Abstract The genus Neorickettsia comprises trematode-associated bacteria that can cause diseases in animals and humans. Despite detection of Neorickettsia antigens in the intestine of coatis kept in captivity in southern Brazil through immunohistochemistry, the molecular identity of the bacteria in South American procyonids remains elusive. The aim of the present study was to investigate the occurrence of Neorickettsia sp. in blood samples from coatis in central-western Brazil. Between March 2018 and January 2019, animals were captured and recaptured in two areas of the Cerrado (Parque Estadual do Prosa, PEP; and Vila da Base Aérea, VBA) located in the city of Campo Grande, state of Mato Grosso do Sul, central-western Brazil. All captures were performed according to convenience. DNA from 97 blood samples was subjected to nested PCR (nPCR) targeting a fragment of the 16S rRNA gene of Neorickettsia sp. Six samples (3.6%; five from VBA and one from PEP) from different coatis were positive in nPCR based on the 16S rRNA. The sequences obtained (~500 bp) showed ˃ 99% similarity to N. risticii. Phylogenetic analysis clustered the sequences detected in the present study in a clade with N. risticii. This is the first molecular detection of Neorickettsia sp. in coatis in Brazil.

Resumo O gênero Neorickettsia compreende bactérias associadas a trematódeos que podem causar doenças em animais e humanos. Apesar da detecção de antígenos de Neorickettsia por imuno-histoquímica no intestino de quatis mantidos em cativeiro no sul do Brasil, a identidade molecular da bactéria em procionídeos da América do Sul permanece indefinida. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo investigar a ocorrência de Neorickettsia sp. em amostras de sangue de quatis do Centro-Oeste do Brasil. Entre março de 2018 e janeiro de 2019, os animais foram capturados em duas áreas de Cerrado (Parque Estadual do Prosa PEP e Vila da Base Aérea VBA) localizadas na cidade de Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Centro-Oeste do Brasil. Todas as capturas e recapturas foram realizadas por conveniência. O DNA de 97 amostras de sangue foi submetido a "nested" (nPCR), baseada em um fragmento do gene 16S rRNA de Neorickettsia sp. Seis (3,6% - 5 de VBA e 1 de PEP) amostras de quatis diferentes foram positivas na nPCR, baseada no rRNA 16S. As sequências obtidas (~500 pb) apresentaram ˃99% de identidade com N. risticii. A inferência filogenética agrupou as sequencias detectadas no presente estudo em um clado com N. risticii. Esta é a primeira detecção molecular de Neorickettsia sp. em quatis do Brasil.

ABSTRACT. The objective of this study was to evaluate the transmissibility of F. verticillioides, in corn seeds, when inoculated in different phenological stages. The plants were inoculated with the pathogen at the following stages: V7, V9, R1, R2, R4, and R6. The experiments were conducted in pots, in a completely randomized design, with six replications. The fungus infection rate in the seeds was verified through the health test (Blotter Test). The significance of the contrast between the phenological stages and in the two experiments (rainy season and dry season), and productivity showed plant-seed transmission of F. verticillioides in all phenological stages. The PCR technique was able to reveal up to the lowest level, 1% incidence of F. verticillioides in corn seeds. There was a significant difference between the times of plant inoculation and the incidence of the fungus in the seeds. Plants inoculated in the reproductive phase transmitted F. verticillioides for seeds with the highest rate of infection, in the two experiments, in the rainy season (V7 - 48; V9 - 46; R1 - 77.33; R2 - 84; R4 - 96; R6 - 96.67; and Test - 14.67%), and dry season (V7 - 46.67; V9 - 66; R1 - 75.33; R2 - 95.33; R4 - 98; and R6 - 97.33%). In this way, the present work demonstrated that in the reproductive phenological stages R2, R4, and R6, the corn plant was more susceptible to infection with F. verticillioides, and that it also resulted in a decrease in grain productivity.

Resumo - O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os efeitos de sistemas de produção em plantio direto e com uso de calagem superficial, após 10 a 11 anos, sobre populações de nematoides e produtividade de grãos de soja (Glycine max). Foram estabelecidos 12 tratamentos em delineamento de blocos ao acaso, com quatro repetições. Os fatores avaliados foram dispostos em arranjo de parcelas subdivididas. As parcelas foram constituídas por três sistemas de produção (monocultivo, soja seguida de pousio na entressafra; sucessão de culturas, soja seguida de milheto na entressafra; e rotação de culturas, soja seguida de crotalaria, Urochloa ruziziensis e milho, cada uma em uma entressafra), por quatro doses de calcário dolomítico em superfície (0,0, 2,0, 4,0 e 8,0 Mg ha 1). A rotação e a sucessão de culturas favorece maior produtividade de soja, com redução da população de Heterodera glycines no solo e nas raízes e aumento das populações de Helicotylenchus spp. O incremento nas doses de calcário em superfície reduz a produtividade de soja, com aumento da população de H. glycines no solo e nas raízes e diminuição das populações de Pratylenchus brachyurus e Helicotylenchus spp.

