Epipsoc·etae (Psocoptera) from the Reserva Ducke, Amazonas

31 species of Epipsocetae are recorded from the Reserva Ducke, near Manaus (Brazil), of which 27 are described as new, and illustrated . The new taxa repre. sent the genera Ptiloneura (1 ), Triplocania (8), Euplo cania (2), lsthmopsocus (1), Neurostigma (4), Dicropso cus (1), Eplpsocus (10), and thelr affinlties are dls. cussed.

The coiiP,cti-:>n torming the subject thi s paper comprises 31 species of Epipsocetae, of which 27 are described as new: the remaining four are already recorded from Brazil. The o.:currence of this number of species at one site, and of 21 species at a small Mato Grosso site (New, 1972) -the only other Brazilian site so far sampled for psocids over a period -together with the fact that only three species occurred in both collections, indicates that the Brazilian fauna of Epipsocetae must be very large, and that considerable radiation has occurred. Large areas of the country have not been surveyed for psocids and, as single-T. R. New (") tons only are known for many species, it seems that many ot them may be rare. This collection adds cons1derably to our knowledge of severa( genera, and providas the first South American record of a genus hitherto known only from Melanesia. Many of the spe<;ies are described below from single specimens. sometimes incomplete, but in ali cases geni· tal ia are present. fhe distinctive nature of mê.le genitalia, in particular, renders thc likelihood of confusion between species small and the two se:xes of Epipsocetae are com· monly associable on venational features or details of body and wing coloration . Most spec1mens were taken in Malaise traps or light traps, and are males: in general this sex is more commonly attracted to light and many Ptiloneuridae (In particular) are known only from singletons captured by this method.
For the sake of brevity, only the collecting method and date is given for the specimens. Ali are from the Reserva Ducke (03°08'S, 60°02'W). 26 km along the Manaus · ltacoatiara Highway (Am-01 O) to the N . E. ot Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil . The vegetation ot the area is primary rain forest . Types of the new species will be deposited in the collections of INPA (Manaus) and, where possible, paratypes in the British Museum (Natural History) . London. Measurements, other than for body length (8). are trom slide-mounted specimens. Ali are in mm, and the following abbreviations are used: FW (forewing length); HW (hind· wing length); f t, f~ (first and second flagellar segment lengths); F, T, t1·fJ (lengths of hind femur, tibia and tarsal segments 1·3), ct (number of ctenidia on hind tarsal segments 1 . 3) . Unknown. MALE. Coloration. Pale brown; heod darker. Eyes black. Ocelli on black tubercle. Vertex betwéen eyes and ocelli dark brown; frons, except median anterior region, dark brown; genae dark brown; postclypeus with traces of 5 or 6 broad striae each side of midline; anteclypeus and labrum dark brown; maxtllary palpi dark brown; antennae paler. Thorax with slight dark brown markings on dorsum and pleura. Legs : femora with 2 dark brown bands, tibiae darkened near apex, tarsi wholly darK brown. Forewing (Fig. 12) marked with brown: apices of veins darkened; base and apex of pterostigma dark brown; a series of dark ares near margin between ali veins from R4+5 -Cuia; nodulus and adjacent area of cell Culb darkened. Hindwing pai e, except for ~lighi. darkening at apices of veins.

COMl\'IENTS
This species is clearly refcrable to Ptilo· neura Enderlein (1900), and the forewing markings are rather similar to those of P.

180-
(Loneura) splendida Mockford ( 1957) known from Guatemala anel Mexico, male genitalta ol which were figured in part by Eertmoed (1973) Eertmoed (unpublished data supplement to his paper) gives the following hypandrial char3cters for sp/endida: (a) distai margin distinctly bilobed, lobes heavily sclerotiscd, (b) heavily sclerotised, (c) lateral lobes cylindrical. The two taxa are thus closely rel :lted and diffe1 mainly in the different forewing markings in cell Culb and in details of the phallosome: the radular sclerites of splendida are more dtscretE> than in amazonica, and the anterior of the trama is relatively broad. This, and the · next two species, are superficially similar in having a broad brown marginal or premarginal band around the mediai border of the forewing and the wing base darkened. T. reflexa Roesler ( 1940) also shows this feature. r. lunulata is most similar to the next species, and differs from it by having distinct shallow hyaline lunules in cells AS -Cuia and by having a pronounced inner plate to the subgenital plate.

