Insect galls from the Serra Negra do Funil Natural Heritage Private Reserve, Rio Preto, MG (Southeastern Brazil)

MAIA, VALÉRIA C.; MASCARENHAS, BERNARDO

doi:10.1590/0001-3765202220200900

VALÉRIA C. MAIA

carried out laboratory procedures

wrote the manuscript

Museu Nacional, Departamento de Entomologia, Quinta da Boa Vista, São Cristóvão, 20940-040 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil

http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9396-5618

BERNARDO MASCARENHAS

carried out fieldworks

wrote the manuscript

Museu Nacional, Departamento de Entomologia, Quinta da Boa Vista, São Cristóvão, 20940-040 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3121-4293

Correspondence to: Valéria Cid Maia E-mail: maiavcid@acd.ufrj.br

Figures (6)
Tables (7)

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Figure 1
a-f. Serra Negra do Funil Natural Heritage Private Reserve (MG, Brazil). 1a, panoramic view, 1b-f, trails.

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Figure 2
a-n. Insect galls found in the Serra Negra do Funil Natural Heritage Private Reserve (MG, Brazil). 2a-i, on Asteraceae, 2a-b, on Baccharis punctulata DC., 2a, leaf gall, 2b, stem gall, 2c, on Baccharis sp., leaf gall, 2d, on Eremanthus erythropappus (DC.) MacLeish, stem gall, 2e, on Eremanthus incanus (Less.) Less., stem gall, 2f-g, on Mikania sp., 2f, leaf gall, 2g, leaf petiole and stem gall, 2h-i, on Vernonanthura polyanthes (Sprengel) Vega & Dematteis, 2h, leaf midvein gall, 2i, stem gall, 2j, on Anredera cordifolia (Ten.) Steenis (Basellaceae), bud gall, 2k, on Pleonotoma tetraquetra (Cham.) Bureau (Bignoniaceae), bud gall, 2l, on Licania kunthiana Hook. f. (Chrysobalanaceae), leaf gall, 2m, on Convolvulaceae Gall (Fig. 13): on Jacquemontia sp., stem gall, 2n, on Davilla rugosa Poir. Gall (Dilleniaceae), bud gall.

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Figure 3
a-l. Insect galls found in the Serra Negra do Funil Natural Heritage Private Reserve (MG, Brazil). 3a-f, on Euphorbiaceae, 3a-c, on Croton floribundus Spreng., 3a, leaf gall (with trichomes), 3b, marginal roll, 3c, leaf gall (glabrous), 3d, on Dalechampia triphylla Lam., leaf gall, 3e-f, on Sapium glandulosum (L.) Morong, 3e, bud, leaf petiole and vein gall, 3f, leaf vein gall, 3g-l, on Fabaceae, 3g, on Apuleia leiocarpa (Vogel) J.F.Macbr., leaf gall, 3h, on Bauhinia longifolia (Bong.) Steud., stem gall, 3i, Bauhinia ungulata L., stem gall, 3j-l, on Fabaceae (not determined), 3j, leaf gall (with trichomes), 3k, leaf gall (glabrous), 3l, leaf gall (conical).

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Figure 4
a-l. Insect galls found in the Serra Negra do Funil Natural Heritage Private Reserve (MG, Brazil). 4a-f, on Fabaceae, 4a, on Fabaceae (not determined), stem gall, 4b, on Hymenolobium janeirense Kuhlm., leaf midvein and petiole gall, 4c, on Inga edulis Mart., leaf gall, 4d, on Machaerium brasiliense Vogel, leaf midvein gall, 4e-f, on Machaerium ovalifolium Glaz. ex Rudd,, 4e. leaf gall, 4f, bud gall, 4g, on Vismia micrantha A.St.-Hil. (Hypericaceae), stem gall, 4h, on Strychnos sp. (Loganiaceae), bud gall, 4i, on Niedenzuella sp. (Malpighiaceae), leaf gall, 4j-l, on Melastomataceae, 4j, on Clidemia hirta (L.) D.Don b, leaf and stem gall, 4k, on Miconia cuspidata Naudin, leaf gall, 4l, on Miconia cf. latecrenata (DC.) Naudin, leaf gall.