Abstract - The objective of this work was to evaluate the effects of crop production systems under no-tillage and with surface liming, after 10 to 11 years, on nematode populations and soybean (Glycine max) grain yield. Twelve treatments were established in a randomized complete block design, with four replicates. The plots consisted of three production systems (monoculture, soybean followed by fallow in the off-season; crop succession, soybean followed by millet in the off-season; and crop rotation, soybean followed by rattlebox, Urochloa ruziziensis, and corn, each one in an off-season), and the subplots, of four rates of surface dolomitic limestone (0.0, 2.0, 4.0, and 8.0 Mg ha-1). Crop rotation and sucession favors a higher soybean grain yield, reducing the population of Heterodera glycines in the soil and roots and increasing the populations of Helicotylenchus spp. The increment in surface limestone rates reduces soybean grain yield, with an increase in the population of H. glycines in the soil and roots and a decrease in the populations of Pratylenchus brachyurus and Helicotylenchus spp.

ABSTRACT It is essential to determine the productive potential and quality of forage sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) silages using alternative and organic inputs, such as poultry litter (PL), intending to higher efficiency, and sustainable development of animal production systems in the world. Poultry litter fertilization has been widely used in crops for silage production, where it is believed that fertilization with PL can influence the fermentation profile and composition of forage sorghum silages. The objective of this study was to evaluate different levels of fertilization with PL on the agronomic and quality characteristics of forage sorghum silage ‘BRS Ponta Negra’. For determination of agronomic and productive characteristics, randomized blocks design was adopted, the treatments were different PL levels: 5, 10, and 15 Mg ha-1. While for the evaluation of silage characteristics, the design was completely randomized. With fertilizer doses, a linear increase was observed for plant height, stem diameter, leaf length, and consequently for fresh and DM productions. Linear reduction was observed for neutral detergent fiber, while crude protein and pH contents of silages increased linearly with PL levels. Quadratic effect occurred for gas and effluent losses. Poultry litter may be an alternative source to supply the N needs in the production of sorghum for silage under experimental similar conditions. Associating productivity with cultivation efficiency, the PL level 13.46 Mg ha-1 is recommended for presenting the highest N agronomic efficiency and good nutritional quality of the silage.

Resumen Introducción: en pacientes con obstrucción biliar distal maligna en quienes la derivación biliar mediante colangiopancreatografía retrógrada endoscópica (CPRE) no sea factible o sea fallida, el drenaje biliar guiado por ultrasonido endoscópico mediante coledocoduodenostomía es una opción terapéutica viable, de la que se describen altas tasas de éxito técnico y clínico con una baja morbimortalidad. Adicionalmente, este método podría ser superior en la mejora de la calidad de vida en comparación con el manejo percutáneo o quirúrgico. Objetivo: describir la experiencia inicial con el drenaje biliar guiado por ultrasonido endoscópico en pacientes con obstrucción biliar maligna en un centro de referencia. Métodos: es una serie de casos retrospectiva de 6 pacientes con obstrucción biliar maligna a quienes se les realizó inicialmente una CPRE que fue fallida, por lo cual se procedió a realizar coledocoduodenostomía guiada por ultrasonografía endoscópica. Se describieron las tasas de éxito técnico, éxito clínico, eventos adversos, tasas de disfunción y tiempo de supervivencia de los pacientes. Resultados: se analizaron 6 casos, predominó el sexo femenino, con un promedio de edad de 71,8 ± 19,8 años; las indicaciones fueron adenocarcinoma de páncreas, tumor periampular y colangiocarcinoma distal. Se observó un éxito técnico en el 100 % de los casos y éxito clínico en 83,3 % de los casos. No se registraron eventos adversos graves. En el seguimiento de los casos se observó una supervivencia del 66,7 % a los 30 días. Conclusión: la coledocoduodenostomía es una alternativa terapéutica viable, segura y efectiva en pacientes con obstrucción biliar maligna en quienes la CPRE fue fallida, con una alta tasa de éxito técnico y clínico.

