Survey of the diversity of Hymenochaetaceae (Hymenochaetales, Basidiomycota) in the Brazilian AmazonABSTRACT
The Brazilian Amazon occupies an area of around 50% of the Brazilian territory and covers nine states. This region is home to a high diversity of plants and fungi. However, the knowledge of these groups is still limited, which could affect the assessment of their geographic distribution and diversity of species and, consequently, conservation strategies aimed at them. Hymenochaetaceae is a family of fungi in the phylum Basidiomycota and has 893 known species worldwide. The goal of this study was to provide an updated review of the literature and collection databases on the diversity of Hymenochaetaceae species occurring in the Brazilian Amazon. A total of 45 species were confirmed to occur in the region with valid records, while 34 species were considered doubtful in view of the type locality and/or lack of ecological and phylogenetic data, and were excluded from the occurrence list until they undergo a more in-depth review. The most representative genera were Fuscoporia, Coltricia, Hymenochaete and Fomitiporia. The states of Pará and Rondônia had the highest number of species. The 45 valid species of Hymenochaetaceae registered in this study provide a baseline for conservation strategies and policies, and highlight the importance of covering the extensive sampling gaps in the region and to carry out new taxonomic studies to better understand the diversity of fungi in the Amazon.
KEYWORDS:
conservation; distribution; Neotropics; rainforest; wood decaying fungi
RESUMO
A Amazônia brasileira ocupa uma área de cerca de 50% do território brasileiro e abrange nove estados. Esta região abriga uma alta diversidade de plantas e fungos. No entanto, o conhecimento sobre esses grupos ainda é limitado, o que pode restringir estudos sobre a distribuição geográfica e diversidade de espécies, e, consequentemente, estratégias para conservação. Hymenochaetaceae é uma família de fungos do filo Basidiomycota e possui 893 espécies conhecidas em todo o mundo. O objetivo deste estudo foi fornecer uma revisão atualizada da literatura e dos bancos de dados de coleções sobre a diversidade de espécies de Hymenochaetaceae ocorrentes na Amazônia brasileira. Um total de 45 espécies foi confirmado como ocorrendo na região com registros válidos, enquanto 34 espécies foram consideradas duvidosas em vista da localidade-tipo e/ou ausência de dados ecológicos e filogenéticos, e foram excluídas da lista de ocorrência até que passem por uma revisão mais aprofundada. Os gêneros mais representativos foram Fuscoporia, Coltricia, Hymenochaete e Fomitiporia. Os estados do Pará e Rondônia apresentaram o maior número de espécies. As 45 espécies válidas de Hymenochaetaceae registradas neste estudo fornecem uma base para estratégias e políticas de conservação e destacam a importância de cobrir as grandes lacunas de amostragem na região e de realizar novos estudos taxonômicos para melhor compreender a diversidade de fungos na Amazônia.
PALAVRAS-CHAVE:
conservação; distribuição; Neotrópicos; floresta tropical; fungos decompositores
INTRODUCTION
The family Hymenochaetaceae sensu Donk includes 893 species described worldwide, distributed in 42 genera (Wijayawardene et al. 2022), but the true diversity is likely underestimated (Wu et al. 2022). Phellinus Quél. (202 species), Hymenochaete Lév. (149) and Inonotus P. Karst. (120) are the most representative genera (Wijayawardene et al. 2022). The main characteristics of Hymenochaetaceae sensu Donk are the rusty colored basidiomata, with varying arrangement on the substrate (pileate, resupinate, effused-reflexed and stipitate), simple-septate generative hyphae with permanent darkening when in contact with potassium hydroxide (KOH), dark brown and pointed setae (in most species), often simple, rarely starry, bifurcate, covered or of hyphal and tramal origin (Parmasto and Parmasto 1979; Gill and Steglich 1987; Ryvarden 1991; 2004; Léger 1998; Baltazar et al. 2009; Wang et al. 2023).
Species of this family cause white rot in wood, breaking down lignin, cellulose and hemicellulose, and act as saprophytes, parasites of living trees, and ectomycorrhizal symbionts (Ryvarden, 1991, 2004; Larsson et al. 2006; Cannon and Kirk 2007; Dai et al. 2007; Tedersoo et al. 2007; 2010; Morera et al. 2017; Vasco-Palacios et al. 2018). Some species have been intensively studied for their use in traditional medicine and pharmacology (Jang et al. 2004; Li et al. 2004; Bae et al. 2005a; 2005b; Dong et al. 2009; Dai et al. 2010; Zapora et al. 2016; Yan et al. 2017; He et al. 2021).
The occurrence of Hymenochaetaceae species in the Brazilian Amazon has been reported in taxonomic reviews (Sotão et al. 1991; 1997; 2002a; 2002b; 2003; 2009; Jesus 1996; Campos et al. 2005; Gomes-Silva and Gibertoni 2009a; 2009b; 2012a; Gibertoni et al. 2013; Medeiros et al. 2013; Soares et al. 2014; Xavier et al. 2018; Couceiro et al. 2022). New records and new taxa are frequently published (Campos and Cavalcanti 2000; Gomes-Silva et al. 2009; 2012b; 2013; Martins-Júnior et al. 2011; Soares et al. 2018; Alves-Silva et al. 2020; Yuan et al. 2020; Silva et al. 2021; Lima et al. 2022; Oliveira et al. 2022; Freire and Soares 2024). However, most records from the Brazilian Amazon are based only on morphological data and, therefore, may be imprecise or doubtful, especially considering that type locality and species complex issues within the family have not yet been resolved.
