Karyotype characterization and nuclear DNA content measurement in Bromeliaceae: State of the art and future perspectives

NUNES, ANDREI C.P.; CLARINDO, WELLINGTON R.

doi:10.1590/0001-3765201420140224

Brazil

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Biological Sciences • An. Acad. Bras. Ciênc. 86 (4) • Dec 2014 • https://doi.org/10.1590/0001-3765201420140224 linkcopy

Karyotype characterization and nuclear DNA content measurement in Bromeliaceae: State of the art and future perspectives

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Abstracts

In Bromeliaceae, cytogenetic and flow cytometry analyses have been performed to clarify systematic and evolutionary aspects. Karyotyping approaches have shown the relatively high chromosome number, similar morphology and small size of the chromosomes. These facts have prevented a correct chromosome counting and characterization. Authors have established a basic chromosome number of x = 25 for Bromeliaceae. Recently, one karyomorphological analysis revealed that x = 25 is no longer the basic chromosome number, whose genome may have a polyploid origin. Besides cytogenetic characterization, the 2C DNA content of bromeliads has been measured. Nuclear DNA content has varied from 2C = 0.60 to 2C = 3.34 picograms. Thus, in relation to most angiosperms, the 2C DNA content of Bromeliaceae species as well as their chromosome size can be considered relatively small. In spite of some advances, cytogenetic and flow cytometry data are extremely scarce in this group. In this context, this review reports the state of the art in karyotype characterization and nuclear DNA content measurement in Bromeliaceae, emphasizing the main problems and suggesting prospective solutions and ideas for future research.

