Study of Euglenophyta in the Jacuí Delta State Park, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. 1. Euglena Ehr., Lepocinclis Perty

Estudo de Euglenophyta no Parque Estadual Delta do Jacuí, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil, 1. Euglena Ehr., Lepocinclis Perty

Study of Euglenophyta in the Jacuí Delta State Park, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. 1. Euglena Ehr., Lepocinclis Perty

Estudo de Euglenophyta no Parque Estadual Delta do Jacuí, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil, 1. Euglena Ehr., Lepocinclis Perty

Sandra Maria Alves-da-Silva¹; Anelise Torres Hahn¹

Seção de Botânica de Criptógamas, Museu de Ciências Naturais, Fundação Zoobotânica do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Salvador França 1427, Bairro Jardim Botânico, C. Postal 1188, CEP 90690-000, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil. ([e-mail])

ABSTRACT

This paper is the result of the study of pigmented Euglenaceae performed within the area of the Jacuí Delta State Park, located between parallels 29º56' and 30º03'S and meridians 51º12'and 51º18'W, with qualitative samplings at 25 stations, distributed over 8 islands, 8 "sacos" (i.e. small bays), 4 river mouths, 2 stream mouths and 3 channels in December/1993 and January/1994, and from February/1998 to December/1999. One hundred and fifty taxa of the Euglenophyceae were identified in the area. Currently 23 specific and infraspecific taxa of genus Euglena and 12 taxa of Lepocinclis are presented. E. acus Ehr. var. acus, and L. salina Fritsch var. salina were the taxa best represented in the region since they occured in over 40% of the samples studied. E. bonettoi (Tell & Zaloc.) Couté & Thérez., L. playfairiana Defl. var. striata Conf. and L. caudata (Cunha) Conr. were recorded exclusively for South America; sixteen taxa identified have a cosmopolitan distribution. Ranges of some abiotic variables of the environments in which each taxon occurred in the study area are mentioned.

Key words: Euglenophyta, Euglena, Lepocinclis, Jacuí State Delta Park, Southern Brazil

RESUMO

Este trabalho é o resultado do estudo de Euglenaceae pigmentadas realizado na área do Parque Estadual Delta do Jacuí, localizado entre paralelos 29º56' e 30º03'S e os meridianos 51º12'e 51º18'W, com amostragens qualitativas em 25 estações de coletas distribuídas em 8 ilhas, 8 sacos, 6 desembocaduras de rios e 3 canais, em dezembro/1993 e janeiro/1994 e de fevereiro/1998 a dezembro/1999. Foram identificados na área cerca de 150 táxons de Euglenophyceae. São apresentados, neste trabalho, 23 táxons específicos e infra-específicos do gênero Euglena e 12 táxons de Lepocinclis. E. acus Ehr. var. acus e L. salina Fritsch var. salina foram os táxons melhor representados na área por ocorrerem em mais de 40% dos biótopos estudados. E. bonettoi (Tell & Zaloc.) Couté & Thérez., L. playfairiana Defl. var. striata Conf. e L. caudata (Cunha) Conr. foram registrados exclusivamente para o América do Sul e 16 táxons identificados possuem distribuição cosmopolita. São fornecidas as amplitudes de algumas variáveis abióticas dos ambientes em que cada táxon ocorreu na área de estudo.

Palavras-chave: Euglenophyta, Euglena, Lepocinclis, Parque Estadual Delta do Jacuí, Sul do Brasil

Introduction

In the geography of Rio Grande do Sul there are three large river basins in the central region of the state. The Guaiba basin covers the largest population (approximately 56% of the population of the state of almost 6 million inhabitants), the highest concentration of economic activities and, consequently, the largest number of environmental problems. This basin is divided into eight sub-basins interconnected by large rivers, that accumulated the wastes of the different activities of the population on their bed.

The Jacuí Delta State Park, at 29º56' and 30º03'S and 51º12' and 51º18'W (Fig. 1), located in the Guaíba basin, is one of the most significant nature areas in the Porto Alegre Metropolitan Region, covering a 1,724 hectare surface, running into the Delta region, the Jacuí, Caí, Gravataí and Sinos rivers, forming the so-called "four rivers delta". This park is formed by a large variety of floodable fields, wetlands, channels, islands and forests, presenting a broad diversity of species of fauna and flora. According to Köppen classification, the local climate is Cfa, the subtropical humid type.

