Wood anatomy of Mollinedia glabra ( Spreng . ) Perkins ( Monimiaceae ) in two Restinga Vegetation Formations at Rio das Ostras , RJ , Brazil

This paper aimed to characterize the anatomical structure of the wood of specimens of Mollinedia glabra (Spreng.) Perkins growing in two contiguous formations of restinga vegetation at Praia Virgem, in the municipality of Rio das Ostras, RJ. Both the Open Palmae (OPS) and the Sandy Strip Closed Shrub (SSCS) formations are found in coastal regions that receive between 1,100 and 1,300 mm of rainfall per year. Sapwood samples were collected in both formations. Typical anatomical features for this species include: solitary vessels, radial multiples or clusters elements, that are circular to angular in outline, 5-15 barred scalariform perforation plates, wood parenchyma scanty, septate fiber-tracheids, and wide multiseriate rays with prismatic crystals. Statistical analyses indicated a significant increase in the frequency of vessel elements and an increase in fiber-tracheid diameters in OPS individuals. These characteristics are considered structural adaptations to increased water needs caused by a greater exposure to sunlight. Continuous pruning may be responsible for the tyloses observed in OPS plants. The greater lengths and higher frequencies of the rays in SSCS trees may be due to the greater diameters of their branches. Our results suggest that M. glabra develops structural adaptations to the restinga micro-environmental variations during its development.

The genus Mollinedia has the largest number of described species and is typified by highly branched shrubs or small trees with erect trunks (Peixoto 1979) that normally grow near rivers and streams.The wood of this taxon is hard, whitish, and easy to work, although it is little harvested commercially (Peixoto et al. 2001).These trees have medicinal uses (Leitão et al. 1999) and some species are used in urban landscaping and to produces barrels and sieves in southern Brazil, they also have an important role in reforestation and in the maintenance of the local fauna (Peixoto et al. 2001).Mollinedia glabra (Spreng.)Perkins is considered a threatened species in Brazil (Ibama 2008), with small populations that occur only in coastal lowlands.The species occurs in two distinct vegetation formations in the restinga region of Praia Virgem, municipality of Rio das Ostras, Rio de Janeiro: Open Palmae Shrub (OPS) and Sandy Strip Closed Shrub (SSCS).
An Acad Bras Cienc (2010) 82 (4) Most studies concerning this genus in Brazil have focused on their taxonomic (Peixoto et al. 2001(Peixoto et al. , 2002) ) or phytochemical (Leitão et al. 1999) nature, with only infrequent works concentrating on the anatomical or ecological aspects of this taxon (Barros et al. 1997, Callado et al. 1997).Anatomical studies of wood are considered to be very informative (Metcalfe 1989), mainly when correlated with evolutive and phylogenetic questions, as environmental factors are considered active in defining the structure of the secondary xylem (Aguilar-Rodríguez and Barajas-Morales 2005, Carlquist 2000).Although the first anatomical studies considering ecological aspects of plant populations were first performed in the 1970's (Baas 1973, Carlquist 1975), this type of investigation is still uncommon in the tropics -largely due to the great variety of species and environments found there.In general, researchers that use the anatomical characters of wood in studies of intra-specific variation in ecologically distinct environments have described modifications in the diameter, length, and frequency of the vessel elements, the thickness of the walls and the lengths of the fibers, and the height and width of the rays (Baas et al. 1983, Callado et al. 1997, Wheeler and Baas 1991, Marcati et al. 2001, León 2005, Ribeiro and Barros 2006).
The present work described and compared the wood anatomy of individuals of M. glabra growing in two contiguous vegetation formations under distinct illumination and disturbance regimes in restinga (shoreline) vegetation at Praia Virgem, municipality of Rio das Ostras, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