allopolyploid; bromeliads; cytogenetics; flow cytometry; genome evolution

Genus	Species	2C value (pg)	AT%	GC%	Reference for 2C value and AT%/GC%	2n chromosome number	Reference for Chromosome number
Aechmea	A. nudicaulis var. cuspidataBaker	0.780	64.88	35.12	Favoreto et al. (2012)	-	-
	A. ramosa Martius ex Schultes f.	1.370	61.37	38.63	Favoreto et al. (2012)	-	-
	A. calyculata(Morren) Baker	-	-	-	-	50	Palma Silva et al. (2004)
	A. gamosepala Wittmack	-	-	-	-	50	Palma Silva et al. (2004)
	A. aquilega(Salisbury) Grisebach	-	-	-	-	50	Cotias-de-Oliveira et al. (2000)
	A. blanchetiana(Baker) L. B. Smith Salvador	-	-	-	-	50	Cotias-de-Oliveira et al. (2000)
	A. conifera L. B. Smith Baixa Gree	-	-	-	-	50	Cotias-de-Oliveira et al. (2000)
	A. fulgens Brongniart	-	-	-	-	50	Cotias-de-Oliveira et al. (2000)
	A. miniata (Beer) hortus ex Baker	-	-	-	-	50	Cotias-de-Oliveira et al. (2004)
	b var. discolor(Beer) Beer
	A. bromeliifolia(Rudge) Baker	-	-	-	-	50	Gitaí et al. (2005)
	A. caudata Lindman	-	-	-	-	50	Ceita et al. (2008)
	A. recurvata(Klotzsch) L. B. Smith	-	-	-	-	50	Ceita et al. (2008)
	A. correia-araujoi Pereira & Moutinho	-	-	-	-	50	Ceita et al. (2008)
	A. pineliana(Brongniart ex Planchon) Baker	-	-	-	-	50	Ceita et al. (2008)
	A. marauensis Leme	-	-	-	-	50	Ceita et al. (2008)
	A. bicolor L. B. Smith	-	-	-	-	50	Ceita et al. (2008)
	A. comata(Gaudichaud) Baker	-	-	-	-	50	Ceita et al. (2008)
Alcantarea	A. nahoumi (Leme) R. Grant	-	-	-	-	50	Ceita et al. (2008)
Alcantarea	A. imperialis(Carrière) Harms	-	-	-	-	50	Ceita et al. (2008)
Ananas	A. macrodontes E. Morren	1.000	60.76	39.24	Favoreto et al. (2012)	-	-
	A. bracteatus(Lindley) Schultes f.	0.920	-	-	Arumuganathan and Earle (1991)	-	-
	A. comosus Linnaeus Merril	1.090	-	-	Arumuganathan and Earle (1991)	50	Gitaí et al. (2005)
	A. lucidus Miller	-	-	-	-	50	Cotias-de-Oliveira et al. (2000)
	A. nanus (L. B. Smith) L. B. Smith	-	-	-	-	50	Cotias-de-Oliveira et al. (2004)
Ayensua	A. uaipanensis L. B. Smith	0.860	-	-	Ebert and Till (1997)	50/100	Gitaí et al. (2005)
Billbergia	B. nutans H. Wendle ex Regel	0.752	-	-	Ramírez-Morillo and Brown (2001)	-	-
	B. horrida Regel	0.770	64.65	35.35	Favoreto et al. (2012)	-	-
	B. euphemiae E. Morren	0.890	62.59	37.42	Favoreto et al. (2012)	50	Cotias-de-Oliveira et al. (2004)
	B. tweedieana Baker	0.950	66.05	33.95	Favoreto et al. (2012)	-	-
	B. chlorosticta Saunders Hortus	-	-	-	-	50	Cotias-de-Oliveira et al. (2000)
	B. morelii Brongniart	-	-	-	-	50	Cotias-de-Oliveira et al. (2000)
Brocchinia	B. acuminata L. B. Smith	0.760	-	-	Ebert and Till (1997)	-	-
Brocchinia	B. tatei L. B. Smith	0.780	-	-	Ebert and Till (1997)	-	-
Bromelia	B. antiacanthaBertoloni	0.810	61.57	38.43	Favoreto et al. (2012)	-	-
	B. laciniosa Mart. ex Schultes	-	-	-	-	50	Cotias-de-Oliveira et al. (2000)
	B. plumieri (E. Morren) L. B. Smith	-	-	-	-	50	Cotias-de-Oliveira et al. (2000)
Canistropsis	C. simulans (Pereira & Leme) Leme	-	-	-	-	50	Bellintani et al. (2005)
	C. seidelii (L. B. Smith A Reitz) Leme	-	-	-	-	50	Bellintani et al. (2005)
	C. microps (Pereira & Leme) Leme	-	-	-	-	50	Bellintani et al. (2005)
	C. bilbergioides(Schul.)	1.000	62.64	37.36	Favoreto et al. (2012)	50	Bellintani et al. (2005)