Estimates indicate that around 90% of fungi species are unknown to science (Antonelli et al. 2020). The typically high rate of endemism in the Amazon indicates that this biome likely houses many undiscovered fungal species (Hawksworth and Lücking 2017), which is relevant as they play a fundamental role in natural ecosystems (Finlay and Thorn 2019). Thus, we aimed to carry out an updated survey of the diversity and distribution of Hymenochaetaceae species in the Brazilian Amazon based on scientific literature and database records.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
Survey
This survey was based on a comprehensive review of the literature published until March 2024 citing occurrences of Hymenochaetaceae in the Brazilian Amazon (see Figure 1 for the geographical boundaries of the biome adopted in here). Records of species with Neotropical, Pantropical, or other regional distribution that had phylogenetic support, as well as ecological data (substrate or host), were considered valid. Records lacking substantial information were classified as dubious and, therefore, excluded. Information about type locality and distribution of the species was also checked on the following databases: Flora e Funga do Brasil (http://floradobrasil.jbrj.gov.br); SpeciesLink (http://www.splink.org.br); and Index Fungorum (http://www.indexfungorum.org/). The classification and nomenclature of the species followed the Mycobank database (http://www.mycobank.org).
The following information on species considered valid are provided here: (1) species name, author(s), and publication record; (2) basionym and synonyms (including species with nomenclatural changes); (3) description [author(s) and year]; (4) type locality; (5) host/substrate; (6) distribution in the states that compose the Brazilian Amazon and corresponding references. For excluded taxa, we provide the species name/author(s) and type locality.
Distribution map
The distribution map of the Hymenochaetaceae in the Brazilian Amazon was created according to shapefiles available in the Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (https://www.ibge.gov.br/). We used the coordinates of collection sites available in publications. If the coordinates were not available, we used reference coordinates for the municipality or other toponymal associated with the collection site in the publication. The map was created using software QGIS v. 3.28, datum SIRGAS 2000.
RESULTS
A total of 79 species of Hymenochaetaceae were registered for the Brazilian Amazon, yet only records of 45 species (distributed in 12 genera) were considered valid. Based on 24 publications, there were 36 confirmed occurrence sites of Hymenochaetaceae species with geographic coordinates (Figure 1; Supplementary Material, Table S1). The remaining 34 species recorded in the literature for were excluded from our updated list for the Brazilian Amazon (Supplementary Material, Table S2) due to inconsistencies with the type locality of the species and because the studies reporting them only present morphological data and lack further key information that could support the veracity of the record.
Occurrence records of Hymenochaetaceae in the Brazilian Amazon. Brazilian states: AC = Acre; AM = Amazonas; AP = Amapá; MA = Maranhão; MT = Mato Grosso; PA = Pará; RO = Rondônia; RR = Roraima; TO = Tocantins.
The most representative genera were Fuscoporia Murrill with eight species, followed by Coltricia Gray (7), Hymenochaete (6) and Fomitiporia Murrill (5) (Figure 2). Hymenochaete iodina (Mont.) Baltazar and Gibertoni was recorded in seven states, followed by H. damicornis (Link) Lév. and Coltricia hamata (Romell) Ryvarden, recorded in six states each. The highest number of species were recorded in the states of Pará (23 species) and Rondônia (20), while the states of Maranhão and Tocantins had records of only two species each (Figure 3).
List of Hymenochaetaceae in the Brazilian Amazon
Coltricia Gray, A natural arrangement of British plants 1: 644 (1821)
Coltricia barbata Ryvarden & de Meijer, Synopsis Fungorum 15: 46 (2002)
Description: Ryvarden (2004).
Type locality: Paraná (Brazil).
Host/substrate: On the ground, in dense ombrophilous forest.
Distribution: Amapá, Pará and Rondônia (Gomes-Silva et al. 2012a; Soares et al. 2014; Gibertoni et al. 2015; Xavier et al. 2018; Couceiro et al. 2022).
Coltricia duportii (Pat.) Ryvarden, Occasional Papers of the Farlow Herbarium of Cryptogamic Botany 18: 140 (1983)
Basionym: Xanthochrous duportii Pat., Bulletin de la Société Mycologique de France 28: 34 (1912).
Description: Ryvarden (2004).
Type locality: French Guiana.
Host/substrate: On trunk of Arecaceae.
Distribution: Rondônia (Gomes-Silva et al. 2012a; Gibertoni et al. 2015).
Coltricia focicola (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) Murrill, North American Flora 9(2): 92 (1908)
Basionym: Polyporus focicola Berk. & M.A. Curtis, Journal of the Linnean Society. Botany 10: 305 (1869).
Description: Ryvarden (2004).
Type locality: USA.
Host/substrate: On soil, usually on campfire site.
