Addition of açai oil during the close-up dry period of Holstein cows improves colostrum quality and immune responses of their calves

SANTOS, DAIANE S. DOS; KLAUCK, VANDERLEI; THEISEN, CLEITON; BORDIGON, BRUNA; FARINA, RENAN; PEREIRA, WANDERSON A.B.; SOUZA, CARINE F.; BALDISSERA, MATHEUS D.; SCHOGOR, ANA LUIZA B.; VEDOVATTO, MARCELO; PALMER, ELIZABETH A.; SILVA, ALEKSANDRO S. DA

doi:10.1590/0001-3765202220201592

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ANIMAL SCIENCE • An. Acad. Bras. Ciênc. 94 (4) • 2022 • https://doi.org/10.1590/0001-3765202220201592 copy

Addition of açai oil during the close-up dry period of Holstein cows improves colostrum quality and immune responses of their calves

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Abstract

This study evaluated of the effects of açai oil during the close-up dry period of Holstein cows on colostrum quality, as well as on the immune and antioxidant responses of their calves. Sixteen multiparous cows were assigned randomly to two treatments: 1) CONTROL (n = 8) - 4.48% of soybean oil/concentrate; 2) AÇAI (n =8) - 4.48% of açai oil/concentrate. Cows fed with açai oil had greater (P≤0.04) colostrum concentrations of immunoglobulins (Ig) G (1^st and 2^nd milking), IgG heavy chains, IgA (only at 1^st milking), alpha-lactalbumin (1^st milking), total protein, and antioxidant capacity against peroxyl radicals (only at 1^st milking). Cows fed with açai oil had greater serum concentrations of globulin (only on the day of calving) and total protein (only on the day of calving) (P = 0.03). Calves born of cows fed with açai oil had greater serum concentrations of total protein (only 24 and 48 h after calving) and serum concentration of IgG heavy chain (only 24 h after calving) and globulin (only 24 and 48 h after calving) (P = 0.01). These data suggest that the addition of açai oil in the cow feed during the close-up dry period boosted immunity in their calves by altering the composition of colostrum.

Key words
açai oil; antioxidant system; colostrum; cows; immunity; prepartum

Feeds (kg)	As fed (kg/cow/day)		Dry matter (DM; kg/cow/day)
Corn silage	6.40		2.39
Hay	2.70		2.29
Concentrate¹	2.70		2.42
Ingredients (g/kg)	Concentrates
Ingredients (g/kg)	CONTROL		AÇAI
Ground corn	500.80		500.80
Soybean meal	346.00		346.00
Premix¹	108.40		108.40
Soybean oil	44.80		0.00
Açai oil	0.00		44.80
Chemical composition²	Corn silage	Hay	Concentrates¹
Chemical composition²	Corn silage	Hay	CONTROL	AÇAI
Dry matter (DM), g/kg	371.20	848.70	897.52	894.61
g/kg of DM
Crude protein	81.62	60.65	203.83	201.83
NDF	346.13	707.60	80.10	80.21
ADF	211.51	332.32	13.41	13.63
EE	35.07	11.99	60.97	59.52
Ash	68.71	79.20	134.60	118.61
TDN³	714.72	605.2	782.62	796.23

