RESUMO O bioma Cerrado tem apresentado desafios em conciliar sua expansão agrícola com a disponibilidade hídrica. Nesse sentido, o planejamento e o manejo de recursos hídricos são fundamentais para o desenvolvimento econômico, social e ambiental do bioma Cerrado, que tem sido prejudicado pela carência de dados, especialmente aqueles referentes às estratégias de irrigação, como, por exemplo, as curvas de retenção de água, essencial para compreender a dinâmica de água no solo. Contudo, como sua obtenção pode ser trabalhosa, seus parâmetros podem ser estimados indiretamente via Funções de Pedotransferência (FPTs). O objetivo do presente estudo foi desenvolver e avaliar FPTs para estimar parâmetros do modelo de van Genuchten, usado para descrever o processo de retenção de água, para o bioma Cerrado. Para o desenvolvimento das FPTs, foram usados os métodos de Regressão Linear Múltipla (RLM) e quatro algoritmos de aprendizado de máquina: Multivariate Adaptative Regression Splines (MARS), Random Forest (RF), Support Vector Regression (SVR) e K Nearest Neightbors (KNN). Dados de solo de duas localidades foram utilizados, sendo que as variáveis preditoras selecionadas em cada conjunto foram diferentes. As melhores estimativas foram obtidas para o parâmetro θs (umidade de saturação), com destaque para os modelos RF e SVR. Já para a θr (umidade residual), os modelos apresentaram uma capacidade preditiva moderada. Para os demais parâmetros, os modelos não apresentaram um desempenho satisfatório para α e n (parâmetros de ajuste).

ABSTRACT The Cerrado biome has presented challenges in reconciling its agricultural expansion with water availability. In this sense, water resources planning and management are fundamental for the economic, social, and environmental development of the Cerrado biome, which has been hampered by the lack of data, especially those referring to irrigation strategies, such as, for example, the water retention curve. The water retention curve is essential to understand water dynamics in the soil; however, obtaining it can be laborious, opening an opportunity for Pedotransfer Functions (PTFs). The current study aimed to develop and evaluate PTFs to estimate the fit parameters of the van Genuchten model for the Cerrado biome. Multiple Linear Regression (MLR) and four machine learning (ML) algorithms were used to develop the PTFs. The ML algorithms were the Multivariate Adaptive Regression Splines (MARS), Random Forest (RF), Support Vector Regression (SVR), and K Nearest Neighbors (KNN). Two combinations of soil data were evaluated, and the predictor variables used in each set were different. Using the RF and SVR models, the best estimates were obtained concerning the parameter θs (saturated water content). As for θr (residual water content), the models showed a moderate predictive capacity. For the other parameters, the models did not perform satisfactorily for α and n (fit parameters).

ABSTRACT Two hundred and forty Japanese quail aged 125 days were randomly allocated to five treatment groups based on laying (%) and quail’s weight (90.71 ± 1.8% egg/day × 100 and 178.05 ± 9.38 g, respectively), each of which included six replicates of eight quails. The diets were formulated based on corn, soybean meal, and industrial amino acids. An optimal diet achieves 100% of amino acids required by the quail requirements, except for threonine. Five treatments were made: 20% less amino acid; 10% less amino acid; optimal diet; 10% more amino acid; and 20% more amino acids than those in the optimal diet. The increase in amino acid levels in a fixed Lys: amino acid ratio led to histological alterations in the liver and uterine epithelium, reduction in blood lipid peroxidation, lower hepatic HSP70 gene expression, and the performance of laying Japanese quail. The optimal diet based on the NRC with an adjusted Thr: Lys 78 ratio (Lys 1.0%) improved the performance and efficiency of Japanese quail from 125 to 230 days of age.