MATERIALS AND METHODS
The studied plant material was collected in an area of restinga vegetation at Praia Virgem, municipality of Rio das Ostras, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (22 • 31 S × 41 • 56 W).This coastal restinga area occupies about 20 ha on a narrow strip of sand, circa 1 km long, along the coast (H.Braga, unpublished data).Two distinct vegetation formations were identified there (Menezes et al. 2005): Open Palmae Shrub (OPS) and Sandy Strip Closed Shrub (SSCS), corresponding to the edge and to the interior of the restinga forest, respectively (Figs. 1a,  b).The region receives 1,100 to 1,300 mm of rainfall annually, and the climate is mesothermic, sub-humid to humid, with only a small water deficit during the year (FIDERJ 1978).The two vegetation formations are separated by circa 200 m and differ mainly concerning the amount of sunlight that they receive, their exposure to the on-shore winds, and in terms of anthropogenic disturbances, the OPS suffering from frequent pruning.
Samples from three individuals of Mollinedia glabra were obtained in the vegetation formations (Table I).As this species is normally branched near the base, samples of the SSCS individuals were collected from the most developed branches at breast height (1.30 m above ground level), and from the middle of straight branches of individuals at the OPS site (Table I).The wood samples, as suggested by Coradin and Muñiz (1991), were obtained from the sapwood region, as the heartwood was rather small.Reproductive material was housed at the Herbarium RBR of the Botany Department of the UFRRJ under the number 401054.The wood samples from each of the studied individuals were sectioned along their transversal and longitudinal planes, at an average thickness of 15μm.The histological sections were cleared, stained, dehydrated and mounted as permanent slides.The stain that was used was a mixture of 1% astra blue and safranin (Burguer and Richter 1991).The permanent slides were housed at the Xylothek of the Instituto de Pesquisas Jardim Botânico of Rio de Janeiro (JBRJ) under the Bras Cienc (2010) 82 (4 registration numbers indicated in Table I.The wood fragments were boiled in 50% nitric acid to dissociate the cellular elements (modified from Occhioni 1948).The descriptions, counts, and measurements of the cellular elements followed the norms of the IAWA Committee (1989) and Coradin and Muñiz (1991).The numbers of measurements per analyzed individual were: 10, for frequency and diameter of the vessels elements; 20, for the ray frequencies; and 25, for other parameters (Table II).