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Figure 5
a-l. Insect galls found in the Serra Negra do Funil Natural Heritage Private Reserve (MG, Brazil). 5a, on Tibouchina sp. (Melastomataceae), leaf midvein gall, 5b, on Ficus enormis Mart. ex. Miq. (Moraceae), leaf gall, 5c-g, on Myrtaceae, 5c, on Eugenia uniflora L., leaf gall, 5d-g, on Myrcia splendens (Sw.) DC., 5d, stem gall, 5e, bud gall, 5f, leaf midvein gall, 5g, leaf gall, 5h, on Myrsine coriacea (Sw.) R.Br. ex Roem. & Schult. (Primulaceae), leaf gall, 5i, on Colubrina glandulosa Perkins (Rhamnaceae), leaf gall, 5j-k, on Rubiaceae, 5j, on Borreria sp., stem gall, 5k, on Casearia sylvestris Sw. (Salicaceae), leaf midvein gall, 5l, on Serjania lethalis A.St.-Hil. (Sapindaceae), stem gall.

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Figure 6
a-c. Insect galls found in the Serra Negra do Funil Natural Heritage Private Reserve (MG, Brazil). 6a, on Serjania lethalis A.St.-Hil. (Sapindaceae), leaf vein, 6b, on Solanum sp. (Solanaceae), bud gall. 6c, on Lantana camara L. (Verbenaceae), leaf gall.

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Table I
Richness of host genera, host species, gall morphotypes and host family in the Natural Heritage Private Reserve of Serra Negra do Funil (Minas Gerais, Brazil).

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Table II
Richness of insect galls per host plant organ in the Natural Heritage Private Reserve of Serra Negra do Funil (Minas Gerais, Brazil).

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Table III
Richness of insect galls per host plant organ and shape in the Natural Heritage Private Reserve of Serra Negra do Funil (Minas Gerais, Brazil).

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Table IV
Richness of insect galls per plant organ and color in the Natural Heritage Private Reserve of Serra Negra do Funil (Minas Gerais, Brazil).

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Table V
Richness of insect galls per gall-inducing taxa and plant organ in the Natural Heritage Private Reserve of Serra Negra do Funil (Minas Gerais, Brazil).

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Table VI
Data on host plant species: architectural complexity, origin, conservation status and distribution in Brazil (states and biomes)

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Table VIII
Data on gall richness, number of host plants and average of gall morphotypes per species in other study areas in Minas Gerais, Brazil.

Host plant family	Number of host genera	Number of host species	Number of gall morphotypes	Average of gall morphotypes per host species
Asteraceae	5	7	10	1.42
Basellaceae	1	1	1	1.00
Bignoniaceae	2	2	2	1.00
Chrysobalanaceae	1	1	1	1.00
Convolvulaceae	2	2	2	1.00
Dilleniaceae	1	1	1	1.00
Euphorbiaceae	3	3	6	2.00
Fabaceae	5	8	12	1.50
Hypericaceae	1	1	1	1.00
Loganiaceae	1	1	1	1.00
Malpighiaceae	1	1	1	1.00
Melastomataceae	5	6	6	1.00
Moraceae	1	1	1	1.00
Myrtaceae	2	2	5	2.50
Onagraceae	1	1	1	1.00
Primulaceae	1	1	2	2.00
Rhamnaceae	1	1	1	1.00
Rubiaceae	3	3	3	1.00
Salicaceae	1	1	1	1.00
Sapindaceae	2	2	3	1.50
Solanaceae	1	1	1	1.00
Verbenaceae	1	1	1	1.00
Total	42	48	64	1.33

Plant organ	Number of insect galls
Leaf	35
Stem	18
Leaf + stem	1
Bud	8
Bud + leaf	1

Shape Organ	Globoid	Fusiform	Conical	Ovoid	Lenticular	Cylindrical	Marginal roll
Leaf	25	6	1	0	1	1	1
Stem	3	14	0	2	0	0	0
Bud	7	1	1	0	0	0	0
Leaf + bud	1	0	0	0	0	0	0
Leaf + stem	0	1	0	0	0	0	0
Total	36	22	2	2	1	1	1

