Ledi-Geraru strikes again: Morphological affinities of the LD 350-1 mandible with early Homo

NEVES, WALTER; SENGER, MARIA H.; ROCHA, GABRIEL; SUESDEK, LINCOLN; HUBBE, MARK

doi:10.1590/0001-3765202320230032

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SOCIAL SCIENCES • An. Acad. Bras. Ciênc. 95 (suppl 1) • 2023 • https://doi.org/10.1590/0001-3765202320230032 copy

Ledi-Geraru strikes again: Morphological affinities of the LD 350-1 mandible with early Homo

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Abstract

The origins of the genus Homo have been a focus of much debate in the paleoanthropological literature due to its importance in understanding the evolutionary trajectories that led to the appearance of archaic humans and our species. On the level of taxonomic classification, the controversies surrounding the origins of Homo are the result of lack of clear classification criteria that separate our genus from australopiths, given the general similarities observed between fossils ascribed to late australopiths and early Homo. The challenge in finding clear autapomorphies for Homo has even led to debates about the classification of Homo habilis and Homo rudolfensis as part of our genus. These debates are further complicated by the scarcity of fossils in the timeframe of appearance of our genus, making any fossils dated to between 3.0 and 2.5 Ma of particular relevance in the context of this discussion. The Ledi-Geraru mandible is one such fossils, which has called the attention of researchers due to its combination of primitive traits seen in Australopithecus and derived traits observed in later Homo. Despite being fragmented and poorly preserved, it is one of the key fossil specimens available from the period mentioned above.

Key words
Australopithecus afarensis; Homo sp; Plio-Pleistocene hominins; Principal Component analysis

Species	N	Specimens	Source
Ledi-Geraru	1	LD 350-1	Villmoare et al. (2015a)VILLMOARE B, KIMBEL WH, SEYOUM C, CAMPISANO CJ, DIMAGGIO EN, ROWAN J, BRAUN DR, ARROWSMITH JR & REED KE. 2015a. Early Homo at 2.8 Ma from Ledi-Geraru, Afar, Ethiopia. Science 347: 1352-1355.
Paranthropus boisei	24	KNM-ER 403 R, KNM-ER 726 L, KNM-ER 727 R, KNM-ER 728 R, KNM-ER 733 R, KNM-ER 805A L, KNM-ER 818 L, KNM-ER 1469 L, KNM-ER 1803 R, KNM-ER 1806 L, KNM-ER 3229 L, KNM-ER 3230 L, KNM-ER 3729 L, KNM-ER 3731 L, KNM-ER 3889 R, KNM-ER 3954 L, KNM-ER 5429 L, KNM-ER 5877 R, KNM-ER 15930 L, KNM-ER 16841 R, OMO L74A-21 R, OMO L7A-125 L, Peninj 1 L, SK 23 L.	Wood (1991)WOOD B. 1991. Koobi Fora research project: hominid cranial remains. Oxford University Press, Oxford, p. 327-333.
Paranthropus robustus	9	KNM-ER 404 R, KNM-ER 725 L, KNM-ER 729 L, KNM-ER 801A R, KNM-ER 810A L, SK 12 L, SK 34 L, SK 6 L, TM 1517 R.	Wood (1991)WOOD B. 1991. Koobi Fora research project: hominid cranial remains. Oxford University Press, Oxford, p. 327-333.
Australopithecus afarensis	32	A.L. 128-23, A.L. 145-35, A.L. 188-1, A.L. 198-1, A.L. 198-22, A.L. 207-13, A.L. 225-8, A.L. 228-2, A.L. 266-1, A.L. 277-1, A.L. 288-1I, A.L. 311-1, A.L. 315-22, A.L. 330-5, A.L. 333W-12, A.L. 333W-1A,B, A.L. 333W-32+60, A.L. 400-1A, A.L. 417-1A, A.L. 418-1, A.L. 432-1, A.L. 433-1A,B, A.L. 436-1, A.L. 437-1, A.L. 437-2, A.L. 438-1, A.L. 444-2, A.L. 582-1, A.L. 620-1, L.H. 4, MAK 1/12, MAK 1/2.	Kimbel et al. (2004)KIMBEL WH, RAK Y & JOHANSON DC. 2004. The skull of Australopithecus afarensis. Oxford University Press, New York, p. 23-200.
Australopithecus africanus	11	MLD 2, MLD 18 R, MLD 29, MLD 34 R, MLD 40 L, STS 7 L, STS 36 L, STS 52 L, STW 84, STW 404, STW 498.	Wood (1991)WOOD B. 1991. Koobi Fora research project: hominid cranial remains. Oxford University Press, Oxford, p. 327-333., Laird et al. (2017)LAIRD MF ET AL. 2017. The skull of Homo naledi. J Hum Evol 104: 100-123.
Australopithecus sediba	1	MH2	Laird et al. (2017)LAIRD MF ET AL. 2017. The skull of Homo naledi. J Hum Evol 104: 100-123.
Homo erectus	38	D211, D2600, D2735, KGA 10-1, KNM-BK 67, KNM-BK 8518, KNM-ER 730 L, KNM-ER 731 L, KNM-ER 817 L, KNM-ER 992 L, KNM-ER 1506A R, KNM-ER 1812 R, KNM-ER 3734 L, KNM-ER 3950 L, KNM-WT 15000, OH 22 R, OH 23 L, OH 51, SA 1B R, SA 8 L, SA 9 R, SA 21, SA 22, SA Bk 7905, SA Bk 8606, SA Ng 8503, SA Sb 8103, Sidi, SK 15, SK 847/45, TG 1 L, TG 2 L, TG 3 L, TQ., ZH-AII, ZH-GI, ZH-HI, ZH-K1.	Weidenreich (1936)WEIDENREICH F. 1936. The mandibles of Sinanthropus pekinensis: A comparative study. Paleontologia Sinica Ser D 7: 1-162., Wood (1991)WOOD B. 1991. Koobi Fora research project: hominid cranial remains. Oxford University Press, Oxford, p. 327-333., Rightmire (1990)RIGHTMIRE GP. 1990. The evolution of Homo erectus: comparative anatomical studies of an extinct human species. Cambridge University Press, New York, p. 157-168., Laird et al. (2017)LAIRD MF ET AL. 2017. The skull of Homo naledi. J Hum Evol 104: 100-123.
Homo habilis	7	KNM-ER 1501, KNM-ER 1502, KNM-ER 1805, KNM-ER 1811 L, OH 7 L, OH 13 L, OH 37 L.	Wood (1991)WOOD B. 1991. Koobi Fora research project: hominid cranial remains. Oxford University Press, Oxford, p. 327-333., Laird et al. (2017)LAIRD MF ET AL. 2017. The skull of Homo naledi. J Hum Evol 104: 100-123.
Homo naledi	5	DH 1, DH 3, UW 101-001, UW 101-010, UW 101-1142.	Laird et al. (2017)LAIRD MF ET AL. 2017. The skull of Homo naledi. J Hum Evol 104: 100-123.
Homo rudolfensis	7	KNM-ER 819 L, KNM-ER 1482 L, KNM-ER 1483 L, KNM-ER 1801, KNM-ER 1802, KNM-ER 60000, UR 501.	Wood (1991)WOOD B. 1991. Koobi Fora research project: hominid cranial remains. Oxford University Press, Oxford, p. 327-333., Laird et al. (2017)LAIRD MF ET AL. 2017. The skull of Homo naledi. J Hum Evol 104: 100-123.

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[1] Correspondence to: Walter Neves E-mail: waneves@ib.usp.br