Items¹	Treatments²		P - values
Items¹	CONTROL	AÇAI	Treat	Time	Treat × Time
Colostrum production (L/milking)			0.91	0.01	0.87
1^st milking	8.50 (0.60)^A	8.38 (0.59)^A
2^nd milking	5.67 (0.60)^B	5.59 (0.59)^B
Average	7.09 (0.59)	6.99 (0.59)
Colostrum production (L/day; 1^st day)	14.17 (1.18)	13.97 (1.18)	0.81	-	-
IgG heavy chain (g/dL)			0.01	0.01	0.45
1^st milking	1.26 (0.05)^A	1.77 (0.06)^A
2^nd milking	0.51 (0.06)^B	0.93 (0.06)^B
Average	0.89 (0.04)^y	1.35 (0.04)^x
IgG light chain (g/dL)			0.98	0.01	0.80
1^st milking	0.60 (0.05)^A	0.61 (0.06)^A
2^nd milking	0.30 (0.06)^B	0.29 (0.06)^B
Average	0.45 (0.04)	0.45 (0.04)
IgA (g/dL)			0.07	0.01	0.04
1^st milking	0.75 (0.07)^Ay	1.05 (0.07)^Ax
2^nd milking	0.62 (0.07)^A	0.65 (0.07)^B
Average	0.68 (0.06)^y	0.85 (0.06)^x
Transferrin (g/dL)			0.90	0.01	0.50
1^st milking	1.09 (0.09)^A	1.06 (0.10)^A
2^nd milking	0.63 (0.10)^B	0.70 (0.10)^B
Average	0.86 (0.09)	0.88 (0.08)
Beta-lactalbumin (g/dL)			0.96	0.01	0.55
1^st milking	0.52 (0.04)^A	0.54 (0.04)^A
2^nd milking	0.33 (0.04)^B	0.31 (0.05)^B
Average	0.43 (0.03)	0.43 (0.03)
Alpha- lactalbumin (g/dL)			0.30	0.01	0.01
1^st milking	0.32 (0.03)^Ay	0.47 (0.03)^Ax
2^nd milking	0.32 (0.03)^A	0.24 (0.03)^B
Average	0.32 (0.02)	0.35 (0.02)
Total protein (g/dL)			0.01	0.01	0.33
1^st milking	7.97 (0.27)^A	10.76 (0.29)^A
2^nd milking	3.35 (0.32)^B	5.55 (0.32)^B
Average	5.66 (0.21)^y	8.15 (0.22)^x
ACAP (U.F/mg of protein)			0.01	0.01	0.01
1^st milking	0.96 (0.16)^Ay	2.39 (0.17)^Ax
2^nd milking	1.04 (0.17)^A	1.04 (0.17)^B
Average	1.00 (0.12)^y	1.72 (0.12)^x
LPO (nmol/mL)			0.05	0.71	0.28
1^st milking	3894.44 (456.93)	3328.61 (488.48)
2^nd milking	4238.69 (488.02)	2644.10 (488.48)
Average	4066.57 (352.74)^x	2986.35 (365.79)^y

Items¹	Treatments²		P – values
Items¹	CONTROL	AÇAI	Treat	Time	Treat × Time
Cows
Albumin (mg/dL)			0.11	0.01	0.24
21 d prior to calving	2.47 (0.12)^A	2.30 (0.11)^A
Day of calving	2.90 (0.12)^B	2.50 (0.11)^A
Average	2.68 (0.11)	2.42 (0.10)
Globulin (mg/dL)			0.10	0.01	0.01
21 d prior to calving	6.23 (0.22)^A	6.00 (0.22)^A
Day of calving	5.03 (0.20)^By	6.02 (0.20)^Ax
Average	5.63 (0.15)^y	6.01 (0.15)^x
Total protein (mg/dL)			0.46	0.24	0.03
21 d prior to calving	8.72 (0.20)	8.30 (0.20)
Day of calving	7.90 (0.19)^y	8.57 (0.19)^x
Average	8.31 (0.12)	8.44 (0.12)
Calves
IgG heavy chain (g/dL)			0.11	0.01	0.01
0 h	0.26 (0.20)^A	0.27 (0.16)^B
24 h	2.04 (0.16)^Ay	3.04 (0.16)^Ax
120 h	1.15 (0.17)^B	0.82 (0.15)^B
Average	1.15 (0.09)	1.38 (0.08)
IgG light chain (g/dL)			0.12	0.01	0.15
0 h	0.42 (0.15)^C	0.27 (0.13)^B
24 h	2.12 (0.14)^A	1.58 (0.14)^A
120 h	1.13 (0.14)^B	0.62 (0.13)^B
Average	1.22 (0.11)	0.83 (0.11)
Albumin (mg/dL)			0.19	0.03	0.30
0 h	2.48 (0.17)^A	2.94 (0.16)^A
24 h	2.32 (0.17)^A	2.25 (0.17)^B
120 h	2.62 (0.17)^A	2.77 (0.17)^A
Average	2.47 (0.09)	2.65 (0.09)
Globulin (mg/dL)			0.02	0.01	0.01
0 h	2.78 (0.25)^B	2.38 (0.24)^B
24 h	4.05 (0.25)^Ay	5.33 (0.25)^Ax
120 h	4.46 (0.25)^Ay	5.08 (0.25)^Ax
Average	3.77 (0.14)	4.26 (0.14)
Total protein (mg/dL)			0.01	0.01	0.10
0 h	5.26 (0.29)^C	5.33 (0.27)^B
24 h	6.15 (0.29)^By	7.53 (0.29)^Ax
120 h	7.10 (0.29)^Ay	7.83 (0.29)^Ax
Average	6.17 (0.17)^y	6.90 (0.17)^x