Abstract Introduction: to predict work related diseases is a challenge for organizations and the governmental authorities. By means of machine learning (ML) techniques it is possible to identify factors that determine the occurrence of an occupational disease, aiming at taking more effective actions to protect workers. Objective: to predict, by comparing ML techniques, the factors which highly influence the occurrence of occupational dermatitis. Methods: we developed a code in R language and a descriptive analysis of the data and identified the influence factors according to the ML technique that presented the best performance. The database was made available by the Occupational Dermatology Service of Oswaldo Cruz Foundation and assembles information of the workers who experienced cutaneous alterations suggestive of occupational dermatitis between 2000-2014. Results: the techniques which presented the best performance were: neural network, random forest, support vector machine, and naive Bayes. Sex, schooling, and profession were the most adequate variables for the occupational dermatitis prediction models. Conclusion: ML techniques allowed to predict the factors that influence the workers’ safety and health, as well as the parameters that subsidize the procedures implementation, and the most effective policies to prevent occupational dermatitis.

Resumo Introdução: realizar a predição de doenças relacionadas ao trabalho é um desafio às organizações e ao poder público. Com as técnicas de aprendizado de máquina (AM), é possível identificar fatores determinantes para a ocorrência de uma doença ocupacional, visando direcionar ações mais efetivas à proteção dos trabalhadores. Objetivo: predizer, a partir da comparação de técnicas de AM, os fatores com maior influência para a ocorrência de dermatite ocupacional. Métodos: desenvolveu-se um código em linguagem R e uma análise descritiva dos dados e identificaram-se os fatores de influência de acordo com a técnica de AM que demonstrou melhor desempenho. O banco de dados foi disponibilizado pelo Serviço de Dermatologia Ocupacional da Fundação Oswaldo Cruz e contém informações de trabalhadores que apresentaram alterações cutâneas sugestivas de dermatite ocupacional no período de 2000-2014. Resultados: as técnicas com melhor desempenho foram: neural network, random forest, support vector machine e naive Bayes. As variáveis sexo, escolaridade e profissão foram as mais adequadas para os modelos de previsão de dermatite ocupacional. Conclusão: as técnicas de AM possibilitam predizer os fatores que influenciam a segurança e a saúde dos trabalhadores, os parâmetros que subsidiam a implantação de procedimentos e as políticas mais efetivas para prevenir a dermatite ocupacional.

Abstract The objective of this study was to evaluate reproductive traits in adults of Astyanax lacustris subjected to different spawning inducers. The study involved 240 females (12.54 g ± 2.33 and 7.66 cm ± 0.63 cm) and 240 males (5.83 g ± 0.39 g and 6.14 cm ± 0.64 cm), all at reproductive age. Three different inducers were evaluated: (i) 0.4 pellets of Ovopel®/kg of body weight; (ii) 0.5 ml of buserelin acetate/kg of body weight; and (iii) carp pituitary extract (CPE) (5.5 mg CPE/kg body weight for females and 2.5 mg CPE/kg body weight for males), as well as saline solution (without hormone). The degree-hours for spawning were greater (P<0.05) for the Ovopel® treatment (with 204.93) than in the treatment with CPE (183.2). Ovary weight and gonadosomatic index were higher (P<0.05) in CPE and Ovopel® treatments when compared to buserelin acetate. The number of oocytes per female, absolute and relative fecundity were greater (P<0.05) for Ovopel® and CPE treatments. Fertilization rate was higher (P<0.05) in treatment with buserelin acetate (82.3%) in relation to Ovopel® (72.33%) and CPE (62.40%) treatments, and the highest (P<0.05) hatching rates were achieved with buserelin acetate and Ovopel®. The number of larvae per female body weight was greater (P<0.05) when Ovopel® was used. In conclusion, Ovopel® proves to be a more effective reproductive inducer for induced reproduction of A. lacustris when compared to CPE and buserelin acetate.