Distribution: Amapá and Pará (Gomes-Silva et al. 2012a; Gibertoni et al. 2015; Couceiro et al. 2022).
Coltricia globisporaGomes-Silva, Ryvarden & Gibertoni, Mycological Progress 8(4): 274 (2009)
Description: Gomes-Silva et al. (2009).
Type locality: Rondônia (Brazil).
Host/substrate: On soil.
Distribution: Rondônia and Pará (Gomes-Silva et al. 2009; Gibertoni et al. 2015; Couceiro et al. 2022).
Coltricia hamata (Romell) Ryvarden, Svensk Botanisk Tidskrift 68: 276 (1974)
Basionym: Pelloporus hamatus Romell, Bihang til Kongliga Svenska Vetenskaps-Akademiens Handlingar 26 (16): 26 (1901).
Description: Ryvarden (2004).
Type locality: Mato Grosso (Brazil).
Host/substrate: On trunks.
Distribution: Amapá, Amazonas, Mato Grosso, Pará, Rondônia and Roraima (Torrend 1926; Fidalgo 1968; Gomes-Silva et al. 2009; 2012a; Gibertoni et al. 2013; Medeiros et al. 2013; Soares et al. 2014; Gibertoni et al. 2015; Freire and Soares 2024).
Coltricia navispora (T.W. Henkel, Aime & Ryvarden) Y.C. Dai & F. Wu, Fungal Diversity 113: 11 (2022)
Basionym: Coltriciella navispora T.W. Henkel, Aime & Ryvarden, Mycologia 95(4): 617 (2003).
Description: Aime et al. (2003).
Type locality: Guyana.
Host/substrate: On trunks.
Distribution: Amazonas (Gibertoni et al. 2015).
Coltricia velutina Baltazar & Gibertoni, Mycologia 102(6): 1258 (2010)
Description: Baltazar et al. (2010).
Type locality: Pernambuco (Brazil).
Host/substrate: On soil.
Distribution: Rondônia (Gomes-Silva et al. 2012a; Gibertoni et al. 2015).
Coltriciella Murrill, Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 31 (6): 348 (1904)
Coltriciella oblectabilis (Lloyd) Kotl., Pouzar & Ryvarden, Ceská Mykologie 38(3): 140 (1984)
Basionym: Polystictus oblectabilis Lloyd, Synopsis of the stipitate polyporoids (7): 164 (1912).
Description: Ryvarden (2004).
Type locality: Brazil.
Host/substrate: On soil.
Distribution: Amazonas and Rondônia (Gibertoni et al. 2015; Gomes-Silva et al. 2008).
Fomitiporella Murrill, North American Flora 9 (1): 12 (1907)
Fomitiporella membranacea (Wright & Blumenf.) Y.C. Dai & F. Wu, Fungal Diversity 113: 25 (2022)
Basionym: Phellinus membranaceus J.E. Wright & Blumenf., Mycotaxon 21: 422 (1984)
≡ Fulvifomes membranaceus (J.E. Wright & Blumenf.) Baltazar & Gibertoni, Mycotaxon 111: 206 (2010)
Description: Wright and Blumenfeld (1984) and Ryvarden (2004).
Type locality: Argentina.
Host/substrate: On Angiospermae.
Distribution: Pará (Gomes-Silva et al. 2009; Gibertoni et al. 2013; Medeiros et al. 2013; Gibertoni et al. 2015).
Fomitiporella umbrinella (Bres.) Murrill, North American Flora 9 (1): 13 (1907)
Basionym: Poria umbrinella Bres., Hedwigia 35: 282 (1896).
≡ Phellinus umbrinellus (Bres.) S. Herrera & Bondartseva, Mikologiya i Fitopatologiya 14 (1): 8 (1980)
Description: Salvador-Montoya et al. (2020).
Type locality: Santa Catarina (Brazil).
Host/substrate: On dead wood.
Distribution: Amapá, Mato Grosso and Pará (Gomes-Silva et al. 2009; Gibertoni et al. 2013; Medeiros et al. 2013; Soares et al. 2014; Gibertoni et al. 2015).
Fomitiporia Murrill, North American Flora 9 (1): 7 (1907)
Fomitiporia conyanaAlves-Silva & Drechsler-Santos, Mycological Progress 19(8): 781 (2020)
Description: Alves-Silva et al. (2020).
Type locality: Mato Grosso (Brazil).
Host/substrate: On dead standing trunk.
Distribution: Amazonas, Mato Grosso and Roraima (Alves-Silva et al. 2020; Silva et al. 2021).
Fomitiporia imperceptaMorera, Robledo & Urcelay, Phytotaxa 321(3): 281 (2017)
Description: Morera et al. (2017).
Type locality: Argentina.
Host/substrate: On living trunk of Lithraea molleoides.
Distribution: Amazonas and Roraima (Silva et al. 2021).
Fomitiporia maxonii Murrill, North American Flora 9 (1): 11 (1907)
≡ Phellinus maxonii (Murrill) D.A. Reid, Kew Bulletin 35 (4): 867 (1981)
Description: Ryvarden (2004).
Type locality: Costa Rica.
Host/substrate: On decayed wood.
Distribution: Roraima (Silva et al. 2021).