Abstract Introduction: Patients with malignant biliary distal obstruction who cannot be treated with endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) or who had a failed ERCP, can find alternative treatment in endoscopic ultrasound-guided biliary drainage via choledochoduodenostomy. EUS-CDS performs with high rates of technical and clinical success and with low rates of morbimortality. Moreover, this method could have the potential to improve the patient’s quality of life, compared with percutaneous or surgical means. Objective: This study aims to describe the initial experience with endoscopic ultrasound-guided biliary drainage in patients with malignant biliary distal obstruction in a reference center. Methods: Retrospective case review of six patients with malignant biliary obstruction and prior ERCP-placed and failed. Endoscopic ultrasound-guided biliary drainage via choledochoduodenostomy was performed as an alternative method. Technical and clinical success rates, adverse event rates, dysfunction rates, and patient survival time were described. Results: 6 cases were analyzed with a higher proportion of female patients, with a mean age of 71,8 ± 19,8 years. The symptoms were related to pancreas adenocarcinoma, periampullary tumor, and distal cholangiocarcinoma. The procedure was technically successful in 100% of cases and clinically successful in 83% of cases. Serious adverse events were nor reported. After 30 days, a survival rate of 66,7 % was observed. Conclusion: Choledochoduodenostomy is a viable, safe, and effective method in patients with malignant biliary obstruction who had a failed ERCP, and it has high rates of technical and clinical success.

Resumo O objetivo do estudo foi verificar a prevalência e os fatores associados ao transporte ativo para o trabalho entre professores da educação básica pública do estado de Minas Gerais. Foi realizado inquérito epidemiológico do tipo websurvey com professores da rede pública estadual de educação básica de Minas Gerais e a coleta ocorreu de agosto a setembro de 2020 via formulário digital. A variável dependente foi o transporte ativo para o trabalho e foi utilizada a Regressão de Poisson bruta e ajustada. Participaram do estudo 15.641 professores. Desses, 26,1% faziam transporte ativo para o trabalho. Houve maior prevalência entre as mulheres (RP=1,08; IC95% 1,01; 1,17), aqueles com idade de 41 a 59 anos (RP=1,20; IC95% 1,12;1,28), da área urbana (RP=1,51; IC95% 1,37;1,66), com menor renda familiar (RP=1,75; IC95% 1,48;1,93), os com tempo de trabalho superior a 20 anos (RP=1,27; IC95% 1,19;1,35), que trabalham na docência em até 39 horas semanais (RP=1,15; IC95% 1,06;1,25), com peso eutrófico (RP=1,09; IC95% 1,02;1,17) e aqueles que praticavam atividade física 5 vezes ou mais por semana (RP=1,25; IC95% 1,15;1,36). Os resultados evidenciaram que há prevalência significativa de professores que não realizam o transporte ativo para o trabalho. A maior prevalência de transporte ativo para o trabalho teve associação significativa com diversas variáveis, dentre os quais se destacam área censitária e renda familiar. Incentivos são necessários para promover o transporte ativo entre professores.

Abstract - The aim of the study was to verify the prevalence and factors associated with active transport to work among public basic education teachers in the state of Minas Gerais. An epidemiological survey of the websurvey type was carried out with teachers from the state public system of basic education in Minas Gerais. The collection took place from August to September 2020 via digital form. The dependent variable was active transport to work and the crude; and adjusted Poisson Regression was used. 15,641 teachers participated in the study, of which, 26.1% were actively commuting to work. There was a higher prevalence among women (PR=1.08; 95%CI 1.01; 1.17), aged 41 to 59 years (PR=1.20; 95%CI 1.12;1.28), from the urban area (PR=1.51; 95%CI 1.37;1.66), with lower family income (PR=1.75; 95%CI 1.48;1.93), those with working time higher than 20 years (PR=1.27; 95%CI 1.19;1.35), who work as teachers for up to 39 hours per week (PR=1.15; 95%CI 1.06;1.25), with eutrophic weight (PR=1.09; 95%CI 1.02;1.17) and those who practiced physical activity 5 times or more a week (PR=1.25; 95%CI 1.15;1.36). The results showed that there is a significant prevalence of teachers who do not carry out active transport to work. The highest prevalence of active transport to work was significantly associated with several variables, among which the census area and family income. Incentives are needed to promote active transportation among teachers.