Color Organ	Green	Brown	Yellow	Red	Green or red	Green, red or brown
Leaf	20	7	7	1	0	0
Stem	0	17	0	0	0	0
Bud	3	3	2	0	0	0
Leaf + bud	0	0	0	0	0	1
Leaf + stem	1	0	0	0	1	0
Total	24	27	9	1	1	1

Inducer Organ	Cecidomyiidae (Diptera)	Tephritidae (Diptera)	Lepidoptera	Hemiptera
Leaf	19	0	1	0
Stem	10	2	2	0
Bud	6	0	0	0
Leaf + bud	0	0	0	1
Leaf + stem	2	0	0	0
Total	37	2	3	1

Host plant species	Architectural complexity	Origin/ Conservation status	Distribution in Brazil/Biomes
Baccharis punctulata DC.	Shrub Sub-shrub	Native to Brazil/ NE	MT, ES, MG, RJ, SP/Atlantic Forest, Cerrado, Pampa
Bidens segetum Mart. ex. Colla	Liana	Native to Brazil/ NE	BA, DF, GO, MS, MG, ES, RJ, SP, PR, SC, RS/Atlantic Forest, Cerrado
Eremanthus erythropappus (DC.) MacLeish	Tree	Endemic to Brazil/ NE	DF, GO, MG, ES, RJ, SP/Atlantic Forest, Cerrado
Eremanthus incanus (Less.) Less.	Tree	Native to Brazil/ NE	BA, MG/Atlantic Forest, Caatinga, Cerrado
Vernonanthura polyanthes (Sprengel) Vega & Dematteis	Shrub	Native to Brazil/NE	BA. MG. RJ, SP/not stated
Anredera cordifolia (Ten.) Steenis	Liana	Native to Brazil/NE	BA, CE, PE, MS, MG, ES, RJ, SP, PR, SC, RS/Atlantic Forest, Cerrado, Pampa
Pleonotoma tetraquetra (Cham.) Bureau	Liana	Endemic to Brazil/ NE	DF, GO, MG, RJ, SP/Atlantic Forest, Cerrado
Licania kunthiana Hook.f	Tree	Endemic to Brazil/ NE	RR, AMP, AM, PA, AC, RO, TO, MT, MS, DF, GO, MG, ES, RJ, SP BA, MA, PE, SE/Amazon Forest, Atlantic Forest, Caatinga, Cerrado
Davilla rugosa Poir	Sub-shrub Liana	Native to Brazil/NE	AM, PA, TO, PI, MA, PI, BA, MG, ES, RJ, SP, PR, SC/Amazon Forest, Atlantic Forest
Croton floribundus Spreng.	Tree	Native to Brazil/NE	CE, PE, PB, AL, BA, DF, MG, MS, MG, ES, RJ, MG, PR/ Atlantic Forest
Dalechampia triphylla Lam.	Liana	Endemic to Brazil/ NE	PA, BA, PE/Amazon Forest, Atlantic Forest, Caatinga
Sapium glandulosum (L.) Morong	Tree Shrub	Native to Brazil/NE	All Brazilian states/Amazon Forest, Atlantic Forest, Caatinga, Cerrado
Apuleia leiocarpa (Vogel) J.F.Macbr	Tree	Native to Brazil/VU	All Brazilian states, except AM and RR/Amazon Forest, Atlantic Forest, Caatinga, Cerrado
Bauhinia longifolia (Bong.) Steud.	Tree Shrub	Native to Brazil/NE	MT, MS, GO, DF, MG, ES, RJ, SP, PA, RO, BA, PR/ Atlantic Forest, Cerrado
Bauhinia ungulata L.	Tree Shrub Sub-shrub	Native to Brazil/NE	RR, AP, AM, PA, AC, RO, TO, MT, MS, DF, GO, MA, PI, CE, MG, SP/Amazon Forest, Atlantic Forest, Cerrado
Hymenolobium janeirense Kuhlm.	Tree	Endemic to Brazil/LC	PE, BA, MG, ES, RJ, SP/Atlantic Forest