Resumo O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar as características reprodutivas em adultos de Astyanax lacustris submetidos a diferentes indutores da desova. Foram utilizadas 240 fêmeas (12,54 g ± 2,33 e 7,66 cm ± 0,63 cm) e 240 machos (5,83 g ± 0,39 g e 6,14 cm ± 0,64 cm), todos em idade reprodutiva. Três diferentes indutores foram avaliados: (i) 0,4 pellets de Ovopel®/kg de peso corporal; (ii) 0,5 ml de acetato de buserelina/kg de peso corporal; e (iii) Extrato de Pituitária de Carpa (CPE) (5,5 mg CPE/kg de peso corporal para fêmeas e 2,5 mg de CPE/kg de peso corporal para machos) e solução salina (sem hormônio). Horas-grau para desova foi maior (P<0,05) no tratamento com Ovopel® (204,93) do que no tratamento com CPE (183,2). O peso das gônadas e o índice gonadossomático foram maiores (P<0,05) nos tratamentos com CPE e Ovopel® quando comparados ao acetato de buserelina. O número de oócitos por fêmea, a fecundidade absoluta e relativa foram maiores (P<0,05) para os tratamentos com Ovopel® e CPE. A taxa de fertilização foi maior (P<0,05) no tratamento com acetato de buserelina (82,3%) em relação aos tratamentos com Ovopel® (72,33%) e CPE (62,40%); e maior (P<0,05) taxa de eclosão foi obtida nos tratamentos com acetato de buserelina e Ovopel®. O número de larvas por peso corporal da fêmea foi maior (P<0,05) quando utilizado Ovopel®. Conclui-se que Ovopel® é um indutor reprodutivo mais eficaz para a reprodução induzida de A. lacustris quando comparado ao CPE e ao acetato de buserelina.

Abstract This crossover study aimed to compare the anesthetic effects of buffered 2% articaine with 1:200,000 epinephrine with that of non-buffered 4% articaine with 1:200,000 epinephrine. Forty-seven volunteers were administered two doses of anesthesia in the buccal region of the second mandibular molars in two sessions using 1.8 mL of different local anesthetic solutions. The onset time and duration of pulp anesthesia, soft tissue pressure pain threshold, and the score of pain on puncture and burning during injection were evaluated. The operator, volunteers, and statistician were blinded. There were no significant differences in the parameters: onset of soft tissue anesthesia (p = 0.80), duration of soft tissue anesthesia (p = 0.10), onset of pulpal anesthesia in the second (p = 0.28) and first molars (p = 0.45), duration of pulp anesthesia of the second (p = 0.60) and first molars (p = 0.30), pain during puncture (p = 0.82) and injection (p = 0.80). No significant adverse events were observed. Buffered 2% articaine with 1:200,000 epinephrine did not differ from non-buffered 4% articaine with 1:200,000 epinephrine considering anesthetic success, safety, onset, duration of anesthesia, and pain on injection.

ABSTRACT In order to ensure an adequate final stand and good yields in agricultural crops, a fast healthy seedling establishment in the field is essential and can be improved using seed treatment techniques. This study aimed to assess the effect of treating snap bean seeds with Bacillus subtilis doses on the development and yield components of the crop. Seeds of a determinate variety were used. A 4 × 4 + 1 factorial scheme was applied, being four seed treatments (film coating with and without drying, pre-imbibition and biopriming), four doses of B. subtilis-based commercial product (c.p.) (0, 7, 14 and 28 mL c.p. kg−1 of seed) and an absolute control. The analyzed variables were seed moisture content, seedling emergence, leaf length, width and area, plant height and height to first pod at harvest, number of trifoliate leaves and pods, pod length and number of grains per pod, and pod fresh and dry weight. The pre-imbibition and biopriming treatments were equal or superior to the absolute control. Associating these treatments with doses of 7-14 mL c.p. kg−1 for pre-imbibition and 0-28 mL c.p. kg−1 for biopriming favors both the traits assessed during the reproductive stage and the yield components of the snap bean.

