So far from home: first record of Chondromorpha xanthotricha (Diplopoda: Polydesmida: Paradoxosomatidae) in the Brazilian Amazon

The millipede Chondromorpha xanthotricha , supposedly native to Sri Lanka and southern India, is considered a pantropical species occurring in Southeast Asia, North America, Mesoamerica, the Caribbean, Central America and northern South America. Here we report the first record of this species for Brazil, in the central Amazon region of the country, with taxonomic notes and images of male and female specimens

The millipede family Paradoxosomatidae is rather speciose, with over 980 known species, and most diverse in Southeast Asia and in the Neotropical region (Enghoff et al. 2015).Several paradoxosomatid species are reported in regions where the taxon does not occur natively (Nguyen and Sierwald 2013), mainly as a result of introductions associated with seedling trade, gardening, cultivation of ornamental plants, and soil transport (Stoev et al. 2010;Iniesta et al. 2021).Among these anthropically dispersed species, Chondromorpha xantrotricha (Attems, 1898), supposedly native to Sri Lanka and southern India (Nguyen and Sierwald 2013;Sankaran and Sebastian 2017), has been considered an alien species occurring in Southeast Asia, North and Central America (United States, Costa Rica, Panama, and Antilles), Mesoamerica (Mexico), the Caribbean and northern South America (Ecuador, Suriname, and Venezuela) (Jeekel 1963;Shelley and Lehtinen 1998;Hoffman 1999;Jeekel 2002;Shelley and Cupul-Magaña 2007;Decker and Tertilt 2012;Nguyen and Sierwald 2013;Golovatch and Wesener 2016;Likhitrakarn et al. 2017).
In Brazil, some non-native millipedes are considered agricultural pests (Schubart 1942;Lordello 1954).Nonetheless, little is known about the effect of these alien species on local communities of partially or highly preserved forests (Iniesta et al. 2020).To date, 12 species of millipedes are regarded as invasive in the country (Iniesta et al. 2021).Among these, two non-native paradoxosomatid species are known, Orthomorpha coarctata (Saussure 1860) and Oxidus gracilis (Koch 1847), both widely distributed in the northern region and in the Atlantic forest (Iniesta et al. 2021).
Here we report, for the first time in Brazil, the occurrence of C. xanthotricha in the Amazon region of the country, ACTA AMAZONICA extending its distribution range in northern South America.Additionally, we provide a distribution map of the species in the Neotropics, as well as descriptive notes on male and female collected in Brazil.
Eleven specimens were collected from May to June 2013 in the municipality of Itacoatiara, Amazonas state, Brazil, in the locality Comunidade da Penha, at km 03 of BR AM-010 highway.All specimens were preserved in 70% ethanol and deposited in the collections of Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA) and Instituto Butantan (IBSP), Brazil.Measurements and photographs were taken with a camera (Leica DFC500) coupled to a stereomicroscope (Leica M 205C), which was connected to a computer with the Leica Application Suite LAS V3.6 software, that includes an auto montage module (Syncroscopy software).The images were edited with the software Adobe Lightroom (version CC 2020) for light and contrast correction.The plates were made using the Adobe Photoshop (version CC 2020) software.The species was identified following original descriptions by Attems (1898), Loomis (1948) and Likhitrakarn et al. (2017).External anatomy and cyphopod terminology follow Sankaran and Sebastien (2017) and Bouzan et al. (2018), while gonopod terminology follows Sankaran and Sebastien (2017).The distribution map of C. xanthotricha in the Neotropical region follows Jeekel (1963Jeekel ( , 2002) ) and Shelley and Cupul-Magaña (2007), and was prepared using the free software DIVA-GIS 7.5.0.(Hijmans et al. 2001).Diagnosis.Chondromorpha xanthotricha can be distinguished from congeneric species by having granular and setose tegument (Figure 1a-c).Males of the species are recognized by their rather simple gonopods (Figure 2); postfemoral region curved mesad, with a leaf-shaped process and an apicoventral shelf (Figure 2a,b); solenophore (sph) with trifid lamina supporting a long, flagelliform solenomere (sl) (Figure 2d).Descriptive notes.Male.Body length 15-17 mm.Coloration (long-preserved in 70% ethanol): body dark brown, lateral edge of metazonite, paranota and legs yellowish (Figure 1).
Female.Body length 15-19 mm.Coloration and other somatic characters as in male description.Ventral projection (epigynal flange) reduced on posterior border of sternite of segment three (Figure 3b).Cyphopods situated directly behind the second pair of legs of third body ring (Figure 3a), encapsulated by long apodematic tubes (at), with a ACTA AMAZONICA collar (c) on the base region (Figure 3e), wide proximally, narrowing distally (Figure 3d-g).Cyphopods composed of three valves, with thick setae dispersed along the surface of the valves, presence of internal (iv) and external valves (ev) with a proximal operculum (op) adpressed against both larger valves (Figure 3h-j).Fertilization ducts (fd) short, apical to cyphopod, curved to apical part (Figure 3i,j).The fauna of paradoxosomatid species in Brazil is mostly represented by the tribe Catharosomatini (Nguyen and Sierwald 2013).The records of the tribe Sulciferini in the country belong mostly to two synanthropic species Orthomorpha (= Asiomorpha) coarctata and O. gracilis (see Brolemann 1904;Hoffman et al. 2002;Adis et al. 2002;Iniesta et al. 2020Iniesta et al. , 2021)).Both species are reported in the Amazon region, with O. gracilis occurring only in preserved forests, and O. coarctata widely distributed, both in urban and rural areas, and in partially preserved forests (Brolemann 1904;Iniesta et al. 2021).used for sheep breeding at the time.This new record of C. xanthotricha in Brazil indicates a recent introduction, as it was recorded in one of the most intensively studied regions in the central Brazilian Amazon, including the long-term invertebrate surveys within the collaboration framework of the Max-Planck-Institute for Limnology (Germany) and INPA, with no previous record of this species (Adis et al. 2002;Hoffman et al. 2002).
So far, there is no published record of C. xanthotricha in any other Brazilian state, which suggests that the occurrence in Amazonas is a consequence of its geographic expansion from northern South America.On the other hand, it is possible that C. xanthotricha was accidentally introduced to the state via river transport, as Itacoatiara and nearby Manaus have major fluvial ports linked to a large industrial sector (Beasley et al. 2003), with commercial interchange with China, Ecuador, Japan, and USA (SEDECTI 2022).Condromorpha xanthotricha is known to occur in all the latter countries (Jeekel 1963;Jeekel 2002;Shelley and Cupul-Magaña 2007).

AMAZONICA
Based on the wide distribution of C. xanthotricha in northern South America (Figure 4), further studies are needed to evaluate the effect of this alien species on native local communities, as the introduction of exotic species is one of the most worrying factors in conservation biology (Recuero and García-París 2016).Due to the increasingly intense and globalized movement of people and goods, invasive species are now recognized as a major problem (Didham et al. 2005;Pysek and Richardson 2010;Iniesta et al. 2020).Invasive species can affect forest regeneration, especially soil arthropods (Hartshorn 2021), but the actual and potential impacts of introduced millipedes in the Amazon rainforest remain unknown.

Figure 4 .
Figure 4. Distribution map of Chondromorpha xanthotricha (Attems 1898) in the Neotropical region.This figure is in color in the electronic version.