COMMENTS
Forewing venation ot this species, especially the unusual shape of the areola postica , is closely similar to that of T. reflexa Roesler (1940). The two taxa differ markedly on the form of t he hypandrium (that of reflexa lacking the median tongue prominent in caudata) and on details of the phallosome, as well as in differences in pigmentation ot the basa: half of the forewing.

COMMENTS
The only described species of Triplocania with unmarked wings is T. dolosa Aoesler ( 1940) . known only from the female. From Aoesler's figure, thc two species differ considerably in the shapes of the pterostigma and areola postica. Thesg features also separate dolosa from the next species. Morphohlogy. Lacinia l apex as in Fig. 101. Forewing venation as in Fig. 32. Hindwing M simple. Hypandrium (Fig . 33) heavily sclerotised; two outwardly curved lateral processes flanking an elongate pointed median projection; a deep narrow anterior sclerotised reglon . Phallosome (Fig. 34) complex; frame closed and broadened anteriorly; dívergent apical hooks and complex radular sclerites. Epiproct ( Fig . 35)

COMMENTS
The generir placement of this species is tentative: ali specimens seen have the media of the forewit;g 4-branched, but in ali. the postericr two branches arise trom a common stem. This contrasts with the taxa conventionally placed in Eup/ocania, in which the media has 4 branches arising independently from the stem (see Fig. 15) . The species somewhat resembles the last-described on gross form of the phallosome and in having the hypandrium trilobed, and ís distinct on the greater development of the median hypandrial lobe, and on numerous other details of genitalia. Although reassessment of its generic placement may later be necessary, it is here placed in Triplocania on account of its re· semblance to T. immaculata.

COMl\IENTS
This, and the next species, are related to two species referred to Triplocania by New (1972) --namely T. fusca New ( ç only known) and T. domestica New. 8oth slnre with fusca the marginal spots between many of the forewing veins, and with domestica the hooked mal e paraprocts. T. domestica has unmarked forewings.
Males differ from other Trip/ocania species in having a very simple hypandr ium and hooked paraprocts, and these strongly suggest eventual generic separation. The minute side branches (spurveins) anstng from some forewing veins suggest simil3rity to Cladiop· socus Roesler (1940) (as figured by Eertmoed, 1973, Fig. 12), but are extremely weakly developed. On genita!lc features, the two specics described here a;e clearly clo5ely related, sugaesting that the presence of spurve ins may not alone be of generic value. They differ on details of the phallosome and of om::~mentation of the paraproct hook and on epiproct shape. T. uncinata may prove to be the male of fusca. but differences in areo1a postica shape and forewing pigmentation render this associatton currently unwise.

COMME.NTS
Few species of Eup/ocania have been described: this specimen, although incompleta differs markedly on forewing markings from any of these and its description as a new species is facilitated by the distinctive mate genital ia . Gen1talia are otherwise known only for E. greeni New ( 1972) and for the next species . The form of the hypandrium is grossly similar to that of greeni in being centrally bifurcate and with st rong lateral sclerites . bu t the phallosomes of the two species differ considerably. Morphology. Female. Lacinial apex with four narrow tines, inner tine small and considerably basal to outer three. Forewing venation as in Fig. 43 190-New MALE. Lacinia and wing venation as female. Hypandrium transverse. Phallosome frame (Figs. 44,45) elongate. with apica l hooks and complex radular sclerites; a iong denticulate anterior radular process. Clunium (Fig. 46) slightly ornamented in central region. Epiproct (Fig. 46) rounded. Paraproct (Fig. 46) 1977-vi .1978.

