A Possible Chelonian Egg from the Brazilian Late Cretaceous

This paper describes a possible fossil egg proceeding from the Bauru Group, Late Cretaceous of Paraná Basin, Brazil. External morphology, dimensions, texture and shell ornamentation examined under electron microscopy show close resemblance to the Recent podocnemidid chelonian eggs. Association with bony material in the outcrop suggests that it is related to a species of Podocnemis . Computerized tomography reveals a high density outer region corresponding to the shell component layers, and successive layers with decreasing density towards the nucleus. An area of high density in the central region may represent remains of an embryo. key words: Fossil egg, chelonian, Late Cretaceous, Bauru Group.

. Most of these fossils are assigned to dinosaurs.A review of this subject was presented by Hirsch & Packard (1987).
In Brazil, the paleontological findings from the Late Cretaceous Bauru Group in Peirópolis region, Municipality of Uberaba (MG), are of great importance.Among others, there is a natural egg cast spheric in shape (DGM 348-R), without the outer shell, measuring about 15.0 centimeters and has been assigned with "relative certainty" (Price 1951, p. 5) to the Titanosauridae.Three oblong eggs from the Peirópolis region (DGM 1450-R, DGM 1451-R and DGM 1452-R), with different states of outer shell preservation and measuring 5.8 to 11.0 centimeters in diameter, were assigned to the Ornithischia, possibly Ceratopsia (Campos & Bertini 1985).
In addition to the Peirópolis occurrences, Vi-  Outside Brazil, the material described by Mones (1979) and referred to the Asencio Formation (Late Cretaceous of Uruguay), as well as egg remains described by Bonaparte & Vince (1979)

METHODOLOGY
The fossil egg was compared to Recent egg material and to fossil bones assigned to reptiles stratigraphically associated.The chemical composition and the egg surface were studied under Scanning Electron Microscope.The internal structure was studied through radiological techniques, including computerized tomography, at the Radiology Service of São Lucas Hospital (PUC/RS) and high resolution tomography at the Radiodiagnostic Service of the University Hospital (Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro).

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The egg (Fig. 1), with excellent preservation, subspherical format, measuring about 4.30 centimeters, was found associated to remains of titanosaurid dinosaurs, crocodilians and chelonians described by Souza Cunha et al. (1987) and was preliminary identified as a "dinosaur egg (?)".
In view of the almost perfectly spherical shape and reduced size it is unlikely that the egg belongs to dinosaurs.The specimen is tentatively assigned to a chelonian egg.
Chemical analysis of the fragments of the outer portion of the specimen indicated the predominance of calcium carbonate (Fig. 2).Under binocular mi- Under SEM analysis of ultra-structure revealed a great similarity between morphology and arrangement of elongated crystals of calcium carbonate in egg's shell, and the Recent material (Fig. 3).
To detect density changes, in order to characterize the internal structure, the specimen was examined under high definition computerized tomography, a technique previously utilized in similar situations (Conroy & Vannier 19841987, Haubitz et al. 1988, McGowan 1989a1989b) which showed extremely efficient for the desired objective.
The tomographic sections revealed an internal structure characterized by the presence of a particularly dense outer region, corresponding to the shell layers.Toward the nucleus, the specimen shows reduced values of mass density (Fig. 4).It was also possible to identify in the central portion a region of greater density, and inside this region there were individualized points of even greater density.
It is possible to hypothesize that the dense central region represents an embryonic remain, and the points of greater density represent the centers of ossification of bones in formation.This observation is extremely rare in fossilized eggs (Sochava 1972, Elzanowsky 1981, Horner 1982).
One of the tomographic sections (Fig. 5) showed a shape similar to an embryo.Such resemblance becomes more evident in comparison with embryonic material of Pseudemys virginica presented by Grassé (1970, p. 931).
As the computerized tomography allows the quantification of density values with high precision, it is worth mentioning that the density values in the ossifications of the supposed embryo (4212) are numerically very similar to the values taken as reference for fossilized bones of associated chelonian bones (4228).Notice that the range of values of density utilized in the equipment was of −11000 to +11000, relative to the density taken as reference (water = 1).

CONCLUSIONS
(1) The morphological characteristics and microand ultra-structure of shell suggest identification of the fossil as a chelonian egg.
(2) On account of the paleofaunistic association in the outcrop where the egg came from, and through the comparison with Recent remains, we tentatively refer the egg to the genus Podocnemis.
(3) Analysis of high definition computerized tomography made it possible to identify a probable embryonic remain.

Fig. 2 -
Fig. 2 -X-ray analysis of the outer surface of the eggshell.

from the El Tranquilo Formation (Late Triassic of Argentina), and some dinosaur eggs still under analysis recently reported from Argentinian southern, can provide subsides
to the study of Brazilian material.MATERIALThe fossil egg studied is housed at the Paleovertebrate Collection of the Museu Nacional/Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (MN 4315-V).It was collected in 1986 by Professor Fausto Luiz de Souza Cunha in the Cretaceous mudstones of Adamantina Formation, Bauru Group at the locality of Álvares Machado (22 • 4 22 S 51 • 29 36 W), northwest of Presidente Prudente City, São Paulo State, Brazil.