Fomitiporia murrilliiAlves-Silva, R.M. Silveira & Drechsler-Santos, Mycological Progress 19(8): 783 (2020)
Description: Alves-Silva et al. (2020).
Type locality: Rio Grande do Sul (Brazil).
Host/substrate: Growing on living Eucalyptus sp. tree.
Distribution: Roraima (Silva et al. 2021).
Fomitiporia neotropicaCampos-Santana, Amalfi, R.M. Silveira, Robledo & Decock, Mycological Progress 13(3): 610 (2014)
Description: Campos-Santana et al. (2013).
Type locality: Argentina.
Host/substrate: On dead standing trunk of Angiospermae.
Distribution: Amazonas and Roraima (Silva et al. 2021).
Fulvifomes Murrill, Northern Polypores (5): 49 (1914)
Fulvifomes karitianaensis V.R. Targino de Oliveira, V. Xavier de Lima & Gibertoni, Sydowia 75: 5 (2022)
Description: Oliveira et al. (2022).
Type locality: Rondônia (Brazil).
Host/substrate: On decayed wood.
Distribution: Rondônia (Oliveira et al. 2022).
Fulvifomes kawakamii (M.J. Larsen, Lombard & Hodges) T. Wagner & M. Fisch., Mycologia 94 (6): 1009 (2002)
Basionym: Phellinus kawakamii M.J. Larsen, Lombard & Hodges, Mycologia 77: 346 (1985).
Description: Larsen et al. (1985).
Type locality: Hawaiian Islands (USA).
Host/substrate: On wood of Casuarina equisetifolia.
Distribution: Pará and Rondônia (Oliveira et al. 2022).
Fulvifomes luteoumbrinus (Romell) Y.C. Dai & Vlasák, Fungal Diversity 113: 58 (2022)
Basionym: Phaeoporus luteoumbrinus Romell, Bihang til Kongliga Svenska Vetenskaps-Akademiens Handlingar 26 (16): 27 (1901).
≡ Aurificaria luteoumbrina (Romell) D.A. Reid, Kew Bull. 17(2): 279 (1963)
≡ Inonotus luteoumbrinus (Romell) Ryvarden, Synopsis Fungorum (Oslo) 21: 79 (2005)
= Phellinus sublinteus (Murrill) Ryvarden, Norwegian Journal of Botany 19: 235 (1972)
Description: Ryvarden (2005).
Type locality: Brazil.
Host/substrate: Not located.
Distribution: Acre, Mato Grosso, Rondônia and Tocantins (Bononi 1992; Gibertoni et al. 2015).
Fulvifomes waimiriatroariensis V.R. Targino de Oliveira & Gibertoni, Sydowia 75: 8 (2022)
Description: Oliveira et al. (2022).
Type locality: Amazonas (Brazil).
Host/substrate: On unidentified living tree.
Distribution: Amazonas (Oliveira et al. 2022).
Fuscoporia Murrill, North American Flora 9 (1): 3 (1907)
Fuscoporia chrysea (Lév.) Baltazar & Gibertoni, Mycotaxon 111: 206 (2010)
Basionym: Polyporus chryseus Lév., Annales des Sciences Naturelles Botanique sér. 3, 5: 301 (1846).
≡ Phellinus chryseus (Lév.) Ryvarden, A preliminary polypore flora of East Africa: 151 (1980)
Description: Ryvarden and Johansen (1980) and Ryvarden (2004).
Type locality: Colombia.
Host/substrate: Not located.
Distribution: Pará (Couceiro et al. 2022).
Fuscoporia griseopora (Reid) Y.C. Dai & F. Wu, Fungal Diversity 113: 72 (2022)
Basionym: Phellinus griseoporus D.A. Reid, Memoirs of the New York Botanical Garden 28: 192 (1976).
Description: Ryvarden (2004).
Type locality: Costa Rica.
Host/substrate: On roots of Danaea cuspidata.
Distribution: Amapá, Pará and Rondônia (Gomes-Silva et al. 2009; Soares et al. 2014; Gibertoni et al. 2015; Freire and Soares 2024).
Fuscoporia labyrinthica (Soares, Gomes-Silva & Ryvarden) Y.C. Dai & F. Wu, Fungal Diversity 113: 72 (2022)
Basionym: Phellinus labyrinthicusSoares, Gomes-Silva & Ryvarden, Synopsis Fungorum 38: 57 (2018).
Description: Soares et al. (2018).
Type locality: Amapá (Brazil).
Host/substrate: On dead wood of Angiospermae.
Distribution: Acre and Amapá (Soares et al. 2018).
Fuscoporia licnoides (Mont.) Oliveira-Filho & Gibertoni, Fungal Diversity 104: 129 (2020)
Basionym: Polyporus licnoides Mont., Annales des Sciences Naturelles Botanique 13: 204 (1840).
Description: Yuan et al. (2020).
Type locality: French Guiana.
Host/substrate: On dead branches.
Distribution: Pará and Rondônia (Yuan et al. 2020).
Fuscoporia rhabarbarina (Berk.) Groposo, Log.-Leite & Góes-Neto, Mycotaxon 101: 61 (2007)
Basionym: Polyporus rhabarbarinus Berk., Annals and Magazine of Natural History 3: 388 (1839).