Canistrum	C. fosterianum L. B. Smith	-	-	-	-	50	Bellintani et al. (2005)
Catopsis	C. floribunda L. B. Smith	-	-	-	-	50	Gitaí et al. (2005)
Cryptanthus	C. bahianus L. B. Smith	0.750	-	-	Ramírez-Morillo and Brown (2001)	34	Cotias-de-Oliveira et al. (2000)
	C. schwackeanus Mez	0.710	-	-	Ramírez-Morillo and Brown (2001)	34	Ramírez-Morillo and Brown (2001)
	C. beuckeri E. Morren	1.458	-	-	Ramírez-Morillo and Brown (2001)	34	Bellintani et al. (2005)
	C. acaulis (Lindley) Beer	1.380	-	-	Ramírez-Morillo and Brown (2001)	34	Ramírez-Morillo and Brown (2001)
	Cryptanthus sp.	1.330	61.23	38.78	Favoreto et al. (2012)	-	-
	C. warren-loosei Leme	-	-	-	-	34	Ceita et al. (2008)
	C. maritimus L. B. Smith	-	-	-	-	34	Ceita et al. (2008)
	C. lyman-smith Leme	-	-	-	-	34	Bellintani et al. (2005)
	C. vexatus Leme	-	-	-	-	34	Bellintani et al. (2005)
	C. bromelioides Otto & F. Dietr.	-	-	-	-	34	Sharma and Ghosh (1971)
	C. praetextus E. Morren ex Baker	-	-	-	-	34	Sharma and Ghosh (1971)
	C. zonatus(Visiani) Beer	-	-	-	-	36	Lindschau (1933)
Deinacanthon	D. urbanianum(Mez) Mez	-	-	-	-	50	Gitaí et al. (2005)
Deuterocohnia	D. longipetala(Baker) Mez	0.740	-	-	Ebert and Till (1997)	-	-
	D. schreiteriCastellanos	0.800	-	-	Ebert and Till (1997)	-	-
	D. lorentziana(Mez) Spencer & L. B. Smith	-	-	-	-	50	Gitaí et al. (2005)
Dyckia	D. estevesii Rauh	1.600	-	-	Ebert and Till (1997)	-	-
	D. floribunda Grisebach	1.580	-	-	Ebert and Till (1997)	-	-
	D. platyphylla L. B. Smith	-	-	-	-	50	Cotias-de-Oliveira et al. (2004)
	D. saxatilis Mez	-	-	-	-	50	Gitaí et al. (2005)
Encholirium	E. irwinii L. B. Smith	1.740	-	-	Ebert and Till (1997)	-	-
	Encholirium sp.	1.740	-	-	Ebert and Till (1997)	-	-
	E. spectabile Mart. ex Schult.f.	-	-	-	-	50	Cotias-de-Oliveira et al. (2000)
Fascicularia	F. bicolor (Ruiz & Pavon) Mez ssp. bicolor E.C. Nelson & Zizka	-	-	-	-	50	Gitaí et al. (2005)
Fascicularia	F. bicolor (Ruiz & Pavon) Mez ssp. canaliculata E.C. Nelson & Zizka	-	-	-	-	50	Gitaí et al. (2005)
Fosterella	F. penduliflora (C.H. Wright) L.B. Smith	1.860	-	-	Ebert and Till (1997)	-	-
Fosterella	F. villosula(Harms) L. B. Smith	1.860	-	-	Ebert and Till (1997)	-	-
Greigia	G. spec. nov. (aff. G. mulfordii var. micrantha)	-	-	-	-	50	Gitaí et al. (2005)
Greigia	G. sphacelata (Ruiz & Pavon) Regel	-	-	-	-	50	Gitaí et al. (2005)
Hechtia	H. epigyna Harms	0.960	-	-	Ebert and Till (1997)	-	-
Hechtia	H. matudae L. B. Smith	0.940	-	-	Ebert and Till (1997)	-	-
Hohenbergia	H. catingae Ule var. catingae	-	-	-	-	50	Cotias-de-Oliveira et al. (2000)
	H. littoralis L. B. Smith	-	-	-	-	50	Cotias-de-Oliveira et al. (2000)
	H. stellata Schultes Baixa Gree					50	Cotias-de-Oliveira et al. (2000)
	H. blanchetti (Baker) E. Morren ex Mez	-	-	-	-	50	Ceita et al. (2008)
	H. pennae Pereira	-	-	-	-	50	Bellintani et al. (2005)
	H. castelanosii L. B. Smith a Read	-	-	-	-	50	Bellintani et al. (2005)
	H. correia-araujoi Pereira & Moutinho	-	-	-	-	50	Pereira & Moutinho
	H. aff. utriculosa Ule	-	-	-	-	50	Cotias-de-Oliveira et al. (2000)
Navia	N. splendens L. B. Smith	1.420	-	-	Ebert and Till (1997)	-	-