RESUMO OBJETIVO Descrever práticas de distanciamento social em nove municípios do Rio Grande do Sul por sexo, idade, escolaridade e cidade. MÉTODOS Foram realizados dois estudos transversais sequenciais representativos da população urbana nos municípios de Canoas, Caxias do Sul, Ijuí, Passo Fundo, Pelotas, Porto Alegre, Santa Cruz do Sul, Santa Maria e Uruguaiana com o intuito de estimar a prevalência populacional de Covid-19. Foi aplicado questionário contendo três perguntas sobre distanciamento social, cujas práticas foram submetidas a análises descritivas por subgrupos. Os dados foram comparados por testes qui-quadrado. RESULTADOS Em termos de grau de distanciamento social, 25,8% dos entrevistados relataram estar praticamente isolados e 41,1% indicam praticar bastante distanciamento. Relataram ficar em casa o tempo todo 20,1% dos entrevistados, e 44,5% informam que saem apenas para atividades essenciais. Mais da metade dos domicílios não recebe visitas de não moradores. O grupo que relatou menos distanciamento social foi o de adultos entre 20 e 59 anos, enquanto mais de 80% dos entrevistados com 60 anos ou mais relataram estar praticamente isolados ou fazendo bastante distanciamento. As mulheres relataram fazer mais distanciamento que os homens, e os grupos de maior escolaridade foram os que relataram sair diariamente para atividades regulares com mais frequência. CONCLUSÕES Os grupos mais jovens e mais idosos estão mais protegidos pelo distanciamento social, mas há grupos bastante expostos, o que pode ser um limitador importante no controle da progressão da epidemia de Covid-19.

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To describe social distancing practices in nine municipalities of the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, stratified by gender, age, and educational attainment. METHODS Two sequential cross-sectional studies were conducted in the municipalities of Canoas, Caxias do Sul, Ijuí, Passo Fundo, Pelotas, Porto Alegre, Santa Cruz do Sul, Santa Maria, and Uruguaiana to estimate the population prevalence of COVID-19. The study was designed to be representative of the urban population of these municipalities. A questionnaire including three questions about social distancing was also administered to the participants. Here, we present descriptive analyses of social distancing practices by subgroups and use chi-square tests for comparisons. RESULTS In terms of degree of social distancing, 25.8% of the interviewees reported being essentially isolated and 41.1% reported being quite isolated. 20.1% of respondents reported staying at home all the time, while 44.5% left only for essential activities. More than half of households reported receiving no visits from non-residents. Adults aged 20 to 59 reported the least social distancing, while more than 80% of participants aged 60 years or older reported being essentially isolated or quite isolated. Women reported more stringent distancing than men. Groups with higher educational attainment reported going out for daily activities more frequently. CONCLUSIONS The extremes of age are more protected by social distancing, but some groups remain highly exposed. This can be an important limiting factor in controlling progression of the COVID-19 pandemic.

RESUMO OBJETIVO Descrever práticas de distanciamento social em nove municípios do Rio Grande do Sul por sexo, idade, escolaridade e cidade. MÉTODOS Foram realizados dois estudos transversais sequenciais representativos da população urbana nos municípios de Canoas, Caxias do Sul, Ijuí, Passo Fundo, Pelotas, Porto Alegre, Santa Cruz do Sul, Santa Maria e Uruguaiana com o intuito de estimar a prevalência populacional de Covid-19. Foi aplicado questionário contendo três perguntas sobre distanciamento social, cujas práticas foram submetidas a análises descritivas por subgrupos. Os dados foram comparados por testes qui-quadrado. RESULTADOS Em termos de grau de distanciamento social, 25,8% dos entrevistados relataram estar praticamente isolados e 41,1% indicam praticar bastante distanciamento. Relataram ficar em casa o tempo todo 20,1% dos entrevistados, e 44,5% informam que saem apenas para atividades essenciais. Mais da metade dos domicílios não recebe visitas de não moradores. O grupo que relatou menos distanciamento social foi o de adultos entre 20 e 59 anos, enquanto mais de 80% dos entrevistados com 60 anos ou mais relataram estar praticamente isolados ou fazendo bastante distanciamento. As mulheres relataram fazer mais distanciamento que os homens, e os grupos de maior escolaridade foram os que relataram sair diariamente para atividades regulares com mais frequência. CONCLUSÕES Os grupos mais jovens e mais idosos estão mais protegidos pelo distanciamento social, mas há grupos bastante expostos, o que pode ser um limitador importante no controle da progressão da epidemia de Covid-19.

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To describe social distancing practices in nine municipalities of the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, stratified by gender, age, and educational attainment. METHODS Two sequential cross-sectional studies were conducted in the municipalities of Canoas, Caxias do Sul, Ijuí, Passo Fundo, Pelotas, Porto Alegre, Santa Cruz do Sul, Santa Maria, and Uruguaiana to estimate the population prevalence of COVID-19. The study was designed to be representative of the urban population of these municipalities. A questionnaire including three questions about social distancing was also administered to the participants. Here, we present descriptive analyses of social distancing practices by subgroups and use chi-square tests for comparisons. RESULTS In terms of degree of social distancing, 25.8% of the interviewees reported being essentially isolated and 41.1% reported being quite isolated. 20.1% of respondents reported staying at home all the time, while 44.5% left only for essential activities. More than half of households reported receiving no visits from non-residents. Adults aged 20 to 59 reported the least social distancing, while more than 80% of participants aged 60 years or older reported being essentially isolated or quite isolated. Women reported more stringent distancing than men. Groups with higher educational attainment reported going out for daily activities more frequently. CONCLUSIONS The extremes of age are more protected by social distancing, but some groups remain highly exposed. This can be an important limiting factor in controlling progression of the COVID-19 pandemic.