Inga edulis Mart.	Tree	Native to Brazil/NE	AC, AM, AP, PA, RO, RR, BA, PB, PE, MT, MG, ES, RJ, SP, PR, SC/Amazon Forest, Atlantic Forest, Caatinga, Cerrado
Machaerium brasiliense Vogel	Tree Shrub Liana	Native to Brazil/NE	AM, MA, PE, AL, BA, DF, GO, MT, all states of Southeast Region, PR/Amazon Forest, Atlantic Forest, Caatinga, Cerrado
Machaerium ovalifolium Glaz. ex Rudd	Tree	Endemic to Brazil/ NE	BA, ES, MG/ Atlantic Forest, Caatinga
Vismia micrantha A.St.-Hil	Tree Shrub	Endemic to Brazil/ NE	MG, RJ, SP/ Atlantic Forest, Cerrado
Clidemia hirta (L.) D.Don	Shrub	Native to Brazil/NE	All Brazilian states, except RN/ Amazon Forest, Atlantic Forest, Caatinga, Cerrado
Huberia nettoana Brade	Tree	Endemic to Brazil/NT	MG, RJ, SP/ Atlantic Forest
Leandra aurea (Cham.) Cogn.	Tree Shrub	Native to Brazil/NE	BA, GO, MS, all states of Southeast and South regions/ Atlantic Forest, Cerrado
Miconia cuspidata Naudin	Tree	Native to Brazil/NE	AC, AM, AP, PA, RR, AL, PB, PE, DF, GO, MT, MG/Amazon Forest, Atlantic Forest, Cerrado
Miconia cf. latecrenata (DC.) Naudin	Tree Shrub	Endemic to Brazil/ NE	PE, BA, all states of Southeast and South regions/Atlantic Forest
Ficus enormis Mart. ex Miq.	Tree	Endemic to Brazil/ NE	PI, CE, PE, AL, SE, BA, GO, MT, MS, all states of Southeast and South regions/Atlantic Forest
Eugenia uniflora L.	Shrub	Native to Brazil/NE	BA, MS, all states of Southeast and South regions/Atlantic Forest, Cerrado, Pampa
Myrcia splendens (Sw.) DC.	Tree	Endemic to Brazil/ NE	All Brazilian states, except MA and PI/all biomes, except Pampa
Ludwigia peruviana (L.) H.Hara	Tree Shrub	Native to Brazil/NE	PA, MT, MS, MG, RJ, SP, all states of South Region/ Amazon Forest, Atlantic Forest, Pantanal
Myrsine coriacea (Sw.) R.Br. ex Roem. & Schult.	Tree Shrub	Native to Brazil/NE	PE, BA, MT, GO, MS, all states of Southeast and South regions/ Atlantic Forest, Cerrado
Colubrina glandulosa Perkins	Tree	Native to Brazil/LC	AC, AM, PA, RO, RR, MA, CE, PB, PE, DF, MT, MG, RJ, SP, all states of South Region/Amazon Forest, Atlantic Forest, Cerrado
Palicourea tetraphylla Cham. & Schltdl.	Shrub	Endemic to Brazil/ LC	All states of Southeast Region/ Atlantic Forest, Cerrado
Casearia sylvestris Sw.	Tree Shrub Sub-schrub	Native to Brazil/NE	All Brazilian states and biomes
Serjania lethalis A.St.-Hil.	Liana	Native to Brazil/NE	AC, AM, AP, TO, MA, PI, RN, CE, PE, PB, AL, BA, DF, GO, MT, MS, MG, ES, RJ, SP, PR, SC/ Amazon Forest, Atlantic Forest, Caatinga, Cerrado, Pantanal
Lantana camara L.	Shrub	Naturalized/NE	All Brazilian states/Amazon, Atlantic Forest, Caatinga, Cerrado