Neoglaziovia	N. variegata (Arruda de Camara) Mez	-	-	-	-	100	Cotias-de-Oliveira et al. (2000)
Neoregelia	N. aff. Simulans L. B. Smith	0.980	62.76	37.24	Favoreto et al. (2012)	-	-
	N. carcharodon(Baker) L. B. Smith	-	-	-	-	50	Cotias-de-Oliveira et al. (2004)
	N.hoehneana L. B. Smith	-	-	-	-	50	Cotias-de-Oliveira et al. (2004)
	N. laevis (Mez) L. B. Smith	-	-	-	-	50	Cotias-de-Oliveira et al. (2004)
	N. johannis(Carrière) L. B. Smith	-	-	-	-	50	Cotias-de-Oliveira et al. (2004)
	N. wilsoniana M.B. Foster	-	-	-	-	50	Cotias-de-Oliveira et al. (2004)
	N. rutilans E. Morren	-	-	-	-	50	Cotias-de-Oliveira et al. (2004)
	N. longiflorum Ule	-	-	-	-	50	Cotias-de-Oliveira et al. (2004)
	N. procerum Lindman	-	-	-	-	50	Ceita et al. (2008)
	N. tenebrosa Leme	-	-	-	-	50	Ceita et al. (2008)
	N. leucophoea(Baker) L. B. Smith	-	-	-	-	50	Bellintani et al. (2005)
	N. longisepala Pereira & Penna	-	-	-	-	50	Pereira & Penna
	N. cruenta (R. Graham) L. B. Smith	-	-	-	-	50	Bellintani et al. (2005)
	N. carolinae(Beer) L. B. Smith	-	-	-	-	50	Bellintani et al. (2005)
	N. bahiana (Ule) L. B. Smith	-	-	-	-	50	Bellintani et al. (2005)
Nidularium	N. lyman-smithii Leme	-	-	-	-	50	Ceita et al. (2008)
	N. scheremetiewii Regel	-	-	-	-	50	Ceita et al. (2008)
	N. innocentii var. innocentii Lemaire	-	-	-	-	50	Ceita et al. (2008)
	N. innocentii x Neoregelia johannis	-	-	-	-	50	Ceita et al. (2008)
Ochagavia	O. elegans R. Philippi	-	-	-	-	50	Gitaí et al. (2005)
Ochagavia	O.litoralis(Phil.) Zizka, Trumpler & Zoellner	-	-	-	-	50	Gitaí et al. (2005)
Orthophytum	O. saxicola (Ule) L. B. Smith	0.640	-	-	Ramírez-Morillo and Brown (2001)	50	Ramírez-Morillo and Brown (2001)
	O. maracasense L. B. Smith	-	-	-	-	150	Cotias-de-Oliveira et al. (2000)
	O. burle-marxii L. B. Smith & Rangel	-	-	-	-	100	Cotias-de-Oliveira et al. (2000)
	O. albopictum Philcox	-	-	-	-	100	Louzada et al. (2010)
	O. amoenum (Ule) L. B. Smith	-	-	-	-	100	Louzada et al. (2010)
	O. disjunctum L. B. Smith	-	-	-	-	50	Louzada et al. (2010)
	O. hatschbachii Leme	-	-	-	-	50	Louzada et al. (2010)
	O. mucugense Wand.& A. A. Conc.	-	-	-	-	50	Louzada et al. (2010)
	O. supthutii E. Gross & Barthlott	-	-	-	-	50	Louzada et al. (2010)
	O. ophiuroides Louzada & We	-	-	-	-	50	Louzada et al. (2010)
	O. vagans M. B. Foster	-	-	-	-	50	Louzada et al. (2010)
Pitcairnia	P.flammea (L. B. Smith) L. B. Smith	1.44	64.28	35.72	Nunes et al. (2013)	50	Nunes et al. (2013)
	P. feliciana (A. Chevalier) Harms & Mildbraed	0.600	-	-	Ebert and Till (1997)	-	-
	P. heterophylla(Lindley) Beer	0.880	-	-	Ebert and Till (1997)	-	-
	P. prolifera Rauh	0.840	-	-	Ebert and Till (1997)	-	-
	P. cardenasii L. B. Smith	1.020	-	-	Ebert and Till (1997)	-	-
	P. rectiflora Rauh	1.200	-	-	Ebert and Till (1997)	-	-
	P. sceptrigera Mez	1.200	-	-	Ebert and Till (1997)	-	-
	P. piepenbringii Rauh & E. Gross	1.200	-	-	Ebert and Till (1997)	-	-
	P. poeppigiana Mez	1.200	-	-	Ebert and Till (1997)	-	-
	P. atrorubens(Beer) Baker	1.200	-	-	Ebert and Till (1997)	50	Gitaí et al. (2005)
	P. chiapensis Mirea	1.220	-	-	Ebert and Till (1997)	-	--
	P. spicata(Lamarck) Mez	1.220	-	-	Ebert and Till (1997)	-	-
	P. aphelandriflora L. B. Smith	1.240	-	-	Ebert and Till (1997)	-	-
