Potential greenhouse gases emissions by different plant communities in maritime Antarctica

FERRARI, FLÁVIA R.; THOMAZINI, ANDRÉ; PEREIRA, ANTONIO B.; SPOKAS, KURT; SCHAEFER, CARLOS E.G.R.

doi:10.1590/0001-3765202220210602

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ECOSYSTEMS • An. Acad. Bras. Ciênc. 94 (suppl 1) • 2022 • https://doi.org/10.1590/0001-3765202220210602 copy

Potential greenhouse gases emissions by different plant communities in maritime Antarctica

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Abstract

Antarctic plant communities show a close relationship with soil types across the landscape, where vegetation cover changes, biological influence, and soil characteristics can affect the dynamic of greenhouse gases emissions. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate greenhouse gases emissions in lab conditions of ice-free areas along a topographic gradient (from sea level up to 300 meters). We selected 11 distinct vegetation compositions areas and assessed greenhouse gases production potentials through 20 days of laboratory incubations varying temperatures at -2, 4, 6, and 22 °C. High N₂O production potential was associated with the Phanerogamic Community under the strong ornithogenic influence (phosphorus, nitrogen, and organic matter contents). Seven different areas acted as N₂O sink at a temperature of -2 °C, demonstrating the impact of low-temperature conditions contributing to store N in soils. Moss Carpets had the highest CH₄ emissions and low CO₂ production potential. Fruticose Lichens had a CH₄ sink effect and the highest values of CO₂. The low rate of organic matter provided the CO₂ sink effect on the bare soil (up to 6 °C). There is an overall trend of increasing greenhouse gases production potential with increasing temperature along a toposequence.

Key words
Antarctic vegetation; climate changes; cryptogamic communities; greenhouse gas production

Areas	Altitude (m)	Community	Association
1	3	Phanerogamic	Deschampsia - Prasiola
2	5	Phanerogamic	Deschampsia - Colobanthus
3	20	Phanerogamic	Deschampsia - Syntrichia
4	80	Moss Carpet	Sanionia - Bryum
5	83	Phanerogamic	Deschampsia - Sanionia
6	85	Fruticose Lichens	Usnea - Andreaea
7	90	Moss Carpet	Sanionia - Bryum
8	220	Bare soil	-
9	260	Fruticose Lichens	Usnea - Schistidium
10	280	Fruticose Lichens	Himantormia - Usnea
11	300	Fruticose Lichens	Usnea - Schistidium

Areas	Community	Main characteristics
1-2-3-5	Phanerogamic	Mixed communities with higher rates of plant species diversity. Established on uplift marine terraces of different ages. Highly influenced by ornithogenesis.
4-7	Moss carpet	The soil under hydromorphic status, low diversity of plant species, and exclusive composition of mosses. Composed by the same species dominance, but in a different environment: abandoned penguin on the uplifted marine terrace and glacier drainage line in a hanging valley.
6-9-10-11	Fruticose lichens	Areas formed by large boulders on a rocky crest, with discontinuous vegetation. Soils in fractures and depressions, with incipient development. No ornithogenic influence.
8	Bare soil	A hillside with an extensive site of bare soil, virtually without vegetation cover.

Chemical properties	Areas
Chemical properties	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11
pH	4	4.61	4.38	4.46	4.61	6.77	7.05	7.12	5.83	6.38	6.42
P	1241.15	701.55	4683.1	872.70	814.90	61.30	50.05	73.25	55.90	29.60	53.50
K	246.36	149.50	137.50	140.00	128.50	149.00	141.50	103.00	198.50	191.00	148.00
Na	248.60	389.00	625.75	364.20	298.90	1533.05	1234.35	1488.10	1257.40	1287.50	1287.45
Ca ²⁺	4.81	3.66	7.07	2.15	2.03	17.19	25.36	16.54	7.43	10.94	22.39
Mg ²⁺	1.49	2.08	2.14	0.77	1.50	9.95	14.10	8.23	8.11	9.69	11.86
Al ³⁺	1.78	4.94	0.49	6.56	8.74	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.64	0.10	0.00
H+Al	10.68	16.05	13.60	15.55	22.25	1.70	1.10	1.30	5.00	3.50	1.60
BS	8.35	7.43	13.07	4.71	5.24	34.22	45.02	31.63	22.28	27.00	40.36
CECeff	9.04	11.79	13.57	12.07	14.28	34.27	45.02	31.63	22.68	27.10	40.36
CECT	21.68	24.85	26.18	21.68	26.46	35.72	46.42	32.87	27.42	30.64	42.21
V	36.70	31.55	47.90	23.40	18.15	95.15	97.00	96.05	81.95	88.60	96.15
m	20.40	34.70	3.50	58.55	62.05	0.00	0.00	0.00	2.65	0.40	0.00
ISNa	5.09	6.90	10.28	7.88	4.57	18.44	11.41	19.70	19.70	18.66	13.29
OM	3.88	2.67	9.68	2.07	3.23	1.29	1.29	0.39	2.87	1.83	0.39
P-Rem	54.10	33.35	50.20	25.35	18.50	34.20	36.60	34.85	24.95	22.00	38.45
Cu	10.61	12.10	29.97	7.28	7.22	2.52	4.63	3.51	2.82	2.80	4.27
Mn	3.20	7.00	13.75	4.35	2.10	17.90	44.20	28.10	16.75	22.10	22.00
Fe	322.10	453.30	281.20	257.90	189.20	94.00	180.85	87.05	85.75	93.45	68.70
Zn	6.49	2.57	37.35	1.69	0.82	0.16	0.38	0.16	0.35	0.38	0.26
N	0.43	0.20	1.04	0.13	0.19	0.02	0.01	0.00	0.19	0.09	0.02
C	2.25	1.55	5.61	1.20	1.87	0.75	0.75	0.23	1.66	1.06	0.23