RESUMO A velocidade e a sanidade no estabelecimento de plântulas a campo são imprescindíveis para a obtenção de um estande final adequado e para a produtividade em um cultivo agrícola, os quais podem ser melhorados por técnicas baseadas no tratamento de sementes. Objetivou-se verificar a influência do tratamento de sementes de feijão vagem com doses de Bacillus subtilis sobre o desenvolvimento e componentes de produção da cultura. Foram utilizadas sementes de tipo determinado. Utilizou-se esquema fatorial 4 × 4 + 1, sendo quatro tratamentos de sementes (peliculização com e sem secagem, pré-embebição e biopriming), quatro doses de produto comercial (p. c.) à base de B. subtilis (0; 7; 14; e 28 mL p.c. kg−1 de semente) e uma testemunha absoluta. As variáveis analisadas foram teor de água de sementes, emergência de plântulas, comprimento, largura e área foliar, altura de plantas e de primeira vagem na colheita, número de trifólios e de vagens, comprimento e número de grãos por vagem, massa de matéria fresca e seca de vagens. Os tratamentos de pré-embebição e biopriming foram iguais ou superiores à testemunha absoluta. A associação desses tratamentos com doses de 7-14 mL p.c. kg−1 para pré-embebição e de 0-28 mL p.c. kg−1 para biopriming favorece tanto as características avaliadas no período reprodutivo, como os componentes de rendimento de feijão vagem.

ABSTRACT Emulsifiers and exogenous lipases are feed additives used to increase lipid utilization in broiler diets. A meta-analysis was carried out to quantify the effects of the supplementation of emulsifiers and exogenous lipases on broiler weight gain (BWG, g/broiler/d) and feed conversion ratio (FCR, g/g) during the whole production cycle. Studies were obtained from the PubMed, Scielo, Science Direct, Scopus, and Web of Science databases. A total of 2669 studies were identified, 25 of which composed the database for the meta-analysis, representing data from a total of 14,643 broilers. These results demonstrate that there is evidence in the literature supporting that supplementation with emulsifiers or lipases improves broiler weight gain and feed conversion during the whole production cycle. However, the effect of the additives is influenced by bird sex, lipid source and concentration, type of additive and concentration, energy level of the feed, and bird strains. The isolated use of emulsifiers increases weight gain by 1.62g/day and reduces feed conversion by 0.04. However, there is no evidence that exogenous lipase use alone improves weight gain or feed conversion in broilers during the whole production cycle. The latter result may be due to the small number of studies with the additive in question, rather than its possible effects on weight gain and feed conversion. Therefore, further investigation should be conducted on this topic, especially studies on females fed diets supplemented with lipases.

Abstract Meloidogyne enterolobii, is currently the main phytosanitary problem of the guava production culture (Psidium guajava), leading to the death of entire orchards since effective control measures are not available. Control with synthetic nematicides has not been efficient, and this has resulted in the search for alternative methodologies, being developed research with organics materials, among them, the pyroligneous extract. Therefore, the main objective of this work was to evaluate the influence of pyroligneous extract on the control of M. enterolobii in guava (cv. Paluma). The experimental design was completely randomized, with 11 treatments, corresponding to extract concentrations (0.0%-control; 0.5%; 10%; 15%; 20%; 25%; 30%; 35%; 40%; 50% and 100%), with five repetitions/treatment. Soil infestation with 5,000 eggs/juveniles was carried out 10 days after the transplanting of seedlings. After 96 hours, 100 mL of pyroligneous extract was applied to the soil. The evaluations were done 90 days after treatments. It was observed that all concentrations were efficient in the control of M. enterolobii, with more accentuated reductions in parasitism and reproduction as the extract concentrations increased.

Resumo Meloidogyne enterolobii é, atualmente, o principal problema fitossanitário da cultura de goiabeira (Psidium guajava), levando à morte de pomares inteiros, uma vez que não se dispõe de medidas eficazes de controlo. O controlo com nematodicidas sintéticos não tem sido eficaz, o que resultou na procura de métodos alternativos, tendo sido desenvolvida investigação com material orgânico, entre eles, o extrato pirolenhoso. Assim, este trabalho teve como objetivo principal avaliar a influência do extrato pirolenhoso no controlo de M. enterolobii na cultura da goiabeira (cv. Paluma). O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado, com 11 tratamentos, correspondente a diferentes concentrações do extrato, com cinco réplicas por tratamento. A inoculação do solo com 5000 ovos/juvenis foi realizada 10 dias após o transplante das plântulas e 96 horas depois foram aplicados, no solo, 100 mL do extrato pirolenhoso. As avaliações foram feitas 90 dias após os tratamentos. Verificou-se que todas as concentrações foram eficazes no controlo de M. enterolobii, com reduções mais acentuadas do parasitismo e da reprodução à medida que aumentavam as concentrações do extrato.