Resumo Este estudo teve como objetivo determinar a co-soropositividade para agentes transmitidos por carrapatos, como Anaplasma marginale, Babesia bovis, Babesia bigemina, Coxiella burnetii, Anaplasma phagocytophilum, e Trypanosoma vivax em bovinos de corte do Pantanal Brasileiro. Amostras de soro foram colhidas de 400 animais (200 vacas; 200 bezerros) e submetidas a Ensaios Imunoenzimáticos Indiretos (iELISA) para detecção de anticorpos IgG anti- A. marginale, anti- B. bovis, anti- B. bigemina e anti- T. vivax, e à Reação de Imunofluorescência Indireta (RIFI) para detecção de anticorpos IgG anti -C. burnetii e anti- A. phagocytophilum. Ausência de correlação foi vista entre os animais soropositivos para C. burnetii e A. phagocytophilum com os outros agentes e correlação moderada ocorreu entre A. marginale x B. bigemina x B. bovis. Vacas foram mais soropositivas que bezerros para T. vivax e bezerros mais soropositivos que vacas para B. bovis e B. bigemina. Maior número de animais soropositivos para um único agente foi visto para T. vivax (15,2%). Vacas demonstraram maior co-soropositividade para T. vivax + A. marginale (25,5%) e bezerros para T. vivax + B. bovis + B. bigemina + A. marginale (57,5%). A alta correlação entre a soropositividade para A. marginale x B. bovis x B. bigemina é provavelmente devida à presença do vetor biológico, o carrapato Rhipicephalus microplus, nas fazendas estudadas. As vias de transmissão comuns, mediadas por dípteros hematófagos e fômites, podem explicar a alta co-soropositividade das vacas para A. marginale e T. vivax. A baixa soropositividade para C. burnetii é provavelmente devida ao tipo de sistema de criação empregado (extenso). A soropositividade para A. phagocytophilum em apenas um animal sugere a ocorrência de reação sorológica cruzada com outro agente do gênero Anaplasma.

Abstract This study investigated the seropositivity for five different tick-borne agents, namely Anaplasma marginale, Babesia bovis, Babesia bigemina, Coxiella burnetii, Anaplasma phagocytophilum, and Trypanosoma vivax in beef cattle in the Brazilian Pantanal. The serum samples collected from animals (200 cows; 200 calves) were used in indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (iELISA) to detect IgG antibodies against A. marginale, B. bovis, B. bigemina, and T. vivax, and Indirect Fluorescent Antibody Test (IFAT) for detecting IgG antibodies against C. burnetii and A. phagocytophilum. No correlation was observed between seropositivity for C. burnetii and A. phagocytophilum with other agents whereas moderate correlation was observed for A. marginalexB. bigemina x B. bovis. Cows were more seropositive for T. vivax whereas calves were more seropositive for B. bovis and B. bigemina. The highest number of seropositive animals by a single agent was observed for T. vivax (15.2%). Co-seropositivity for T. vivax + A. marginale was higher in cows (25.5%) and for T. vivax + B. bovis + B. bigemina + A. marginale was higher in calves (57.5%). The high seropositivity correlation for A. marginale x B. bovis x B. bigemina is probably due to the presence of the tick biological vector, Rhipicephalus microplus, in the studied farms. Common transmission pathways, mediated by hematophagous dipterans and fomites, may explain the high co-seropositivity of cows for A. marginale and T. vivax. Low seropositivity to C. burnetii is probably due to the type of breeding system employed (extensive). Seropositivity for A. phagocytophilum in only one animal suggests the occurrence of a cross-serological reaction with another agent of the genus Anaplasma.