Variables¹	Pearson correlation coefficients	P - values
Colostrum × serum of calves
Colostrum IgG heavy chain (g/dL)
× Serum IgG heavy chain (g/dL)	0.68	0.01
× Serum globulin (mg/dL)	0.58	0.06
× Serum total protein (mg/dL)	0.67	0.02
Colostrum IgA (g/dL)
× Serum globulin (mg/dL)	0.60	0.06
× Serum total protein (mg/dL)	0.58	0.06
Colostrum alpha-lactalbumin (g/dL)
× Serum IgG heavy chain (g/dL)	0.59	0.03
× Serum globulin (mg/dL)	0.83	0.01
× Serum total protein (mg/dL)	0.67	0.02
Colostrum total protein (g/dL)
× Serum IgG heavy chain (g/dL)	0.55	0.05
× Serum globulin (mg/dL)	0.75	0.01
× Serum total protein (mg/dL)	0.70	0.02

Items¹	Treatments²		P - values
Items¹	CONTROL	AÇAI	Treat	Time	Treat × Time
SOD (U SOD/mg of protein)			0.88	0.01	0.87
0 h	3.65 (0.33)^A	3.54 (0.30)^A
24 h	2.47 (0.33)^B	2.56 (0.32)^B
120 h	2.38 (0.33)^B	2.25 (0.32)^B
Average	2.83 (0.24)	2.78 (0.23)
GST (U GST/mg of protein)			0.01	0.01	0.86
0 h	7.09 (0.71)^A	8.60 (0.62)^A
24 h	4.04 (0.67)^B	5.78 (0.65)^B
120 h	2.78 (0.67)^C	4.90 (0.65)^B
Average	4.63 (0.27)^y	6.43 (0.26)^x
GPx (U GPx/mg of protein)			0.09	0.68	0.48
0 h	0.22 (0.08)	0.45 (0.07)
24 h	0.24 (0.09)	0.30 (0.07)
120 h	0.21 (0.08)	0.39 (0.08)
Average	0.22 (0.06)^y	0.38 (0.05)^x
ROS (U DCF/mg of protein)			0.77	0.01	0.50
0 h	1.15 (0.18)^A	1.36 (0.16)^A
24 h	0.70 (0.18)^B	0.82 (0.17)^B
120 h	0.90 (0.18)^AB	0.74 (0.17^B
Average	0.92 (0.13)	0.97 (0.11)
ACAP (U.F./mg of protein)			0.11	0.13	0.83
0 h	0.29 (0.05)	0.20 (0.05)
24 h	0.14 (0.05)	0.11 (0.05)
120 h	0.28 (0.05)	0.20 (0.05)
Average	0.24 (0.03)	0.17 (0.03)
LPO (× 10⁴ nmol/mL)			0.43	0.32	0.41
0 h	3.34 (1.98)	2.69 (1.67)
24 h	4.30 (2.21)	3.32 (1.97)
120 h	3.66 (1.98)	3.93 (1.80)
Average	3.77 (1.33)	3.31 (1.26)

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[1] Correspondence to: Aleksandro Schaefer da Silva E-mail: aleksandro.silva@udesc.br