Description: Groposo et al. (2007).
Type locality: Brazil.
Host/substrate: Not located.
Distribution: Pará (Couceiro et al. 2022).
Fuscoporia scruposa (Fr.) Gibertoni & Oliveira-Filho, Fungal Diversity 104: 130 (2020)
Basionym: Polyporus scruposus Fr., Epicrisis Systematis Mycologici: 473 (1838)
= Phellinus gilvus var. scruposus (Fr.) S. Ahmad, Basidiomycetes of West Pakistan: 59 (1972).
Description: Ryvarden (2004).
Type locality: Not located.
Host/substrate: Not located.
Distribution: Maranhão (Yuan et al. 2020).
Fuscoporia senex (Nees & Mont.) Ghobad-Nejhad, Mycotaxon 101: 208 (2007)
Basionym: Polyporus senex Nees & Mont., Annales des Sciences Naturelles Botanique 5: 70 (1836).
≡ Phellinus senex (Nees & Mont.) Imazeki, Bulletin of the Government Forest Experimental Station Meguro 57: 115 (1952)
Description: Ryvarden (2004).
Type locality: Chile.
Host/substrate: On rotten trunks.
Distribution: Amazonas, Maranhão and Pará (Sousa 1980; Sotão et al. 2003; Gibertoni et al. 2015; Freire and Soares 2024).
Fuscoporia undulata (Murrill) Bondartseva & S. Herrera, Mikologiya i Fitopatologiya 26(1): 13 (1992)
Basionym: Fomitiporia undulata Murrill, North American Flora 9 (1): 10 (1907).
≡ Phellinus undulatus (Murrill) Ryvarden, Norwegian Journal of Botany 19: 235 (1972)
Description: Ryvarden (2004).
Type locality: Belize.
Host/substrate: On decayed log.
Distribution: Amapá and Pará (Sotão et al. 2009; Martins-Júnior et al. 2011; Gibertoni et al. 2013; Medeiros et al. 2013; Soares et al. 2014; Gibertoni et al. 2015; Xavier et al. 2018; Couceiro et al. 2022).
Hymenochaete Lév., Annales des Sciences Naturelles Botanique 5: 150 (1846)
Hymenochaete damicornis (Link) Lév., Annales des Sciences Naturelles Botanique, 3 5: 151 (1846)
Basionym: Stereum damicorne Link, Magazin der Gesellschaft Naturforschenden Freunde Berlin 3 (1): 40 (1809).
Description: Parmasto (2001).
Type locality: Brazil.
Host/substrate: Not located.
Distribution: Acre, Amazonas, Mato Grosso, Pará, Rondônia and Roraima (Hennings 1904; Gibertoni et al. 2003; Gomes-Silva et al. 2012a; Gibertoni et al. 2015; Couceiro et al. 2022; Freire and Soares 2024).
Hymenochaete iodina (Mont.) Baltazar & Gibertoni, Journal of the Torrey Botanical Society 139: 432 (2012)
Basionym: Polyporus iodinus Mont., Annales des Sciences Naturelles Botanique 16: 108 (1841)
≡ Cyclomyces iodinus (Mont.) Pat., Essai taxonomique sur les familles et les genres des Hyménomycètes: 98 (1900)
Description: Ryvarden (2004).
Type locality: French Guiana.
Host/substrate: On rotten wood.
Distribution: Acre, Amapá, Amazonas, Mato Grosso, Pará, Rondônia and Roraima (Gomes-Silva et al. 2009; 2012a; Gibertoni et al. 2013; Medeiros et al. 2013; Soares et al. 2014; Gibertoni et al. 2015; Xavier et al. 2018).
Hymenochaete leonina Berk. & M.A. Curtis, Journal of the Linnean Society. Botany 10: 334 (1868)
Description: Parmasto (2001).
Type locality: Cuba.
Host/substrate: On dead wood.
Distribution: Amazonas, Mato Grosso, Pará, Rondônia and Roraima (Léger 1998; Gibertoni et al. 2003; Gomes-Silva et al. 2012a; Gibertoni et al. 2015).
Hymenochaete luteobadia (Fr.) Höhn. & Litsch., Sitzungsberichte der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften Math.-naturw. Klasse Abt. 1 116:750 (1907)
Basionym: Thelephora luteobadia Fr., Linnaea 5: 526 (1830).
Description: Parmasto (2001).
Type locality: Suriname.
Host/substrate: On tree trunks.
Distribution: Amazonas, Mato Grosso, Pará, Rondônia, Roraima and Tocantins (Fidalgo 1968; Léger 1998; Gibertoni et al. 2003; Gomes-Silva et al. 2012a; Gibertoni et al. 2015; Couceiro et al. 2022).
Hymenochaete reniformis(Fr.) Lév., Annales des Sciences Naturelles Botanique 3 5: 151 (1846)
Basionym: Stereum reniforme Fr., Epicrisis Systematis Mycologici: 546 (1838)
≡ Stipitochaete reniformis (Fr.) Ryvarden, Transactions of the British Mycological Society 85 (3): 538 (1985).
