Modelling soil water retention to identify management influence on soil pore characteristics

SILVA, RODRIGO F. DA; MOURA, ERNANDES G.; LISKA, GILBERTO R.; OLIVEIRA, GERALDO C. DE; FERREIRA, DANIEL F.; DIAS JUNIOR, MOACIR S; SANTOS, GLENIO G.

doi:10.1590/0001-3765202220190944

RODRIGO F. DA SILVA

planned and designed the research

performed the experiments and analyzed the data

wrote the manuscript

Universidade Federal de Lavras, Departamento de Ciência do Solo, Praça Professor Edmir Sá Santos, s/n, 37200-900 Lavras, MG, Brazil

http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9577-6458

ERNANDES G. MOURA

performed the experiments and analyzed the data

Instituto Federal do Piauí, Rodovia PI-247, Portal dos Cerrados, s/n, 64860-000 Uruçuí, PI, Brazil

http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2057-5736

GILBERTO R. LISKA

performed the experiments and analyzed the data

Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Departamento de Tecnologia Agroindustrial e Socioeconomia Rural, Rodovia Washington Luiz, s/n, 13565-905 São Carlos, SP, Brazil

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5108-377X

GERALDO C. DE OLIVEIRA

planned and designed the research

wrote the manuscript

Universidade Federal de Lavras, Departamento de Ciência do Solo, Praça Professor Edmir Sá Santos, s/n, 37200-900 Lavras, MG, Brazil

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2545-9788

DANIEL F. FERREIRA

performed the experiments and analyzed the data

Universidade Federal de Lavras, Departamento de Estatística, Praça Professor Edmir Sá Santos, s/n, 37200-900 Lavras, MG, Brazil

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4371-5239

MOACIR S DIAS JUNIOR

planned and designed the research

wrote the manuscript

Universidade Federal de Lavras, Departamento de Ciência do Solo, Praça Professor Edmir Sá Santos, s/n, 37200-900 Lavras, MG, Brazil

http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8121-8084

GLENIO G. SANTOS

planned and designed the research

wrote the manuscript

Universidade Federal de Goiás, Escola de Agronomia, Setor de Solos, Campus Samambaia, Avenida Esperança, s/n, 74690-900 Goiânia, GO, Brazil