Physical properties	Areas
Physical properties	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11
Sand (%)	75.10	79.15	65.95	79.65	76.65	74.25	68.65	66.70	63.70	64.90	63.35
Silt (%)	10.80	8.20	14.75	8.50	9.90	13.50	14.55	19.45	18.35	19.15	13.40
Clay (%)	14.80	12.20	20.00	11.00	11.45	12.45	15.75	13.90	17.10	17.10	21.25
Class ^a	Sandy loam	Loamy sand	Sandy loam	Loamy sand	Loamy sand	Loamy sand	Sandy loam	Sandy loam	Sandy loam	Sandy loam	Sandy loam
Soil type ^d	1	1	2	1	1	1	1	2	2	2	2

Temp.	-2 °C			4 °C			6 °C			22 °C
Site	N₂ O	CH₄	CO₂	N₂ O	CH₄	CO₂	N₂ O	CH₄	CO₂	N₂ O	CH₄	CO₂
1	6.36	-0.28	1.05	20.86	-0.38	2.31	22.58	2.38	11.45	20.81	0.19	12.15
2	-0.16	-0.34	0.70	1.65	-0.42	2.54	0.58	1.90	2.48	0.74	0.23	4.44
3	0.28	-0.32	2.09	5.23	-0.39	10.71	2.29	2.63	8.43	6.47	0.24	13.60
4	-0.09	-0.30	0.13	0.65	-0.37	0.57	1.20	2.67	0.96	1.27	0.16	0.63
5	-0.16	-0.37	0.31	0.29	-0.42	1.93	0.83	2.59	1.53	1.18	0.19	1.83
6	1.17	-0.39	0.27	0.43	-0.66	0.47	1.18	2.29	1.57	2.08	-0.09	2.85
7	-0.30	-0.34	0.51	0.48	-0.36	0.73	0.85	2.67	1.14	0.73	0.23	1.77
8	-0.23	-0.32	-0.08	0.38	-0.54	-0.22	0.49	1.54	-0.17	-0.02	-0.02	1.12
9	1.17	-0.21	3.45	1.88	-0.99	6.99	3.13	0.92	7.72	13.65	-0.15	22.08
10	-0.25	-0.39	1.27	0.43	-0.83	1.85	0.46	1.26	3.05	0.69	0.00	9.49
11	-0.09	-0.48	1.17	0.38	-0.93	1.59	0.49	0.99	2.30	0.63	-0.22	6.27

Temp.	-2 °C→4 °C			-2 °C→6 °C			-2 °C→22 °C
Site	N₂ O	CH₄	CO₂	N₂ O	CH₄	CO₂	N₂ O	CH₄	CO₂
1	> 14.5	< 0.1	> 1.26	> 16.22	> 2.66	> 10.4	> 14.45	> 0.47	> 11.1
2	>1.81	< 0.08	> 1.84	> 0.74	> 2.24	> 1.78	> 0.9	> 0.57	> 3.74
3	> 4.95	< 0.07	> 8.62	> 2.01	> 2.95	> 6.34	> 6.19	> 0.56	> 11.51
4	> 0.74	< 0.07	> 0.44	> 1.29	> 2.97	> 0.83	> 1.36	> 0.46	> 0.50
5	> 0.45	< 0.05	> 1.62	> 0.99	> 2.96	> 1.22	> 1.34	> 0.56	> 1.52
6	< 0.74	< 0.27	> 0.20	> 0.01	> 2.68	> 1.30	> 0.91	> 0.3	> 2.58
7	> 0.78	< 0.02	> 0.22	> 1.15	> 3.01	> 0.63	> 1.03	> 0.57	> 1.26
8	> 0.61	< 0.22	< 0.14	> 0.72	> 1.86	< 0.09	> 0.21	> 0.3	> 1.20
9	> 0.71	< 0.78	> 3.54	> 1.96	> 1.13	> 4.27	> 12.48	> 0.06	> 18.63
10	> 0.68	< 0.44	> 0.58	> 0.71	> 1.65	> 1.78	> 0.94	> 0.39	> 8.22
11	> 0.47	< 0.45	> 0.42	> 0.58	> 1.47	> 1.13	> 0.72	> 0.26	> 5.1

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[1] Correspondence to: Flávia R. Ferrari E-mail: flavia.r.ferrari@ufv.br