Description: Ryvarden (1985).
Neotype locality: Brazil.
Host/substrate: Not located.
Distribution: Acre and Mato Grosso (Gibertoni et al. 2003; Gibertoni et al. 2015).
Hymenochaete unicolor Berk. & M.A. Curtis, Journal of the Linnean Society. Botany 10: 335 (1868)
Description: Parmasto (2001).
Type locality: Cuba.
Host/substrate: On dead trees.
Distribution: Rondônia (Gomes-Silva et al. 2012a; Gibertoni et al. 2015).
Inonotus P. Karst., Meddelanden af Societas pro Fauna et Flora Fennica 5: 39 (1879)
Inonotus amazonicusGibertoni & Ryvarden, Mycoscience 54(2): 117 (2013)
Description: Gomes-Silva et al. (2013).
Type locality: Mato Grosso (Brazil).
Host/substrate: On hardwood tree.
Distribution: Mato Grosso (Gomes-Silva et al. 2013; Gibertoni et al. 2015).
Inonotus calcitratus (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) Gomes-Silva & Gibertoni, Mycoscience 54: 117 (2013)
Basionym: Polyporus calcitratus Berk. & M.A. Curtis, Journal of the Linnean Society. Botany 10: 314 (1869)
≡ Phellinus calcitratus (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) Ryvarden, Norwegian Journal of Botany 19: 234 (1972).
Description: Ryvarden (2004).
Type locality: Cuba.
Host/substrate: Not located.
Distribution: Amapá, Amazonas, Pará and Rondônia (Sousa 1980; Gomes-Silva et al. 2009; Sotão et al. 2009; Martins-Júnior et al. 2011; Gibertoni et al. 2013; Medeiros et al. 2013; Soares et al. 2014; Gibertoni et al. 2015; Xavier et al. 2018).
Inonotus fibrosus (Ryvarden, Gomes-Silva & Gibertoni) Oliveira-Filho & Gibertoni, Synopsis Fungorum 38: 58 (2018)
Basionym: Phellinus fibrosus Ryvarden, Gomes-Silva & Gibertoni, Phytotaxa 67: 56 (2012).
Description: Gomes-Silva et al. (2012b).
Type locality: Amazonas (Brazil).
Host/substrate: On angiosperm tree.
Distribution: Amazonas (Gomes-Silva et al. 2012b; Gibertoni et al. 2015).
Inonotus sousae (Ryvarden, Gomes-Silva & Gibertoni) Oliveira-Filho & Gibertoni, Synopsis Fungorum 38: 59 (2018)
Basionym: Phellinus sousae Ryvarden, Gomes-Silva & Gibertoni, Phytotaxa 67: 57 (2012).
Description: Gomes-Silva et al. (2012b).
Type locality: Brazil.
Host/substrate: On angiosperm tree.
Distribution: Mato Grosso and Rondônia (Gomes-Silva et al. 2012b; Gibertoni et al. 2015).
Phellinus Quél., Enchiridion Fungorum in Europa media et praesertim in Gallia Vigentium: 172 (1886)
Phellinus ferrugineovelutinus (Henn.) Ryvarden, Norwegian Journal of Botany 19:234 (1972)
Basionym: Poria ferrugineovelutina Henn., Hedwigia 44: 59 (1905).
Description: Ryvarden and Johansen (1980).
Type locality: Amazonas (Brazil).
Host/substrate: On bark tree.
Distribution: Acre and Amazonas (Hennings 1905; Batista et al. 1966; Gibertoni et al. 2015).
Phylloporia Murrill, Torreya 4: 141 (1904)
Phylloporia chrysites (Berk.) Ryvarden, Norwegian Journal of Botany 19: 235 (1972)
Basionym: Polyporus chrysites Berk., Hooker’s Journal of Botany and Kew Garden Miscellany 8: 233 (1856).
Description: Núñez and Ryvarden (2000).
Type locality: Venezuela.
Host/substrate: Not located.
Distribution: Acre, Amazonas, Pará and Rondônia (Bononi 1992; Sotão et al. 2009; Gomes-Silva et al. 2013; Medeiros et al. 2013; Gibertoni et al. 2015; Couceiro et al. 2022).
Phylloporia sancti-georgii (Pat.) Y.C. Dai & F. Wu, Fungal Diversity 113: 129 (2022)
Basionym: Polyporus sancti-georgii Pat., in Patouillard & Lagerheim, Bull. Soc. mycol. Fr. 11(4): 207 (1895)
≡ Phellinus sancti-georgii (Pat.) Ryvarden, Norwegian Journal of Botany 19: 235 (1972).
Description: Ryvarden (2004).
Type locality: Venezuela.
Host/substrate: On deciduous wood.
Distribution: Pará (Freire and Soares 2024).
Phylloporia spathulata(Hook.) Ryvarden, Synopsis Fungorum 5: 196 (1991)
Basionym: Boletus spathulatus Hook., Synopsis Plantarum 1: 9 (1822).
Description: Ryvarden (2004).
Type locality: Ecuador.
Host/substrate: Not located.
