém diferiu dos tratamentos com manutenção de 50% e 40% da área basal da testemunha. A redução da área basal incrementou a concentração das freqüências nas maiores classes de diâmetro, deslocando a distribuição para a direita, porém com perdas expressivas de produção total e acréscimo significativo no diâmetro. A manutenção de 60% da área basal da testemunha permitiu as menores perdas de produção, cerca de 15,4%, e um ganho de 6,4cm ou 23,9% em incremento diamétrico das árvores remanescentes quando comparado com a testemunha, sem desbaste.

ABSTRACT The effect of different thinning intensities on the production of Eucalyptus grandis HILL ex Maiden, planted in 1981, with a spacing of 3.0 x 2.0 m, in Cachoeira do Sul, Rio Grande do Sul, was studied in a randomized block design, in four treatments with two repetitions: control treatment, without thinning, and maintenance of 40%, 50% and 60% of the basal area proportionally to the control. Significant differences among the treatments were detected with 5% probability. Maximum yield (756.2 m3cc/ha) was obtained on the control, which was not statistically different from the treatment with 60% of the basal area (639.6 m3cc/ha) only. The reduction in the basal area increased the concentration of the frequencies of the larger diameter classes, skewing the distribution to the right; however, there was an expressive loss of total yield and a significant increase in diameter. The maintenance of 60% of the basal area allowed the least loss of production, at about 15.4%, and an increase of 6.4 cm or 23.9% in diameter of the remaining trees when compared with the control.