Resumo: A definição de metodologias que permitam avaliar o potencial fisiológico das sementes de grão-de-bico é importante para assegurar a comercialização de lotes com alto desempenho em campo. Assim, objetivou-se determinar as condições mais adequadas para a condução do teste de condutividade elétrica em sementes de grão-de-bico visando a classificação de lotes quanto ao vigor. Para tanto, sementes de cinco lotes da cultivar BRS Aleppo e de quatro lotes da cultivar Cícero foram submetidas a diferentes testes para a caracterização da sua qualidade inicial e os resultados comparados com os obtidos no teste de condutividade. Para avaliar a condutividade elétrica, 5 períodos de embebição (2, 4, 8, 12 e 24 horas) foram combinados a 4 volumes de água (75, 100, 150 e 250 mL) sob a temperatura de 25 °C. O teste de condutividade elétrica é eficiente para a avaliação do potencial fisiológico de sementes de grão-de-bico fornecendo informações equivalentes a outros testes de vigor. Para a condução do teste de condutividade elétrica recomenda-se a utilização de 50 sementes imersas em 150 mL de água, por 24 horas, a 25 °C.

Abstract: The definition of methodologies that allow evaluating the physiological potential of chickpea seeds is important to ensure the commercialization of lots with high performance. Thus, this research aimed to determine the most suitable conditions for conducting the electrical conductivity test in chickpea seeds to classify lots according to vigor level. Therefore, seeds from five lots of cultivar BRS Aleppo and four lots of cultivar Cícero were subjected to tests to characterize their initial quality and the results were compared with those obtained in the electrical conductivity test. To assess electrical conductivity, five soaking periods (2, 4, 8, 12, and 24 hours) were combined with four volumes of water (75, 100, 150, and 250 mL) at 25 °C temperature. The results show that the electrical conductivity test is efficient in evaluating the physiological potential of chickpea seeds, providing information equivalent to other vigor tests. For the electrical conductivity test, it is recommended to use 50 seeds soaked in 150 mL of water, for 24 h, at 25 °C.

Abstract This study aimed to evaluate the efficiency of immunocastration in lambs using testicular morphometry. Thirty lambs were randomly divided into two treatments (subcutaneous administration of 1.0 mL and 0.5 mL of an anti-GnRH vaccine) and a control group (1.0 mL saline solution). The animals were vaccinated at four months of age, received a second dose 30 days later, and were slaughtered 90 days after the first vaccine dose. After slaughter, testicles were collected, and samples were removed for histological processing and evaluation of testicular morphometric parameters. Analysis of variance, Tukey’s test, and Kruskal–Wallis test were performed, with a 5% level of significance. There was a reduction in testicular weight, gonadosomatic index, seminiferous tubule diameter, germinal epithelium height, leydigosomatic index, and total tubule length. The total length per testicular gram increased in the immunocastrated group. Intrinsic spermatogenesis yield, Sertoli cell indices, and estimates of sperm and Sertoli cell production were reduced in the immunized groups (P < 0.05). The anti-GnRH vaccine in lambs at doses of 1.0 mL and 0.5 mL is sufficient to promote immunocastration, verified through severe changes in testicular morphometry from animals.