Study area	Total area (hectares)	Host plant		Nr. gall morphotypes	Average galls/species	Reference
Study area	Total area (hectares)	Nr. families	Nr. species	Nr. gall morphotypes	Average galls/species	Reference
Serra de São José	5,000	30	73	137	1.88	Maia & Fernandes 2004MAIA VC & FERNANDES GW. 2004. Insect galls from Serra de São José (Tiradentes, MG, Brazil). Braz J Biol 64: 423-445.
Serra do Cipó	100,000	19	59	92	1.56	Coelho et al. 2009COELHO MS, ALMADA ED, FERNANDES GW, CARNEIRO MAA, SANTOS RM, QUINTINO AV & SANCHEZ-AZOFEIFA A. 2009. Gall inducing arthropods from a seasonally dry tropical forest in Serra do Cipó, Brazil. Rev Bras Entomol 53: 404-414.
Rio Preto State Park	12,000	22	54	75	1.39	Carneiro et al. 2009CARNEIRO MAA, BORGES RX, ARAÚJO APA & FERNANDES GW. 2009. Insetos indutores de galhas da porção sul da Cadeia do Espinhaço, Minas Gerais, Brasil. Rev Bras Entomol 53: 570-592.
Serra do Caraça National Park	11,000	12	36	71	1.97	Carneiro et al. 2009CARNEIRO MAA, BORGES RX, ARAÚJO APA & FERNANDES GW. 2009. Insetos indutores de galhas da porção sul da Cadeia do Espinhaço, Minas Gerais, Brasil. Rev Bras Entomol 53: 570-592.
NHPR of Serra Negra do Funil	29	22	48	66	1.37	Present study
Biribiri State Park	17,000	12	41	63	1.54	Carneiro et al. 2009CARNEIRO MAA, BORGES RX, ARAÚJO APA & FERNANDES GW. 2009. Insetos indutores de galhas da porção sul da Cadeia do Espinhaço, Minas Gerais, Brasil. Rev Bras Entomol 53: 570-592.
Itacolomi State Park	7,500	7	29	59	2.03	Carneiro et al. 2009CARNEIRO MAA, BORGES RX, ARAÚJO APA & FERNANDES GW. 2009. Insetos indutores de galhas da porção sul da Cadeia do Espinhaço, Minas Gerais, Brasil. Rev Bras Entomol 53: 570-592.
Serra Ouro Branco State Park	1,600	9	35	50	1.49	Carneiro et al. 2009CARNEIRO MAA, BORGES RX, ARAÚJO APA & FERNANDES GW. 2009. Insetos indutores de galhas da porção sul da Cadeia do Espinhaço, Minas Gerais, Brasil. Rev Bras Entomol 53: 570-592.
Serra do Cabral State Park	23,500	21	39	47	1.20	Coelho et al. 2013aCOELHO MS, CARNEIRO MAA, BRANCO CA & FERNANDES GW. 2013a. Gall-inducing insects from Serra do Cabral, Minas Gerais, Brazil. Biota Neotrop 13: 102-108.
Serra do Brigadeiro State Park	15,000	11	18	38	2.11	Coelho et al. 2013bCOELHO MS, CARNEIRO MMA, BRANCO CA & FERNANDES GW. 2013b. Gall-inducing insects from Campos de Altitude, Brazil. Biota Neotrop 13(4): 139-151.
Ibitipoca State Park	1,500	5	12	21	1.75	Coelho et al. 2013bCOELHO MS, CARNEIRO MMA, BRANCO CA & FERNANDES GW. 2013b. Gall-inducing insects from Campos de Altitude, Brazil. Biota Neotrop 13(4): 139-151.
Grão Mogol	28,000	7	11	18	1.64	Carneiro et al. 2009CARNEIRO MAA, BORGES RX, ARAÚJO APA & FERNANDES GW. 2009. Insetos indutores de galhas da porção sul da Cadeia do Espinhaço, Minas Gerais, Brasil. Rev Bras Entomol 53: 570-592.
Caparaó State Park	11,000	7	11	15	1.36	Coelho et al. 2013bCOELHO MS, CARNEIRO MMA, BRANCO CA & FERNANDES GW. 2013b. Gall-inducing insects from Campos de Altitude, Brazil. Biota Neotrop 13(4): 139-151.

[1] Correspondence to: Valéria Cid Maia E-mail: maiavcid@acd.ufrj.br

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Insect galls from the Serra Negra do Funil Natural Heritage Private Reserve, Rio Preto, MG (Southeastern Brazil)

Abstract