	P. pomacochae Rauh	1.240	-	-	Ebert and Till (1997)	-	-
	P. aureobrunnea Rauh	1.120	-	-	Ebert and Till (1997)	-	-
	P. yaupi-bajaensis Rauh	1.120	-	-	Ebert and Till (1997)	-	-
	P. riparia Mez	1.140	-	-	Ebert and Till (1997)	-	-
	P. halophila L. B. Smith	1.080	-	-	Ebert and Till (1997)	-	-
	P. micotrinensis R.W. Read	1.100	-	-	Ebert and Till (1997)	-	-
	P. tabuliformis Linden	1.100	-	-	Ebert and Till (1997)	-	-
	P. angustifolia Soleer in Aiton	1.060	-	-	Ebert and Till (1997)	-	-
	P. albomarginata L. B. Smith	1.280	-	-	Ebert and Till (1997)	-	-
	P. heerdeae E. Gross & Rauh	1.180	-	-	Ebert and Till (1997)	-	-
	P. palmoides Mez & Sodiro	1.180	-	-	Ebert and Till (1997)	-	-
	P. paraguayensis L. B. Smith	1.360	-	-	Ebert and Till (1997)	-	-
	P. venezuelana L.B. Smith & Steyermark	1.360	-	-	Ebert and Till (1997)	-	-
	P. villetaensis Rauh	1.260	-	-	Ebert and Till (1997)	-	-
	P. andrena Linden	1.300	-	-	Ebert and Till (1997)	-	-
	P. schultzei Harms	1.360	-	-	Ebert and Till (1997)	-	-
	P.grafii Rauh	1.340	-	-	Ebert and Till (1997)	-	-
Portea	P. silveirae Mez	-	-	-	-	50	Cotias-de-Oliveira et al. (2004)
Portea	P. greiflora Philcox	-	-	-	-	50	Cotias-de-Oliveira et al. (2004)
Puya	P. mirabilis (Mez) L. B. Smith	0.880	-	-	Ebert and Till (1997)	50	*Gitaí et al. (2005)*
	P. stenothyrsa(Baker) Mez	0.940	-	-	Ebert and Till (1997)	-	-
	P. raimondii Harms	1.130	-	-	Sgorbati et al. (2004)	-	-
Quesnelia	Q. arvenis(Vellozo) Mez	-	-	-	-	50	Cotias-de-Oliveira et al. (2004)
Quesnelia	Q. edmundoi L. B. Smith b var. rubrobracteata E. Pereira	-	-	-	-	50	Cotias-de-Oliveira et al. (2004)
Vriesea	V. racinae L. B. Smith	1.190	60.26	39.74	Favoreto et al. (2012)	-	-
	V. scalaris E. Morren	1.110	60.77	39.23	Favoreto et al. (2012)	-	-
	V. carinata Wawra	-	-	-	-	50	Palma Silva et al. (2004)
	V. erytrodactylon (E. Morren) E. Morren ex. Mez	-	-	-	-	50	Palma Silva et al. (2004)
	V. flammea L. B. Smith	-	-	-	-	50	Palma Silva et al. (2004)
	V. friburgensis Mez	-	-	-	-	50	Palma Silva et al. (2004)
	V. guttata Linden e Ere	-	-	-	-	50	Palma Silva et al. (2004)
	V. incurvata Gaudchaud	-	-	-	-	50	Palma Silva et al. (2004)
	V. platynema Gaudchaud	-	-	-	-	50	Palma Silva et al. (2004)
	V. platzmannii E. Morren	-	-	-	-	50	Palma Silva et al. (2004)
	V. psittacina(Hooker) Lindley	-	-	-	-	50	Palma Silva et al. (2004)
	V. fosteriana L. B. Smith	-	-	-	-	50	Cotias-de-Oliveira et al. (2004)
	V. picta (Mez et Wercklé) L. B. Smith et Pittendr.	-	-	-	-	50	Cotias-de-Oliveira et al. (2004)
	V. botafogensis Mez	-	-	-	-	50	Cotias-de-Oliveira et al. (2004)
	V. saundersii(Carrière) E. Morren ex Mez	-	-	-	-	50	Cotias-de-Oliveira et al. (2004)
Tillandsia	T. stricta Soleer	1.200	61.94	38.06	Favoreto et al. (2012)	-	-
	T. cyanea Linden ex K. Koch	2.200	-	-	Zonneveld et al. (2005)	-	-
	T. usneoides(Linnaeus) Linnaeus	2.500	-	-	Zonneveld et al. (2005)	-	-
	T. loliacea Martius ex Schultes f.	3.340	60.75	39.25	Favoreto et al. (2012)	-	-
	T. dodsonii L. B. Smith	-	-	-	-	50	Ceita et al. (2008)
Wittrockia	W. gigantea(Baker) Leme	-	-	-	-	160	Gitaí et al. (2005)
Wittrockia	W. spiralipetala Leme	-	-	-	-	50	Bellintani et al. (2005)

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