Resumo: A leitura compartilhada de livros é uma das atividades que mais contribui para o desenvolvimento da linguagem das crianças pequenas (JUSTICE; SOFKA, 2010; SÉNÉCHAL, 2015; EVANS; SAINT-AUBIN, 2005; SÉNÉCHAL; LEFEVRE, 2002) e tem efeitos na aquisição do registro da linguagem escrita (BUS et al., 1995). Entretanto, os efeitos dessa contribuição dependem do modo como o adulto interage e incentiva a participação da criança na discussão e reflexão para além do texto. Crianças pequenas que participam ativamente da leitura compartilhada de livros conduzida por um adulto, o qual interage com elas por meio de perguntas, rotulagem de palavras e seus referentes, apresentam ganhos maiores em vocabulário do que as crianças que ouvem passivamente a leitura do livro (SÉNÉCHAL et al., 1995). Além disso, o uso de questões desempenha um papel fundamental no direcionamento da atenção e na manutenção da participação da criança na atividade da leitura compartilhada. O objetivo do presente estudo é (1) determinar a frequência com que os professores da educação infantil fazem perguntas durante a leitura compartilhada de livros com seus alunos; e (2) identificar os tipos de perguntas, em relação a perguntas básicas vs complexas. Participaram do estudo nove professores e seus respectivos alunos, entre 2 e 5 anos, de uma cidade do interior do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Duas sessões de leitura compartilhada de cada professor (n = 18) foram gravadas em vídeo, transcritas e codificadas por meio de uma versão adaptada do Systematic Assessment of Book Reading-Transcript Coding Version 2.1 (ZUCKER et al., 2017). Os resultados mostram que durante as dezoito sessões de leitura compartilhada, os professores elaboraram um total de 329 perguntas, classificadas em duas categorias: questões básicas e questões complexas. Do total de questões, as básicas tiveram uma frequência maior (n = 285) e as questões complexas foram formuladas com menos frequência (n = 44). Os resultados da presente pesquisa estão alinhados com estudos (PENTIMONTI et al., 2018; BECK; MCKEOWN, 2001; GIROLAMETTO et al., 2000) que demonstram que os professores, em geral, formulam perguntas básicas com mais frequência quando comparadas às perguntas complexas. Diante disso, ressaltamos a importância de chamar a atenção dos professores sobre o valor da leitura compartilhada, mediada por uma interação que privilegie a formulação de questões, ampliando a proporção de questões complexas, tendo em vista a influência que esse tipo de atividade exerce no desenvolvimento linguístico-cognitivo das crianças.

Abstract: The shared reading of books is one of the activities that most contributes to the development of young children's language (JUSTICE; SOFKA, 2010; SÉNÉCHAL, 2015; EVANS; SAINT-AUBIN, 2005; SÉNÉCHAL; LEFEVRE, 2002) and has effects in the acquisition of the written language registers (BUS et al., 1995). However, the effects of this contribution depend on how the adult interacts with and encourages the child's participation in the discussion and reflection beyond the text. Young children who actively participate in adult-led shared reading of books, which interact with them through questions, word-labeling, and referents, have greater gains in vocabulary than children who passively hear the book reading (SÉNÉCHAL et al., 1995). In addition, the use of questions plays a key role in directing attention and maintaining the child's participation in the activity of shared reading. The purpose of this study is to (1) determine how often preschool teachers ask questions during shared reading of books with their students, and (2) identify the types of questions that teachers asked related to basic vs. complex questions. A total of nine teachers and their students aged 3 to 5 years, from a city in the interior of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, participated in the study. Two shared reading sessions of each teacher (n = 18) were recorded on video, transcribed and coded using an adapted version of the Systematic Assessment of Book Reading-Transcript Coding Version 2.1 (ZUCKER et al., 2017). The results show that during the eighteen shared reading sessions, teachers compiled a total of 329 questions, classified into two categories: basic questions and complex questions. From the total, the basic ones had a higher frequency (n = 285) and complex questions were formulated less frequently (n = 44). The results of this research are in line with other studies (PENTIMONTI et al., 2018; BECK; MCKEOWN, 2001; GIROLAMETTO et al., 2000) that show that teachers usually ask basic questions more frequently when compared to complex questions. Therefore, we emphasize the importance of calling teachers attention to the value of shared reading, mediated by an interaction that favors the formulation of questions, seeking to expand the proportion of complex questions, given the influence that this type of activity has on the cognitive and linguistic development of children.

Resumo O gene msp4 de A. marginale é unicodon, estável e pouco heterogêneo, sendo considerado como um marcador útil para caracterização filogeográfica desta bactéria. Este trabalho teve como objetivo analisar a filogeografia de A. marginale com base no gene msp4 em bovinos de corte do Pantanal Brasileiro, comparativamente a outra regiões do mundo. Alíquotas de sangue foram colhidas de 400 bovinos (200 vacas e 200 bezerros) em cinco propriedades de cria e recria extensiva. Como resultado, 56,75% (227/400) mostraram-se positivas para A. marginale pela qPCR para o gene msp1β e destas, 8,37% (19/227) amostras foram positivas na PCR convencional para o gene msp4. Na análise de distância Network, 14 sequências do Pantanal brasileiro foram agrupadas em um único grupo com as da Thailândia, Índia, Espanha, Colômbia, Paraná (Brasil), México, Portugal, Argentina, China, Venezuela, Austrália, Italia e Minas Gerais (Brasil). Dentre 68 sequências do Brasil e do mundo, constatou-se a presença de 15 genótipos, sendo o genótipo número um (#1) o mais distribuído. As sequências msp4 de A. marginale detectadas em bovinos de corte no Pantanal brasileiro apresentaram baixo polimorfismo com formação de dois genogrupos filogeneticamente relacionados àqueles encontrados em ruminantes de países das América do Sul e Central, Europa e Ásia.