Distribution: Amapá, Amazonas, Pará, Rondônia and Roraima (Theissen 1911; Batista et al. 1966; Capelari and Maziero 1988; Silva and Minter 1995; Gomes-Silva et al. 2009; 2013; Gibertoni et al. 2013; Medeiros et al. 2013; Soares et al. 2014; Gibertoni et al. 2015; Xavier et al. 2018; Couceiro et al. 2022).
Sclerotus Xavier de Lima, Cryptogamie, Mycologie 43 (1): 10 (2022)
Sclerotus extensus(Lév.) Xavier de Lima, Cryptogamie, Mycologie 43(1): 10 (2022)
Basionym: Polyporus extensus Lév., Annales des Sciences Naturelles Botanique 5: 129 (1846).
Description: Lima et al. (2022).
Type locality: Guadeloupe.
Host/substrate: On wood.
Distribution: Amapá and Pará (Lima et al. 2022; Freire and Soares 2024).
Tropicoporus L.W. Zhou, Y.C. Dai & Sheng H. Wu, Fungal Diversity 77: 341 (2015)
Tropicoporus anchietanus (Decock & Ryvarden) Y.C. Dai & F. Wu, Fungal Diversity 113: 170 (2022)
Basionym: Phellinus anchietanus Decock & Ryvarden, Cryptogamie Mycologie 18: 222 (1997).
Description: Ryvarden (2004).
Type locality: Acre (Brazil).
Host/substrate: On bark of a tree.
Distribution: Amapá (Xavier et al. 2018).
Tropicoporus dependens (Murril) L. W. Zhou, Y.C. Dai & Vlasák, Fungal Diversity 77: 344 (2015)
Basionym: Pyropolyporus dependens Murrill, North American Flora 9 (2): 106 (1908)
≡ Phellinus dependens (Murrill) Imazeki, Bulletin of the Government Forest Experimental Station Meguro 57: 114 (1952).
Description: Ryvarden (2004).
Type locality: Cuba.
Host/substrate: On decaying trunks.
Distribution: Amapá, Amazonas and Pará (Sousa 1980; Medeiros et al. 2013; Soares et al. 2014; Gibertoni et al. 2015; Xavier et al. 2018).
Tropicoporus detonsus (Fr.) Y.C. Dai & F. Wu, Fungal Diversity 113: 172 (2022)
Basionym: Polyporus detonsus Fr., Linnaea 5: 519 (1830)
≡ Phellinus detonsus (Fr.) Ryvarden, Synopsis Fungorum 19: 173 (2004)
= Tropicoporus tropicalis (M.J. Larsen & Lombard) L.W. Zhou & Y.C. Dai, Fungal Diversity 77: 345 (2015).
Description: Larsen and Cobb-Poulle (1990) and Ryvarden (2004).
Type locality: Costa Rica.
Host/substrate: On decaying trunks.
Distribution: Amapá (Lima et al. 2022).
DISCUSSION
This survey provides an updated overview of the diversity and distribution of species of Hymenochaetaceae in the Brazilian Amazon, with 45 valid species confirmed for the region. This figure is higher than the 32 species of Hymenochaetaceae listed by Gomes-Silva and Gibertoni (2009b) for the Brazilian Amazon, but lower than the 64 species listed for the geographically more restricted and semi-arid northeastern region of Brazil (Lira et al. 2015). The lower numbers of species recorded in the Brazilian Amazon compared to the northeastern region of Brazil may reflect undersampling and survey gaps in the Amazon resulting in a still underestimated diversity of fungi in the region.
In this study, most species considered to be valid occurrences have a Neotropical or Pantropical distribution. The type specimen of Fulvifomes kawakamii is from the Nearctic region (Hawaii, USA), but the species has a valid record in the state of Pará, Brazil, which is supported by phylogenetic evidence (Larsen et al. 1985; Oliveira et al. 2022). The 34 excluded species require an in-depth review in order to confirm or refute their occurrence in the Amazon. For example, Fulvifomes mangrovicus (Imazeki) T. Hatt. has for many years been reported to occur in the state of Pará (Campos and Cavalcanti 2000; Sotão et al. 2003; Campos et al. 2005; Gibertoni et al. 2015), but the type specimen of this species is from Japan. Fuscoporia callimorpha (Lév.) Groposo, Log.-Leite & Góes-Neto (type locality: Madagascar) was recorded in the states of Amapá and Pará (Xavier et al. 2018; Couceiro et al. 2022; Freire and Soares 2024), and this species shares morphological characters with other species of Fuscoporia (Chen et al. 2020), such as Fuscoporia rhabarbarina (Groposo et al. 2007).