An Acad
Quantitative data were obtained by measurements and counts of 12 parameters observed in the vessels, fibers, and radial parenchyma in each of the specimens from the two analyzed vegetation formations.The data were first tested for normality using the Lilliefors test (Lilliefors 1967) at an alfa significance level of 0.05.The data for all of the analyzed parameters were determined to have normal distributions.The Student t test was then used to compare the two means of the independent data, at an alfa significance level of 0.05, by using the XLStat version 7.5 software package (Table III).
In order to compare environmental effects on anatomical characters associated with water transport, vulnerability, and mesomorphy indices were applied according to Carlquist (1975).
Photomicrographs were taken using an Olympus PM-C35B camera coupled to an Olympus CH30 microscope.growth rings.In the studied specimens of M. glabra, the degrees of distinction of these rings ranged between the two different formations (Table II), with distinct layers marked by the thick-walled and radially flattened latewood fibers among individuals from the OPS (Fig. 2a).
The formation of growth rings in tropical species is usually associated with seasonal factors such as droughts, flooding, changes in the photoperiod, phenology, endogenous factors, or in response to stochastic factors such as insect attacks or diseases, the loss of branches, or other injuries (Worbes 1989, 1999, Alves and Angyalossy-Alfonso 2000, Callado et al. 2001, 2004).In the OPS area, the individuals of M. glabra experience frequent cutting and form latewood, laying down growth rings that probably represent responses to these injuries when they cease their radial growth due to the energetic investments required to form new branches.Another important characteristic of the individuals growing in the OPS is the presence of tyloses with sclerified walls (Fig. 3b).This characteristic can likewise be considered a response to anthropogenic disturbances in this formation.Tyloses are observed in some genera of the family Monimiaceae (Metcalfe 1987), although sclerification of these cells has not been mentioned previously in the literature.Carlquist (2001) considered the capacity to form sclerified tilos a valid taxonomic characteristic.
Among the examined quantitative characteristics, the two restinga formations only demonstrated significant differences in terms of the frequency of the vessel elements, the diameter of the lumen of the fibertracheids, and the length and the frequency of the rays (Table III).Numerous authors have noted that species growing in dry environments usually demonstrate increased frequencies of vessels with small diameters, associating conductive efficiency with conductive safety (Carlquist 1977, Baas et al. 1983).The individuals of M. glabra examined in the OPS area demonstrated a greater frequency of vessel elements than the one reported in SSCS individuals (Table II).In spite of this variation in their frequency, no significant statistical differences were observed in terms of the diameters of these elements (Tables II and III).Similar results for the variation of the frequency and diameter of vessel elements were found for the wood of Xilopia aromatica (Lam.)Mart.growing in cerrado (savanna) areas, and in plantations of Pinus elliottii Engelm (Luchi et al. 2005).
The higher frequency of vessel elements associated with fiber-tracheids that have increased diameters and lumens can be considered a structural adaptation related to the water requirements of plants growing in the OPS site, due to the greater exposure of these plants to direct sunlight.The fiber-tracheids in M. glabra are septate (Fig. 3c, d), which is a characteristic typical of the genus Mollinedia (Metcalfe 1987).Esau (2000) mentioned that, in taxa where axial parenchyma is extremely rare, as in the studied species, the septate fibers are responsible for the transport and storage of photosynthetic products.
Although statistical tests did not demonstrate significant differences in the lengths of the vessel elements between the two restinga formations, they did appear smaller in individuals from the OPS.This characteristic, together with the smaller numbers of bars on the perforation plates of the vessel elements (Fig. 2c, Table II), represents adaptations to drier environments (Wheeler and Baas 1991, Dickison 2000, Denardi and Marchiori 2005).Reductions in the numbers of bars per perforation plate in plants growing in xeric environments were noted for M. glabra (5-15 bars) when compared to other species of Mollinedia growing in Dense Montane Ombrophilous Forests (and having from 20 to more than 40 bars) (Barros et al. 1997, Callado et al. 1997).
In spite of the placement of individuals of the two formations within the mesomorphic range (indices greater than 200), the results obtained in the present study corroborate the indices reported by Carlquist (1977) and indicate the presence of characteristics that are less mesomorphic and more vulnerable to xylem hydraulic conductivity in OPS individuals (Table II).Previous analyses undertaken with the species Mollinedia gilgiana Perkins, M. marliae A. Peixoto et V. Pereira, and M. salicifolia Perkins in Serra de Macaé de Cima (Callado et al. 1997) all demonstrated greater mesomorphic indices (5,969, 1,360 and 6,740, respectively) than those observed here with the specimens of M. glabra (401 and 522).The increase in the frequency and length of the rays among the species studied here may be associated with the increasing diameters of the branches among individuals in the SSCS site (Fig. 4).The greater height of the rays has been interpreted as being important for the efficiency of radial transport between the pith and the bark (Catesson 1990, Yáñez-Espinoza et al. 2001).
The results obtained in the present study demonstrated phenotypic variations in the wood of the species being studied, and pointed towards adaptations to micro-environmental variations during the development of plants growing in the restinga at Praia Virgem.The dioecious character of this species and the proximity of the individual plants favor the exchange of genetic ma-terial and argue for the existence of a single population of M. glabra in both vegetation formations.An Acad Bras Cienc (2010) 82 (4)

TABLE I List of individuals sampled in both sites, collection sites, dendrometrics data and record from the wood collection of Instituto de Pesquisas Jardim Botânico Rio de Janeiro (OPS - Open Palmae Shrub; SSCS -Sandy Strip Closed Shrub Growing; H = plant height (m), CSH = circumference at sampling height (cm); RBw = record of the wood; SLI = record of the slides).
(*) Samples collected at 1.30 m above ground level.

TABLE II Mean and Standard Deviation of wood anatomical features of Mollinedia glabra in both plant formations (OPS = Open Palmae Shrub, SSCS = Sandy Strip Closed Shrub).
et al. 1997et al.  , Callado et al. 1997).This species demonstrates: diffuse porosity; vessel elements that are solitary, in radial groups, or clusters elements, being circular to angular in cross-section, with short appendices, perfo-