Abstract This study examined the effect of glycerin supply strategies in different short-term protocols on follicular dynamics and ovulatory rate in Morada Nova sheep. Eighteen Morada Nova ewes with body condition > 2.9 had their estrus and follicular waves synchronized using three injections of prostaglandin analogue at seven-day intervals. All animals received the same diet during 21 days, which consisted of a total mixed ration (TMR) based on chopped elephant grass and concentrate twice daily. In thecontrol group (n=9), ewes were fed the TMR diet. In the other four groups, ewes received 150 mL of glycerol daily, supplied as an oral drench or mixed in the TMR during three or seven days prior to the application of thethird PGF2 alfa analogue. These groups were named as follows: Drench3d (n=10), Drench7d (n=8), TMR3d (n=9) and TMR7d (n=9). Follicle dynamics were monitored by ultrasonography, and plasma glucose and glutathione peroxidase levels were measured at the third prostaglandin administration. Six days after the final PGF2 alfa analogue dose, ovulatory rate was measured by laparoscopy. Glucose was higher (P< 0.001) in the glycerin-treated groups than in control group (83.7 ± 1.7 vs. 68.4 ± 4.5 mg. dL-1; P < 0.001). Ewes in the TMR3d, Drench7d and TMR7d groups had a greater (P < 0.001) number of large follicles (≥ 3 < 5 mm), and the presence of follicles larger than 5 mm was observed. In the same groups, at the third PGF2 alfa analogue dose, a greater (P < 0.001) number of growing follicles (> 3 mm) and a larger size of the largest follicle (P < 0.001) were also recorded. Ovulation rate was 30% higher in the groups that received glycerin for seven days (1.6 ± 0.1 53 vs. 1.1 ± 0.1; P < 0.05), and they also exhibited a 38% reduction in glutathione peroxidase. Thus,the use of glycerin in Morada Nova sheep as a source of energy in short-term supplementation for increase ovulation rate is an efficient strategy when provided for seven days, either orally or in the feed.

Abstract The advancement of predictive models by Machine Learning Algorithms (ML) associated with environmental data enables the improvement of models of environmental fragility, which are essential tools for decision-making. This study aimed to derive a prediction of environmental fragility by testing ML associated with environmental covariates in the state of Minas Gerais. We use physical-environmental variables (soil, geology, climate, relief) with a weight of fragility for the attributes and calculation of the average to obtain a model of Potential Environmental Fragility (PEF). Subsequently, we extracted the PEF values to a 4,800-point grid, which was used to generate a new prediction by ML called PEFML. This prediction was based on testing five algorithms and a set of 105 environmental covariates. The results indicated that the best-performing PEFML prediction was the Random Forest model (R2 0.59 and RMSE 0.47), indicating a predominance of the low environmental fragility level. The PEF and PEFML models have strong correlations (0.7 Pearson); however, PEFML has stronger correlations with other environmental data. Therefore, the PEFML prediction is a robust model that captures information from covariates and has coherent spatial patterns.

Resumen El avance de los modelos predictivos mediante Machine Learning Algorithms (ML) asociados a datos ambientales permite mejorar los modelos de fragilidad ambiental, que son herramientas fundamentales para la toma de decisiones. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo derivar una predicción de la fragilidad ambiental mediante la prueba de ML asociado con covariables ambientales en el estado de Minas Gerais. Se utilizaron variables físico-ambientales (suelo, geología, clima, relieve) con peso de fragilidad para los atributos y cálculo de la media para obtener un modelo de Fragilidad Ambiental Potencial (PEF). Posteriormente, extrajimos los valores de PEF a una cuadrícula de 4800 puntos, que se utilizó para generar una nueva predicción de ML, llamada PEFML. Esta predicción se basó en la prueba de cinco algoritmos y un conjunto de 105 covariables ambientales. Los resultados indicaron que la predicción PEFML con mejor desempeño fue el modelo Random Forest (R2 0.59 y RMSE 0.47), indicando un predominio del bajo nivel de fragilidad ambiental. Los modelos PEF y PEFML muestran fuertes correlaciones (0,7 Pearson); sin embargo, PEFML tiene correlaciones más fuertes con otros datos ambientales. Por lo tanto, la predicción PEFML es un modelo robusto que captura información de covariables y tiene patrones espaciales coherentes.