Other excluded taxa represent species complexes. Fulvifomes robiniae (Murrill) Murrill has distribution in the temperate zones of the USA, where it primarily grows on living Robinia pseudoacacia L. trees (Salvador-Montoya et al. 2018). Initially, this species was described as being morphologically variable and widely distributed in North and Central America (Kotlaba and Pouzar 1978; Gilbertson and Ryvarden 1987). However, morphological, ecological and molecular studies have shown that specimens resembling F. robiniae from different regions of the Americas correspond to distinct species (Salvador-Montoya et al. 2018; 2022; Martínez et al. 2023). Fuscoporia gilva (Schwein.) T. Wagner & M. Fisch. is considered a cosmopolitan and morphologically variable species (Fidalgo and Fidalgo 1968). Brazilian specimens previously identified as F. gilva sensu lato were grouped into four clades [F. semiarida (Lima-Júnior, C.R.S. de Lira & Gibertoni), F. licnoides, F. scruposa, and F. formosana (T.T. Chang & W.N. Chou) T. Wagner & M. Fisch], but the type specimen of F. gilva (PH74281) was not analyzed and, therefore, F. gilva sensu stricto is not recognized in Brazil (Yuan et al. 2020). The type specimen of Hymenochaete cacao (Berk.) Berk. & M.A. Curtis is from India (Berkeley and Curtis 1869) and the species has a Pantropical distribution (Job 1990). In Brazil, it is recorded in the southeastern state of São Paulo, and in the northern states of Pará and Roraima (Gomes-Silva et al. 2012a; Gibertoni et al. 2015). However, H. cacao is morphologically similar to other Hymenochaete species, such as H. villosa (Lév.) Bres. (Job 1990), making its record in Brazil still uncertain and in need of a molecular evaluation, especially in the Amazon. Fulvifomes rimosus (Berk.) Fiasson & Niemelä has the type locality in Australia, and the lectotype is from Mauritius (Larsen 1990). Based on a phylogenetic analysis, the distribution of F. rimosus was restrict to the Mediterranean and Black Sea areas, Africa, Asia and Australia (Wu et al. 2022), and many specimens previously described as F. rimosus occurring in tropical to temperate areas do not correspond to lectotype (Hattori et al. 2014), thus records for Brazil need to be reassessed.
Even species from South America require a more detailed analysis before having their occurrence confirmed for the Amazon. For example, Fomitiporia apiahyna (Speg.) Robledo, Decock & Rajchenb. is restricted to Araucaria forests in the south and southeastern regions of Brazil (Alves-Silva et al. 2020). Fomitiporia baccharidis (Pat.) Decock, Robledo & Amalfi is otherwise restricted to high-altitude Andean montane forests in Ecuador and northwestern Argentina (Amalfi et al. 2014). Fuscoporia neocallimorpha (Gibertoni & Ryvarden) Y.C. Dai & F. Wu was previously recorded in the Amazon (as Phellinus neocallimorphus Gibertoni & Ryvarden) by Freire and Soares (2024). However, Soares et al. (2018), after analyzing the type material of F. neocallimorpha (URM 77584), concluded that it was a specimen of Abundisporus subflexibilis (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) Parmasto, and synonymized this species. Therefore, the record of F. neocallimorpha for the Amazon needs to be reassessed.
The order Hymenochaetales has many species with low variability in morphological characters which form species complexes, making species identification difficult (Alves-Silva et al. 2020). As a result, the delimitation and confirmation of the occurrence of many species in the Brazilian Amazon requires a detailed analysis that includes ecological and molecular data. To date, only five studies are known to have used a molecular and phylogenetic approach with specimens of Hymenochaetaceae collected in the Brazilian Amazon (Alves-Silva et al. 2020; Yuan et al. 2020; Lima et al. 2022; Oliveira et al. 2022; Wu et al. 2022). Greater knowledge about Amazonia fungi is essential to better assess their diversity, ecosystem roles and also to determine conservation strategies (Assis et al. 2022). Thus, it is necessary to expand collection efforts, especially in regions that are still little explored in the Amazon, as in the states of Maranhão, Tocantins, and parts of southern Pará and western Amazonas.
CONCLUSIONS
Our findings expand the understanding of the diversity and distribution of Hymenochaetaceae species in the Brazilian Amazon. The 45 valid species still represent an underestimated diversity, particularly in underexplored areas where more intensive surveys are necessary. Future studies integrating morphological, molecular, and ecological approaches will be essential to confirm records of doubtful species, especially parasitic species with specific hosts. This survey establishes a baseline for future research and highlights the importance of deepening knowledge about fungal diversity. Such efforts are crucial to support conservation strategies in response to ongoing global changes, such as habitat loss and deforestation, in the world’s largest tropical forest.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
We are grateful to the Universidade Federal Rural da Amazônia and Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi for providing infrastructure and support for this reseach, and to Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) for the scholarships awarded to Richard B.M. Freire (CNPq, process # 130385/2023-9).
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Data availability
The data that support the findings of this study are available, upon reasonable request, from the corresponding author [Richard Bruno Mendes Freire].
SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL
Mendes-Freire & Soares. Survey of the diversity of Hymenochaetaceae (Hymenochaetales, Basidiomycota) in the Brazilian Amazon
Occurrence sites of Hymenochaetaceae fungi in the area of the Brazilian Amazon biome in eight federal states as registered in the surveyed literature.
List of 34 Hymenochaetaceae species recorded for the Brazilian Amazon in the surveyed literature, but not considered valid in the present study due to dubious or unconfirmed occurrences (see exclusion criteria in Material and Methods) and thus excluded from the updated occurrence list presented in here.
Publication Dates
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Publication in this collection
30 June 2025 -
Date of issue
2025
History
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Received
11 July 2024 -
Accepted
02 Jan 2025