This paper is part of the broader project within the Program for Rational Development Recovery and Environmental Management of the Guaiba River Basin ("Pró-Guaiba"), developed by researchers from the Natural Sciences Museum of the Zoobotanical Foundation of Rio Grande do Sul, aiming to acquire knowledge regarding to the fauna and the flora components in the Jacuí Delta State Park, in order to establish a Management Plan for this Conservation Unit.

In Brazil the class Euglenophyceae was studied firstly by foreign authors, being Ehrenberg (1843) the first author that published studies on the group. In the last decades the study of this group of algae in country have been developed thanks to the several Brazilian specialists' effort, like Alves-da-Silva (1998), Alves-da-Silva & Torres (1992; 1994), Cardoso (1979; 1982), Cecy (1990), Menezes (1984; 1990; 1994) and Xavier (1988; 1991; 1994), among others.

In Rio Grande do Sul State many papers registered the ocurrence of Euglenophyta. Alves-da Silva & Hahn (2001) analized 39 publications wich presented this algae group between 1972 and 2000, resulting in 244 taxa list in generic, specific and infra-specifica levels, already identified in the State.

The study of the Euglenophyta community in the area of the Jacuí Delta State Park began in 1993-1994, resulting in the publication of two papers, Alves-da-Silva & Ávila (1997) and Alves-da-Silva & Crossetti (1999), with the descriptions of only four species of Euglena and Lepocinclis (E. bonetoi (Tell & Zaloc.) Couté & Thérez., E. oxyuris Schmarda, E. tripteris (Duj.) Klebs and L. salina Fritsch).

Due to the high diversity of Euglenophyceae found in the Jacui Delta State Park (almost 150 taxa) we divided the results publication in four more papers. The present paper presents the genera Euglena and Lepocinclis found in the Park, and indicates the range of the abiotic variables in which each taxon occurred in the area of the study, contributing to broader the knowledge and distribution of these two genera.

Material and methods

Seventy-two samples collected by nets in December/1993 and January/1994, and from February/1998 to December/1999, were analyzed. They were distributed on eight island banks, eight small bays, four river mouths, three channels and stream mouths (Fig. 1). Quarterly samplings of phytoplankton were performed, only in the biotopes called stations 1 to 7 ("saco do Cabral" - station 1, "saco das Garças" - station 2, "canal Feliz" - station 3, "Ilha do Serafim" - station 4, "saco do Quilombo" - station 5, "saco do Jacaré" - station 6 and "saco da Pólvora" - station 7) and at the mouths of the four rivers. In these eleven environments, besides sampling biological material, water was collected to determine the following abiotic variables: ammonium, nitrate, nitrite, biochemical oxigen demande, orthophosphate, dissolved oxygen and organic matter according to APHA (1992). On the islands "Cabeçuda", "Marinheiros", "Formiga", "Siqueiras", "Cravo", "Pombas" and "Flores"; in the "canal do Lage" and "canal das Balseiras"; "saco dos Cachorros", "saco do Ferraz" and "saco Santa Cruz"; stream mouth of Guaiba and stream mouth of Sanga das Pedras samples were collected only during the summer. In all environments, except for the 1993-1994 samplings, the pH, electric conductivity, transparency and water temperature were measured in the field, pH directly with digital pHmeter, model DMPHP; water electric conductivity directly with a field conductivimeter Digimed, model CD-28, transparency with Secchi disk, and water temperature with a chemical thermometer.

The samples were collected using a plankton net, with a 25µm mesh and subdivided into two parts: one part was fixed in the field, with a "Transeau" solution, at a 1:1 proportion, according to Bicudo & Bicudo, (1970) (in the 1993-1994 samples) or with formaldehyde 4% (in the 1998-1999 samples) and part was kept alive to observe certain morphological characteristics essential for the taxonomic identification of the Euglenophyceae. For the taxonomic analysis, we used a Leitz optical microscope, model Dialux.