Abstract The msp4 gene of A. marginale is unicodon, stable and mostly homogeneous, being considered as a useful marker for phylogeographic characterization of this bacterium. The objective of this work was to analyze the phylogeography of A. marginale based on the msp4 gene in beef cattle from the Brazilian Pantanal, compared to those found in other regions worldwide. The blood samples investigated were collected from 400 animals (200 cows and 200 calves) reared in five extensive breeding farms in this region. The results indicated that of the evaluated samples, 56.75% (227/400) were positive for A. marginale based on the msp1β gene by quantitatitve PCR (qPCR), while 8.37% (19/227) were positive for the msp4 gene in the conventional PCR. In the Network distance analysis, 14 sequences from the Brazilian Pantanal were grouped into a single group with those from Thailand, India, Spain, Colombia, Parana (Brazil), Mexico, Portugal, Argentina, China, Venezuela, Australia, Italy and Minas Gerais (Brazil). Among 68 sequences from Brazil and the world, 15 genotypes were present while genotype number one (#1) was the most distributed worldwide. Both Splitstree and network analyses showed that the A. marginale msp4 sequences detected in beef cattle from the Brazilian Pantanal showed low polymorphism, with the formation of one genogroup phylogenetically related to those found in ruminants from South and Central America, Europe, and Asia.

Abstract Introduction: Advances in modern medicine have led to people living longer and healthier lives. Frailty is an emerging concept in medicine yet to be explored as a risk factor in cardiac surgery. When it comes to CABG surgery, randomized controlled clinical trials have primarily focused on low-risk (ROOBY, CORONARY), elevated-risk (GOPCABE) or high-risk patients (BBS), but not on frail patients. Therefore, we believe that off-pump CABG could be an important technique in patients with limited functional capacity to respond to surgical stress. In this study, the authors introduce the new national, multicenter, randomized, controlled trial "FRAGILE", to be developed in the main cardiac surgery centers of Brazil, to clarify the potential benefit of off-pump CABG in frail patients. Methods: FRAGILE is a two-arm, parallel-group, multicentre, individually randomized (1:1) controlled trial which will enroll 630 patients with blinded outcome assessment (at 30 days, 6 months, 1 year, 2 years and 3 years), which aims to compare adverse cardiac and cerebrovascular events after off-pump versus on-pump CABG in pre-frail and frail patients. Primary outcomes will be all-cause mortality, acute myocardial infarction, cardiac arrest with successful resuscitation, low cardiac output syndrome/cardiogenic shock, stroke, and coronary reintervention. Secondary outcomes will be major adverse cardiac and cerebrovascular events, operative time, mechanical ventilation time, hyperdynamic shock, new onset of atrial fibrillation, renal replacement therapy, reoperation for bleeding, pneumonia, length of stay in intensive care unit, length of stay in hospital, number of units of blood transfused, graft patency, rate of complete revascularization, neurobehavioral outcomes after cardiac surgery, quality of life after cardiac surgery and costs. Discussion: FRAGILE trial will determine whether off-pump CABG is superior to conventional on-pump CABG in the surgical treatment of pre-frail and frail patients. Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov, ID: NCT02338947. Registered on August 29th 2014; last updated on March 21st 2016.

Abstract Objective: To evaluate a possible evolutionary post-heart transplant return of autonomic function using quantitative and qualitative information from recurrence plots. Methods: Using electrocardiography, 102 RR tachograms of 45 patients (64.4% male) who underwent heart transplantation and that were available in the database were analyzed at different follow-up periods. The RR tachograms were collected from patients in the supine position for about 20 minutes. A time series with 1000 RR intervals was analyzed, a recurrence plot was created, and the following quantitative variables were evaluated: percentage of determinism, percentage of recurrence, average diagonal length, Shannon entropy, and sample entropy, as well as the visual qualitative aspect. Results: Quantitative and qualitative signs of heart rate variability recovery were observed after transplantation. Conclusion: There is evidence that autonomic innervation of the heart begins to happen gradually after transplantation. Quantitative and qualitative analyses of recurrence can be useful tools for monitoring cardiac transplant patients and detecting the gradual return of heart rate variability.