Resumo O avanço de modelos preditivos por Algoritmos de Aprendizado de Máquina (ML) associados à dados ambientais possibilita aprimoramento de modelos de fragilidade ambiental, os quais são importantes ferramentas para tomada de decisão. O objetivo desse estudo foi derivar uma predição de fragilidade ambiental, testando ML associados a covariáveis ambientais no estado de Minas Gerais. Utilizamos variáveis físico-ambientais (solo, geologia, clima, relevo) com peso de fragilidade para os atributos e cálculo da média obtendo o modelo de Fragilidade Ambiental Potencial (PEF). Posteriormente, extraímos os valores de PEF para uma grade de 4.800 pontos e usadas para gerar uma nova predição por ML, denominada PEFML. A predição foi com teste de cinco algoritmos e conjunto de 105 covariáveis ambientais. Comparamos os dois modelos de fragilidade ambiental (PEF e PEFML), inclusive com outros dados de riscos/vulnerabilidade/fragilidade. Os resultados indicaram que a predição de PEFML de melhor desempenho foi o modelo Random Forest (R2 0.59 e RMSE 0.47), indicando predomínio do nível fragilidade baixa. Os modelos de fragilidade PEF e PEFML têm forte correlação (0.7 Pearson), porém, PEFML possui correlações mais fortes com outros dados ambientais. Portanto, a predição de PEFML é um modelo robusto que capta informações de covariáveis e possui padrões espaciais coerentes

Abstract Introduction Intra and postoperative bleeding are the most frequent and feared complications in adenotonsillectomy (AT). Tranexamic acid (TXA), which is known for its antifibrinolytic effects, has a proven benefit in reducing bleeding in hemorrhagic trauma and cardiac surgery; however, the effectiveness and timing of its application in AT have not yet been established. Objectives We aimed to evaluate the efficacy of TXA in controlling bleeding during and after AT and assess its possible adverse effects in children. Methods The present randomized, controlled, double-blind clinical trial included 63 children aged 2 to 12 years. They were randomly assigned to receive either intravenous TXA (10 mg/kg) or placebo 10 minutes before surgery. The volume of intraoperative bleeding, presence of postoperative bleeding, and adverse effects during and 8 hours after the surgery were assessed. Results No difference in bleeding volume was noted between the 2 groups (mean, 122.7 ml in the TXA group versus 115.5 ml in the placebo group, p = 0.36). No intraoperative or postoperative adverse effects were noted because of TXA use. Furthermore, no primary or secondary postoperative bleeding was observed in any of the participants. Conclusion In our pediatric sample, TXA (10 mg/kg) administration before AT was safely used, without any adverse effects. It did not reduce the bleeding volume in children during this type of surgery. Future studies should assess the use of higher doses of TXA and its administration at other time points before or during surgery.

Resumo Objetivou-se avaliar o efeito de diferentes concentrações de retardantes de fogo e de um polímero hidrorretentor sobre a germinação de sementes das espécies florestais tropicais Handroanthu simpetiginosus (ipê-rosa), Tabebuia roseoalba (ipê-branco), Enterolobium schomburgkii (faveira) e Schizolobium parahyba var. amazonicum (paricá). Destaca-se que não foram realizadas comparações entre os produtos, pois estes apresentam diferentes recomendações comerciais e composições químicas. As sementes foram submetidas a soluções de três retardantes de fogo nas seguintes concentrações: i) Phos-Chek WD881® a 0,0; 0,1; 0,3; 0,6; 0,8 e 1,0 mL L-1; ii) Hold Fire® a 0,0; 0,7; 0,9; 1,1; 1,3 e 1,5 mL L-1; e iii) polímero hidrorretentor Nutrigel® a 0,00; 0,10; 0,25; 0,50; 0,75 e 1,0 g L-1. Foram avaliadas quatro repetições de 100, 100, 30 e 25 sementes para as espécies supracitadas, em delineamento inteiramente casualizado. Os testes de germinação foram conduzidos em câmaras de germinação a 30°C e fotoperíodo de 12 h, por 14 dias. Avaliaram-se: porcentagem de germinação, primeira contagem de germinação, índice de velocidade de germinação, tempo médio de germinação e vigor de plântulas. O Phos-Chek WD881 reduziu a velocidade de germinação dos ipês e a primeira contagem de germinação e quantidade de plântulas normais dessas espécies e do paricá. O Hold Fire influenciou na porcentagem de germinação do ipê-rosa (máximo de 97,0% em 1,1 mL L-1) e na velocidade de germinação do ipê-branco, mas não causou variações no vigor das plântulas. O polímero hidrorretentor não influenciou na germinação, mas causou redução de 14,3% de plântulas normais para o paricá. Em geral, Phos-Chek WD881 pode ser fitotóxico para o ipê-branco, ipê-rosa e paricá, quando aplicado em concentrações ≥ 0,6 mL L-1; Hold Fire pode promover a germinação do ipê-branco e do ipê-rosa, sem efeitos para as demais espécies; e o polímero hidrorretentor não exerceu nenhum efeito sobre a germinação de sementes das espécies florestais avaliadas.