COMMENTS
On forewing venation. most specimens of this species are clearly referable to lsthmopsocus Eertmoed . In severa!, however, vein A, terminates free in the membrane rather than joining A·; genitalia of these specimens are identical with 'typical' specimens, and it now appears that variation in this wing character may transcend the convent1onal boundary between /sthmopsocus and Dolabellopsocus. The phallosome form is most similar to that of I. hylonomus Eertmoed in having a bifurcate apex, but details of radular sclerites differ considerably. I. hylonomus is known only from Panama .
This was by far the most common species of Epipsocetae captured during the survey: the paratype series represents only a small proportion of numbers seen. .>everal hundred specimens were captured in emergence traps, in Malaise traps and in light traps. This species differs markedly from other species of Neurostigma in having a relatively narrow forewing with very few pterostigmai crossveins, but is clearly referable to this genus on other venation features. The phallosome differs from that ot other species in the more pronounced apical projection and the better-differen tiated radular sclerites.
Neurostigma dispositum Roesler (Fig. 55 Fig.  102, with outer edge strongly produced. Fore· wing venation (Fig. 56): Cuia strongly sinuous, not contacting M; apical two veins of ptcrostigma paler than basal crossveins; pterostigm<l very large. Hindwing Rs forked, M simple. Subgenital plate (Fig. 57) simple, rounded. Gonapophyses (Fig. 58) Fig. 55) , but differs from it on the different lacinial form and in a number of forewing characters: (a) more dispersed pigmentation in the basal half of the wing and overall paler, (b) the paler apical veins of the pterostigma, which is rather l<lrger, (c) the shaded apical veins and (d) the different shape of the areo la postica. The latter feature is somewhat variable i n species of Neurostigma, but the two specimens available are alike. Legs with tibiae and tarsi very dark brown. Forewing (Fig. 59) pai e to bright yellow in basal half, with pale greyish brown markings flanking basal veins; pterostigmal crossveins dark brown; venation mainly brown. Hindwing with basal half largely pai e greyish brown. Abdomen laterally darkened on anterior half. Morphology. Vertex narrowed, raised and distinctly emargi nate medially. Laci nial apex as in Fig. 103. Forewing venation (Fig. 59): M flexed before junction with Cuia; mediai cells deep and narrow. Hindwing R 5 forked. Hypandrium bluntly rounded. Phallosome (Fig.  60) with trapezoidal apical projection; radular sclerites with small denticles, more pronounced in midline. Epiproct (Fig. 61) shallow, rounded. Paraproct (Fig. 61)  This large species resembles chaetocephalum in some venation features, but differs from it on wing colour. The excavated vertex appears to be unusual in this genus.  Morphology. Lacinial apex as in Fig. 106, narrow. Forewing (Fig. 62) with extensive secondary venation: As 4-branched, M 4-or 5branched. Hindwing As forked, M simple. Hypandrium transverse, lightly sclerotised. Phallosome trame (Fig. 63) simple, open anteriorly and with short blunt median projection. Epiproct (Fig. 64) Smithers and Thornton ( 1977). a genus hitherto known only from Melanesia. However, the lacinia differs markedly: that of Dicropsocus s. str. h as an elongate ou ter projection rather then severa! small teeth as in the present species. Males are known only of O. montanus Smithers and Thornton (New Guinea) . The central lobe of the phallosome is extended and truncate, as in brasiliensis, but the radula of montanus appears to be more strongly developed. Nane of the described species of Dicropsocus has a pterostigmal crossvein.

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The form of the lacinia is thus the major teature in which this species difters from Melanesian Dicropsocus species. Although this teature is generally accepted as of generic value in Epipsocidae, to raise a new genus on this teature alone, and from a single specimen, is premature: brasiliensts is thus tentatively reterred to Dicropsocus, although it may be transterred to a new genus when more material becomes available for study. No similar Neotropical Epipsocidae are known.