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0271-9751

Correspondence to: Rodrigo Fonseca da Silva E-mail: rodrigo11.07@hotmail.com

Treatment	Detailing of the land uses and managements, number of years and location of each area
NC	Native Cerrado with no history of human disturbance, in terms of agricultural use.
EU6	Native Cerrado deforested in the 2007/2008 crop season, being limed with 5,000 kg ha^-1 dolomitic limestone. The area was grown with rice in the first year, applying 35 kg ha^-1 P₂O₅ and 18 kg ha^-1 K₂O in planting row. In the following years, eucalyptus was planted without extra fertilizations.
EU12	Native Cerrado deforested in the 2000/2001 season, being limed with 4,000 kg ha^-1 dolomitic limestone. The area was grown with rice in the first year, applying 35 kg ha^-1 P₂O₅ and 18 kg ha^-1 K₂O in planting row. In the following years, eucalyptus was planted without extra fertilizations.
PA2	Area converted into farming system in the crop year of 2001/2002, with liming throughout the years of 2003, 2005, 2010 and 2012, using 2,000 kg ha^-1 dolomitic limestone. The area was grown with rice in the first two years and then with soybeans. In the crop seasons of 2009/2010 and 2010/2011, corn was cropped. In the last two years, pastures of Urochloabrizantha were inserted, and since 2009 soil was not tilled. Average fertilization was of 100 and 80 kg ha^-1 P₂O₅ and K₂O, respectively, for both soybean and corn crops, however, adding 120 kg ha^-1 N during corn cultivation.
PA6	Area converted into farming system in the crop year of 2000/2001, initial soil tillage using 4,000 kg ha^-1 dolomitic limestone and 2,000 kg ha^-1 in the years of 2003, 2006 and 2010. The area was grown with rice in the first two years, soybeans in the following ones. In the last six years, grazing areas with Urochloabrizantha was inserted. Average fertilization applied in the planting rows was of 100 kg ha^-1 P₂O₅ and 80 kg ha^-1 K₂O for soybean crop.
CT2	Area under conventional tillage - rice monocrop in the 2011/ 2012 season applying 35 kg ha^-1 P₂O₅ and 18 kg ha^-1 K₂O in the planting row, without dolomitic limestone use. In the 2012/ 2013 crop season, the area was limed with 5,000 kg ha^-1 limestone and soybeans fertilized with 130 kg ha^-1 P₂O₅ and 95 kg ha^-1 K₂O in the planting row.
CT8	Native Cerrado deforested in the 2006/ 2007 crop season, being afterwards cropped under conventional tillage with intensive tilling, being previously limed using 5,000 kg ha^-1 dolomitic limestone, and a further application of 2,000 kg ha^-1 of the same product in 2009 and in 2012. Area under soybean monocrop over almost all years, except in 2012/ 2013 season, when corn was grown. Average fertilization applied in the planting rows was of 100 kg ha^-1 P₂O₅ and 120 kg ha^-1 K₂O in all soybean crop seasons, adding 130 kg ha^-1 N in the corn cultivation year.
NT3	Area converted into farming in 1999/ 2000, with initial application, and every three years of 5,000 and 2,000 kg ha^-1 limestone, respectively. In the first crop year, the area was grown with rice and then with soybeans, using millet as second crop or mulching in most years of cultivation by 2008/ 2009. In the 2009/ 2010 season, a no-till system was adopted (NTS) using millet for straw interspersing crops of corn and soybeans until the crop year of 2012/2013, with average fertilization using 100 and 120 kg ha^-1 P₂O₅ and K₂O, respectively, adding 130 kg ha^-1 P₂O₅N₂ for corn crops.
NT6	Area converted into farming in 2002/2003, being deforested and cultivated under a conventional tillage system, previously limed with 5 tons ha^-1 of dolomitic limestone. In the following years, 2 tons ha^-1 of limestone were applied every 3 years. It was grown with rice in the first crop year. In the following years, it was cropped with soybeans up to the growing season of 2006/2007. From the seasons of 2007/2008 up to 2012/2013, three corn crops were interspersed with soybeans. In 2007/2008, no-till system was adopted using millet for straw. Average fertilization was performed using 100 kg ha^-1 P₂O₅ and 120 kg ha^-1 K₂O for all crop seasons of soybeans and corn, adding 130 kg ha^-1 N during corn cultivation.

SiO₂	Al₂O₃	Fe₂O₃	TiO₂	P₂O₅	Ki	Kr	Al2O3/Fe₂O₃
------------------------------%-------------------------------					-----------Adimensional------------
9,190	8,990	4,430	0,486	0,006	1,740	1,320	3,180

Reference	Model of water retention in the representative soil	Parameters
van Genuchten-4P (1980)	$θ (h) = θ_{r} + (θ_{s} - θ_{r}) {[1 + (a h)^{c}]}^{- {1 - \frac{1}{c}}}$	$θ_{s}, θ_{r}, α, c$	(Eq. 3)
van Genuchten-5P (1980)	$θ (h) = θ_{r} + (θ_{s} - θ_{r}) {[1 + (a h)^{c}]}^{- d}$	$θ_{s}, θ_{r}, α, c, d$	(Eq. 4)
Fredlund-Xing (1994)	$θ (h) = θ_{r} + \frac{θ_{s} - θ_{r}}{{l n [2, 7183 + (a h)^{c}]}^{d}}$	$θ_{s}, θ_{r}, α, c, d$	(Eq. 5)
Biexponencial (Omuto 2009OMUTO CT. 2009. Biexponential Model for Water Retention Characteristics. Geoderma 149: 235-242.)	$θ (h) = θ_{r} + θ_{s_{1}} e^{- α_{1} h} + θ_{s_{2}} e^{- α_{2} h}$	$θ_{r}, θ_{s_{1}}, θ_{s_{2}}, α_{1}, α_{2}$	(Eq. 6)

