Abstract: The purpose of this study was to describe the synthesis, characterization, and functionalization of b-NaYF4:30%Yb/0.5%Tm upconverting nanocrystals for use as nanofillers in a dental adhesive and microscopically evaluate the interface between the particles and a commercial adhesive. The upconverting nanoparticles were synthesized and purified by thermal decomposition, and their chemical composition determined by energy dispersive X-Ray spectroscopy. The crystalline structure was characterized using X-Ray diffraction and morphology and size were observed with scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Upconverting emission was evaluated by spectrophotometry irradiating the particles with a 975 nm diode laser. Particles were functionalized with polyacrylic acid and the success was confirmed by measurement of Zeta Potential and transmission electron microscopy. The results of X-ray diffraction found a pure hexagonal phase crystalline pattern. Scanning electron microscopy showed uniform dispersion of hexagonal-shaped particles of approximately 150 nm. Upconversion emission was observed in 344 nm, 361 nm, 450 nm, 474nm, 646 nm, 803 nm. Functionalization success was confirmed by formation of a stable aqueous colloid with a Zeta potential of −29.5mV and the absence of voids in the particle-adhesive interface on the transmission electron microscopy images. The reported synthesis and functionalization process produced upconverting nanoparticles emitting photons within the blue spectral region (450 nm and 474 nm).

Com a finalidade de estudar a possibilidade de realizar seleção recorrente, analisaram-se sementes de soja de plantas macho-estéreis e de sua progênies quanto ao teor de óleo no espectroscópio de ressonância nuclear magnética (NMR), no Instituto de Física da Universidade de Campinas de 1984 a 1988. Tais sementes provinham do composto IAC-1, com macho-esterilidade genética e ampla variabilidade quanto à percentagem de óleo (13,5-22,5%). Determinaram-se os coeficientes de repetibilidade, tomando-se o teor de óleo de cada semente da planta macho-estéril como uma medida fenotípica, obtendo-se o valor médio de r = 0,65. Concluiu-se que com a análise de quatro a cinco sementes, é possível representar a planta-mãe, passo importante para viabilizar a seleção recorrente nessa população, visto o pequeno número de sementes produzidas por planta macho-estéril. Utilizando-se a covariância entre a média das sementes da planta macho-estéril e a média de suas progênies, obteve-se h² = 0,73. Essa herdabilidade é alta, e como o caráter teor de óleo tem como principal componente de sua variância genética a variância aditiva, pode-se recomendar a seleção fenotípica. Calculou-se também o coeficiente de herdabilidade no nível da média de progênies, obtendo-se valores desde 0,66, para a média de duas plantas por progênie, até 0,85, para a de sete plantas por progênie. Esses resultados demonstram a possibilidade de seleção recorrente no composto IAC-1, tanto no campo, ao nível de planta macho-estéril, como em casa de vegetação, em seleção baseada na média da progênie.

The seed oil content of male sterile plants and their progenies was analised by a NMR spectroscope to study the possibility of recurrent selection to improve the oil content. The seeds derived from a composite named "IAC-1" with genetic male sterility and large variability with respect to oil content. The repeatability coefficient (r) for oil content of each seed of the male sterile plant, was determined as a phenotipic measurement. A value of r = 0.65 was obtained. This value indicates that four or five seeds may represent the parental female plant which is an important step to assure success of recurrent selection in this composite. The value of h² = 0.73 was obtained for the covariance of average value of male sterile plants and average of progenies. Due to this high value and assuming that the main component of the genetic variability for oil content is of additive nature, this phenotipic selection may be recommended . For the average of progenies the heritability values of 0.66 and 0.85 were obtained for two and seven progenies respectively.These results suggest the possibility of recurrent selection in the composite 'IAC-1' both in the field with male sterile plants or at the greenhouse when selection is based on average values of progenies.

Sementes individuais de amendoim colhidas aos 108, 115 e 120 dias foram utilizadas para um estudo de adequação da análise do teor de óleo pelo método de ressonância magnética nuclear (RMN). Foram feitas análises de correlação e regressão deste com o método extrativo, Soxhlet, mostrando os dados uma correlação positiva (r = 0,98) entre ambos. Embora os valores obtidos pelo Soxhlet tenham sido ligeiramente maiores, é possível estimar, através de uma equação de regressão linear, os teores de óleo em Soxhlet a partir dos teores em RMN. Foram feitas, ainda, estimativas de variabilidade entre plantas e entre sementes dentro de plantas e do número de plantas e de sementes por planta necessário para estimar a média de teores de óleo com erro-padrão da média igual a 0,5, 1 e 2%. As estimativas de variabilidade entre sementes individuais sugerem a necessidade de usar amostras compostas de grupamentos de sementes para que as médias populacionais do teor de óleo estejam contidas em intervalos de até y ± 2%.

Individual peanut seeds were studied concerning the feasibility of oil content evaluations by the Nuclear Magnetic Resonance method (NMR). Correlation and regression analyses with the extractive (Soxhlet) method were performed. A variance study among seeds per plant and seeds among plants was also made in order to access the possibility of selecting for oil content based on individual seed evaluations. The data showed a high and positive correlation (r = 0.98) between both methods. Although the values obtained by the Soxhlet method were slightly higher than those obtained by the NMR, the relationship between both methods was linear, indicating the possibility of correcting the data when necessary. The observed variances in oil content among seeds of the same plant were at least equal to those observed among plants. These values indicated that, for deviations in oil content of up to 2%, a number of seeds always higher than 1 is necessary for sampling.