Abstract The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of different concentrations of fire retardants and water-retaining polymer on seed germination of tropical forest species Handroanthu simpetiginosus (ipê-rosa), Tabebuia roseoalba (ipê-branco), Enterolobium schomburgkii (faveira) and Schizolobium parahyba var. amazonicum (paricá). It is noteworthy that no comparisons were made between the products, as they have different commercial recommendations and chemical compositions. The seeds were submitted to solutions of three fire retardants in the following concentrations: i) Phos-Chek WD881® at 0.0; 0.1; 0.3; 0.6; 0.8 and 1.0 mL L-1; ii) Hold Fire® at 0.0; 0.7; 0.9; 1.1; 1.3 and 1.5 mL L-1; and iii) water-retaining polymer Nutrigel® at 0.0; 0.10; 0.25; 0.50; 0.75 and 1.0 g L-1. Four replicates of 100, 100, 30 and 25 seeds were evaluated for the aforementioned species, in a completely randomized design. The germination tests were conducted in germination chambers at 30°C and 12 hours of photoperiod for 14 days. It was evaluated: germination percentage, first germination count, germination speed index, average germination time and seedling vigor were evaluated. Phos-Chek WD881 reduced the germination speed of the ipês and the first germination count and number of normal seedlings of these species and paricá. Hold Fire influenced the germination percentage of ipê-rosa (maximum 97.0% in 1.1 mL L-1) and the germination speed of ipê-branco, but did not cause variations in seedlings vigor. The water-retaining polymer did not influence germination, but caused a 14.3% reduction of normal seedlings to paricá. In general, Phos-Chek WD881 can be phytotoxic to ipê-branco, ipê-rosa and paricá, when applied in concentrations ≥ 0.6 mL L-1; Hold Fire can promote the germination of ipê-branco and ipê-rosa, without effects for the other species; and the water-retainng polymer had no effect on the seed germination of the evaluated forest species.

Abstract This study tested the null hypothesis that antihistamine-containing syrup does not change salivary metabolites in vitro and in vivo. For the in vitro experiments, saliva from 10 volunteers was mixed with a syrup or pill suspension of loratadine (1 mg/ml Claritin®, Schering-Plough, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil). For the in vivo experiment, 10 volunteers performed a mouth rinse with 10 mL of antihistamine syrup (Claritin®; Schering-Plough, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil) for 20 seconds and then discarded the rinse water. After 20 seconds, 5 mL of unstimulated whole saliva was spit into a plastic tube kept on ice. The protein profile of in vitro and in vivo experiments was analyzed using 12% sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The samples were also analyzed by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, followed by Principal Component Analysis and Wilcoxon test (p < 0.05). There were differences in salivary metabolites after syrup interaction. The salivary concentrations of acetate, n-caproate, arginine, glutamate, and lysine among other metabolites were reduced with the syrup in both in vivo and in vitro experiments (p < 0.05), but no differences were observed when the pill suspension was used (p > 0.05). Similar changes in metabolite profiles were observed in both in vitro and in vivo experiments. Electrophoresis revealed no difference in the salivary protein pattern. The null hypothesis was rejected because the intake of syrup medicine changes the salivary composition and influences oral homeostasis and susceptibility to oral diseases.