Management ( ¹ )	WRC models	BIC		RSE	BT ( ² )*	DW ( ³ )	SW ( ⁴ )
NC	Van Genuchten-4P	-54.95	0.993	0.009	0.287	0.960	0.897
	Van Genuchten-5P	-42.32	0.966	0.019	0.480	0.208	0.305
	Fredlung-Xing	-55.90	0.994	0.007	0.299	0.492	0.558
	Biexponential	-49.29	0.988	0.011	0.252	0.188	0.537
EU6	Van Genuchten-4P	-55.81	0.997	0.008	0.104	0.078	0.840
	Van Genuchten-5P	-19.09	0.749	0.068	0.618	0.042	0.500
	Fredlung-Xing	-65.22	0.998	0.005	0.685	0.098	0.253
	Biexponential	-41.8	0.998	0.005	0.422	0.110	0.221
EU12	Van Genuchten-4P	-41.59	0.980	0.018	0.252	0.770	0.337
	Van Genuchten-5P	-41.55	0.969	0.022	0.178	0.440	0.286
	Fredlung-Xing	-38.71	0.977	0.020	0.395	0.664	0.400
	Biexponential	-41.62	0.960	0.025	0.368	0.218	0.104
PA2	Van Genuchten-4P	-60.86	0.992	0.006	0.462	0.980	0.198
	Van Genuchten-5P	-44.64	0.943	0.017	0.603	0.104	0.664
	Fredlung-Xing	-61.43	0.993	0.006	0.251	0.914	0.781
	Biexponential	-48.71	0.989	0.007	0.155	0.100	0.151
PA6	Van Genuchten-4P	-53.18	0.983	0.009	0.505	0.296	0.527
	Van Genuchten-5P	-40.48	0.912	0.021	0.620	0.061	0.617
	Fredlung-Xing	-54.42	0.985	0.008	0.633	0.178	0.124
	Biexponential	-52.84	0.972	0.012	0.248	0.080	0.091
CT2	Van Genuchten-4P	-56.10	0.994	0.008	0.226	0.526	0.651
	Van Genuchten-5P	-50.22	0.987	0.011	0.642	0.120	0.845
	Fredlung-Xing	-54.68	0.992	0.007	0.137	0.594	0.475
	Biexponential	-49.23	0.972	0.016	0.298	0.058	0.336
CT8	Van Genuchten-4P	-55.33	0.994	0.008	0.249	0.812	0.955
	Van Genuchten-5P	-47.52	0.983	0.014	0.646	0.126	0.613
	Fredlung-Xing	-52.83	0.992	0.009	0.331	0.532	0.364
	Biexponential	-46.82	0.987	0.012	0.339	0.128	0.434
NT3	Van Genuchten-4P	-54.37	0.991	0.009	0.589	0.374	0.813
	Van Genuchten-5P	-47.81	0.977	0.014	0.629	0.130	0.896
	Fredlung-Xing	-54.70	0.992	0.008	0.649	0.090	0.183
	Biexponential	-52.01	0.995	0.006	0.225	0.080	0.179
NT6	Van Genuchten-4P	-60.89	0.993	0.006	0.418	0.600	0.222
	Van Genuchten-5P	-60.40	0.991	0.007	0.650	0.092	0.802
	Fredlung-Xing	-62.70	0.995	0.005	0.424	0.476	0.238
	Biexponential	-57.56	0.985	0.009	0.301	0.081	0.105

Variables	Mean	DP ( ¹ )	PC1		PC2
Variables	Mean	DP ( ¹ )	Eigenvalue	Contribution ( ² )	Eigenvalue	Contribution
TP	49.65	2.66	0.73*	5.93	-0.14	0.53
Ma	26.9	3.76	0.70*	5.49	-0.67*	12.60
Mi	22.75	2.75	-0.25	0.71	0.78*	17.12
AP	39.96	2.22	0.58	3.81	0.22	1.41
Bd	1.47	0.11	-0.39	1.66	0.11	0.36
WA	0.13	0.01	0.57	3.66	-0.48	6.43
GMD	3.71	0.79	0.99*	10.99	0.00	0.00
ISA	90.4	5.87	0.80*	7.10	0.47	6.16
D1	88.83	9.17	0.98*	10.69	-0.04	0.04
D2	1.11	1.07	-0.44	2.17	-0.69*	13.37
D3	1.34	1.4	-0.70*	5.46	-0.36	3.68
D4	2.73	3.3	-0.86*	8.19	0.08	0.16
D5	3.44	2.79	-0.96*	10.35	0.11	0.36
D6	2.66	2.38	-0.83*	7.74	0.37	3.91
OC	1.75	0.46	0.96*	10.27	-0.16	0.77
FA	2326.11	335.24	0.31	1.08	0.85*	20.42
HA	6916.99	1270.83	0.65*	4.70	0.67*	12.68

[1] Correspondence to: Rodrigo Fonseca da Silva E-mail: rodrigo11.07@hotmail.com

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Modelling soil water retention to identify management influence on soil pore characteristics

Abstract