MALE. Coloration. Pai e brown. Eyes black .
Ocelli on dark brown tubercle. Face unmarked. Thorax with dorsum darkened and a pronounced dark brown pleural stripe, continued along anterior halt o f abdomen. Legs pai e brown . Forewing (Fig 65) extensively marked with pale greyish brown; setae on ali veins sited on dark spots; small hyaline marginal lunules in mediai cells. Hindwing hyaline, slight darkening at apex ot veins.

COMMEN'l'S
This, and the next species, both apper to be related to E. roncadorensis New and E. slnuatus New on forewing pattern. E. capitu-/atus is very similar to roncadorensis on the form of the phallosome and is differenriated on the longer shallower pterostigma and areola postica. The phallosome also separates it from phaeus sp. n., in which the phallosome has a smaller apex and slightly more pro- nounced radular ornamentation. Males ot sinuatus are not known, but the more ~xtensive basal pigmentation in the forewing, as well as the more elongate pterostigma and areola postica, strongly imply that capitulatus is distinct.
Epipsocus phaeus sp.n. (Figs. 67-69, 108) FEMALE. Unknown. MALE. Coloration. Pai e brown. Eyes black; a broad interocular dark brown band enclosing ocelli and continued behind eyes; postclypeus pale; anteclypeus dark; labrum paler medially. Thorax dark brown in dorsal midline, and with broad dark pleural band. Legs: femora with dark spot on outer edge of apex, tibiae with 2 dark bands; base of t. darkened. Forewing (Fig. 67): setae on ali veins sited on dark spots; extensive pale brown patches near margin in mediai cells and around Cuia; much of basal half of wing pale brown; apices of ali veins darkened. Hindwing hyaline, except for slight darkening at apices of main veins. Abdomen dark brown laterally, irregularly darkened dorsally.

COMMENTS
Phallosome and wing features of this specimen correspond closely with those of roesleri and leave no doubt of its identity. ' The lacinia (Fig. 119)  Morphology. Lacinial apex as in Fig. 109. Forewing venation as in Fig. 72. Hypandrium incipiently bilobed, heavily sclerotised. Phal· losome (Fig. 73)  COMMENTS This species appears to be mcst similar to E. quurcus Roesler (1940), genitalia of which are unknown. Pending reexamination of the types of quurcus, it is unwise to assign the present specimen to that species, as what are apparently minor differences in forewing venation may prove to be of specific value.
The phallosome frame implies relationship with the following two species, and ali three have the male epiproct border thickened as in Fig. 76. They are separable on details of phallosome shape, of radular sclerite and of the forewing. Morphology . Forewing venation as in Fig .  70. Hypandrium incipiently bilobed. Phallosome frame (Fig. 71)  Morphology. Lacinial apex as in Fig. 11 O.

COMMENTS
This species is clearly related to the preceding two new species, but is separable from them on phallosome form and on having darkened forewing areas at the apices of the radial and media i veins.

COMMENTS
This, and the next species, resemble E. nepos Enderlein (1900, Peru), E. plaumanni Roesler ( 1940, Braz li) and E. latistigma New Roesler (1940 . Brazil) in having relatively discrete dark patches in the radial and mediai forewing cells. Genitalia of nepos are unknown but (from Enderlein's figures), the areola postica is considerably longer and shallower than in either of the present species or in Roesler's species.
E. pennyi differs from other members of this group in the ground colour of the forewing beinÇJ darker and in the narrow elongate median phallosome process. The phallosome of latistigma is also relatively simple, but the apex broader and bluntly rounded. That of plaumanni is considerably more complex (Roesler 1940, fig. 56) . E. pennyi and macu-

COMMENTS
This species resembles severa! other Brazilian taxa with unmarked wings, namely quurcus Roesler (1940), uniformis New (1972) and willineri New (1972). Genitalia of quurcus are unknown, and the latter two known only from fema les. Both have a ventral valve to the gonapophyses, as in the present species, but differ on the f orm ot subgenital plate sclerot isation and of t he gonapophyses.