The spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 can be detected by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy using antibody desorption from iron magnetic nanoparticles

SARS-CoV-2 is a matter of concern. Here, biosensors were prepared using iron magnetic nanoparticles containing antibodies against the receptor binding domain (RBD) of the spike protein. Antibodies were adsorbed to nanoparticles in three configurations, including direct adsorption without functionalization (DANPs). Nanoparticles were added to a glassy carbon electrode and connected to an electrochemical cell. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and ELISA experiments indicated that antibodies were desorbed from the DANPs upon the addition of the RBD. DANPs-based biosensors produced linear curves with decreasing charge transfer resistance due to the removal of antibodies. Thus, a detection method can be based on antibody desorption.

Key words
Biosensor; electrochemical impedance spectroscopy; spike protein; receptor binding domain; COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2

Authorship

JULIUS JOSÉ T.J. PAUL

were supervised by AE

Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Campinas, Rua Professor Doutor Euryclides de Jesus Zerbini, 1516, Pq. Rural Fazenda Santa Cândida, 13087-571 Campinas, SP, BrazilPontifícia Universidade Católica de CampinasBrazilCampinas, SP, BrazilPrograma de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Campinas, Rua Professor Doutor Euryclides de Jesus Zerbini, 1516, Pq. Rural Fazenda Santa Cândida, 13087-571 Campinas, SP, Brazil

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9210-5082

SAMARA L.C. MAROUN

were supervised by AE

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4046-9025

WYLLERSON EVARISTO GOMES

WEG contributed with expertise in physics, experimental design, and execution

Programa de Pós-Graduação em Sistemas de Infraestrutura Urbana, Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Campinas, Rua Professor Doutor Euryclides de Jesus Zerbini, 1516, Pq. Rural Fazenda Santa Cândida, 13087-571 Campinas, SP, BrazilPontifícia Universidade Católica de CampinasBrazilCampinas, SP, BrazilPrograma de Pós-Graduação em Sistemas de Infraestrutura Urbana, Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Campinas, Rua Professor Doutor Euryclides de Jesus Zerbini, 1516, Pq. Rural Fazenda Santa Cândida, 13087-571 Campinas, SP, Brazil

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1725-6921

LETÍCIA O. DO CARMO

were supervised by AE

Faculdade de Química, Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Campinas, Rua Professor Doutor Euryclides de Jesus Zerbini, 1516, Pq. Rural Fazenda Santa Cândida, 13087-571 Campinas, SP, BrazilPontifícia Universidade Católica de CampinasBrazilCampinas, SP, BrazilFaculdade de Química, Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Campinas, Rua Professor Doutor Euryclides de Jesus Zerbini, 1516, Pq. Rural Fazenda Santa Cândida, 13087-571 Campinas, SP, Brazil

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6414-0366

RENATA KELLY MENDES

contributed with expertise in analytical chemistry

biosensor development

characterization

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8329-5518

AUGUSTO ETCHEGARAY

designed the work and wrote the manuscript

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0483-0373

Correspondence to: Augusto Etchegaray E-mail: augusto.etchegaray@puc-campinas.edu.br

SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Figures

Figures (3)

Thumbnail

Figure 1
A scheme showing methods 1, 2, and 3, where nanoparticles attached to the electrode are blue; red is chitosan (where the amino groups are indicated); “Y “ is an antibody, and the blue structure is RDB of S protein. In 1, the possible cause of non-linearity is that antigen may remove antibodies that are weakly adsorbed, for instance bearing no electrostatic interaction with chitosan. In 2, another possible cause of non-linearity is that the strong interaction of antigen with the covalently bound antibodies causes some nanoparticles to desorb from the electrode. In 3, antibodies adsorbed to DANPs are removed from nanoparticles in a linear fashion, according to the antigen’s concentration.

Thumbnail

Figure 2
A decrease in charge transference resistance was observed in method 3, in which antibodies were directly adsorbed to nanoparticles. When plotted as a function of antigen concentration, a linear response was observed.

Thumbnail

Figure 3
Results from ELISA using anti-mouse IgG confirm that monoclonal antibodies against the RBD domain of protein S were desorbed from the electrode’s surface.

Figure 1 A scheme showing methods 1, 2, and 3, where nanoparticles attached to the electrode are blue; red is chitosan (where the amino groups are indicated); “Y “ is an antibody, and the blue structure is RDB of S protein. In 1, the possible cause of non-linearity is that antigen may remove antibodies that are weakly adsorbed, for instance bearing no electrostatic interaction with chitosan. In 2, another possible cause of non-linearity is that the strong interaction of antigen with the covalently bound antibodies causes some nanoparticles to desorb from the electrode. In 3, antibodies adsorbed to DANPs are removed from nanoparticles in a linear fashion, according to the antigen’s concentration.

Figure 2 A decrease in charge transference resistance was observed in method 3, in which antibodies were directly adsorbed to nanoparticles. When plotted as a function of antigen concentration, a linear response was observed.

Figure 3 Results from ELISA using anti-mouse IgG confirm that monoclonal antibodies against the RBD domain of protein S were desorbed from the electrode’s surface.

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The spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 can be detected by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy using antibody desorption from iron magnetic nanoparticles

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[1] Correspondence to: Augusto Etchegaray E-mail: augusto.etchegaray@puc-campinas.edu.br