RESUMO Neste artigo, colocamos em diálogo perspectivas oriundas da Linguística, Psicologia e Educação tendo por objetivos: 1. Compreender as especificidades do processo de aprendizagem da leitura e o processamento da leitura no leitor proficiente; 2. Contribuir para que as políticas públicas voltadas à educação para a leitura, em particular o PNAIC - Pacto Nacional pela Alfabetização na Idade Certa, possam alcançar seus objetivos, ao amparar-se em conhecimentos advindos da ciência da leitura. Investigamos duas linhas de raciocínio a fim de buscar entender porque os avanços da pesquisa em neurociência não se traduzem em uma pedagogia da leitura mais eficiente, com especial atenção ao contexto brasileiro. A primeira linha de raciocínio diz respeito aos processos conscientes e inconscientes da leitura e como a pedagogia da leitura pode ser traída pela ponta visível do iceberg; a segunda linha de raciocínio diz respeito às características compartilhadas pelas modalidades oral e escrita da linguagem e às especificidades da modalidade escrita. Se compreendermos essas especificidades, poderemos qualificar a atuação de professores e de outros profissionais, contribuindo para o imprescindível diálogo entre políticas públicas, ciência e educação.

ABSTRACT In this article, perspectives originated from the Linguistic, Psychology and Educational fields are placed together in order to: 1. Understand the specificities of how reading skills are acquired and how skilled readers' brain processes written material; 2. Contribute to the goal achievement of public policies focused on improving literacy (in particular, the Brazilian national agreement for learning to read at the right age - PNAIC) by taking advantage of the progress made in the science of reading. Two lines of reasoning will be followed aiming at trying to find out why the progress in neuroscience research has not turn yet into a better reading instruction, with special attention to the Brazilian context. The first reasoning line concerns to the conscious and unconscious processes of reading and how the pedagogy of reading can be betrayed by the visible tip of the iceberg; the second reasoning line relates to the shared characteristics of the oral and written language and to the specificities of the latter. If these specificities are better understood, the intervention of teachers and other professionals can be improved, thereby contributing to the indispensable dialogue between public policies, science and education.

Resumo Se, por um lado, a leitura é uma forma particular de usar a linguagem verbal, por outro, a fim de compreender os aspectos cognitivos envolvidos na leitura, é necessário evitar estender inadvertidamente o campo de aplicação deste objeto de estudo (MORAIS, 1996). Ao investigar a leitura, cumpre examinar que aspectos cognitivos e sociais lhe são específicos e que aspectos são compartilhados com a modalidade oral ou, ainda, com as demais linguagens, considerando processos de significação verbal e não verbal. O presente artigo distingue elementos que são intrínsecos ao aprendizado e processamento da leitura, e aspectos que são compartilhados com as demais linguagens, em especial, com a linguagem oral, buscando identificar processos conscientes e inconscientes envolvidos (DEHAENE, 2012; 2014). Uma definição de leitura e a explicitação de seu modo de processamento são necessárias para subsidiar o planejamento de políticas públicas e ações pedagógicas que estejam alicerçadas nos avanços dos estudos neurocientíficos sobre linguagem, leitura e cognição.

Abstract If in one hand reading is a particular use of language, on the other, in order to understand the cognitive aspects of reading, it is necessary to avoid extending inadvertently the field of application of this object of study (MORAIS, 1996). While investigating reading, it is necessary to investigate which cognitive and social aspects are specific to it, and which are shared with oral verbal language, or yet with other languages, taking into account processes of verbal and non-verbal meaning production. In this article, the elements strictly related to the acquisition and process of reading are disentangle from the ones that are shared with other language, especially with the oral language, seeking at identifying the conscious and unconscious processes involved (DEHAENE, 2012; 2014). An accurate definition of reading is necessary to support public policies and pedagogical intervention based on the state of art of the studies on language, reading and cognition.

Resumen Por una parte, si la lectura es una forma particular de usar el lenguaje verbal, por otra, para comprender los aspectos cognitivos involucrados en la lectura, é necesario evitar ampliar por inadvertencia el campo de aplicación de este objeto de estudio (MORAIS, 1996). Cuando investigando la lectura, cumple examinar que aspectos cognitivos y sociales con específicos a ella y que aspectos son compartidos con la modalidad oral, o aún con los demás lenguaje, considerando procesos de significación verbal y no verbal. Este artículo distingue elementos que son intrínsecos al aprendizaje y procesamiento de la lectura, y aspectos que son compartidos con los demás lenguajes, en especial con el lenguaje oral, buscando identificar procesos conscientes e inconscientes involucrados (DEHAENE, 2012; 2014). Una definición de lectura y la explicitación de su modo de procesamiento son necesarias para subsidiar el planeamiento de políticas públicas y acciones pedagógicas que estén ancladas en los avances de los estudios neurocientíficos sobre lenguaje, lectura y cognición.