For specific and infra-specific identification of the taxa, basic works were used such as: Conrad (1935), Conrad & Van Meel (1952), Gojdics (1953), Huber-Pestalozzi (1955), Németh (1980), Starmach (1983), Tell & Conforti (1986), Zakrýs (1986) and Wolowski (1998), besides recent papers about the group.

We present the illustration of the taxa that have not yet been publishes for the area, geographical distribution and some comments, besides supplying information regarding environmental factors in which each taxon occurred in the area of the study (Tab. 1).

All samples are kept in the collection of the Prof. Dr. Alarich R. H. Schultz Herbarium (HAS-Herbário Alarich R. H. Schultz) in the Natural Sciences Museum of the Zoobotanical Foundation of Rio Grande do Sul (Tab. 2).

Results and discussion

The study of 72 samples resulted in the identification of almost 150 taxa of Euglenophyta, wich only genera Euglena and Lepocinclis are presented, and they were represented by 35 specific and infra-specific taxa, listed below:

Family Euglenaceae

Genus Euglena Ehrenberg 1830

1. Euglena acus Ehr. var. acus, Infusions. Organismen., 12, pl. 7, fig. l5. 1838.

Fig. 2

Cell fusiform, 92.5-102.6µm long, 7.4-8.3µm broad, Rl/b= 12.4; tail piece 12-17µm long, pellicle rigid to semi-rigid, striae longitudinal; paramylon grains 5 to numerous, rod-shaped.

Deposited sample: HAS 26331, HAS 26347, HAS 34633, HAS 34639, HAS 34647, HAS 34651, HAS 34657, HAS 34665, HAS 34709, HAS 34720, HAS 34791, HAS 34793, HAS 34805, HAS 34809, HAS 34813, HAS 34815, HAS 34817, HAS 34819, HAS 34822, HAS 34825, HAS 34831, HAS 34881, HAS 34885, HAS 34891, HAS 34908, HAS 34922, HAS 34992, HAS 34994, HAS 34998.

Distribution in Brazil: very common.

General distribution: cosmopolitan.

Comments: fast displacement, reduced metabolism, can assume S and J shapes. This taxon was well represented in the area, occurring in 40% of the environments studied.

2. Euglena acus Ehr. var. longissima Defl., Revue algol., 1(3):238, pl. 4, fig. 1-3. 1924a.

Fig. 3

Cell fusiform, 259µm long, 11-13.9µm broad, Rl/b= 22-23.3.

Deposited sample: HAS 26331, HAS 34665, HAS 34791, HAS 34793, HAS 34815, HAS 34819, HAS 34822, HAS 34992, HAS 34908, HAS 34994.

Distribution in Brazil: very common.

General distribution: cosmopolitan.

Comments: this variety is different from the typical of the species due to the larger cells sizes and length: broad ratio.

3. Euglena agilis Carter, Annals. Mag. nat. Hist., 18(105):240, pl. 6, fig. 62. 1856.

Fig. 4-5

Cell fusiform, 22.5-24µm long, 8.5-9.4µm broad, Rl/b=2.5-2.6; tail piece 2.0-2.5µm long; pellicle spiral striated, delicate; chloroplasts 2, shield-like, parietal, almost reaching the whole cell length, double-pyrenoids present.

Deposited sample: HAS 34637, HAS 34807, HAS 34809, HAS 34817, HAS 34819, HAS 34947, HAS 34957, HAS 34991.

Distribution in Brazil: very common.

General distribution: cosmopolitan.

Comments: a very agile species with intense metabolism. Wolowski (1998) mentioned that E. agilis is known to form water blooms. In the present study this specie ocurred with mean relative frequency.

4. Euglena allorgei Defl. var.allorgei, Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr., 24: 116, fig. 1-2. 1924b.

Fig. 6-7

Cell oblong to oblong- elliptic, 100-127µm long, 16.618.5µm broad, Rl/b= 6.0-7.6; tail piece 22-28µm long; granulated pellicle, longitudinal striae, sometimes are of difficult observation; chloroplasts numerous, disc-shaped; paramylum granules 2, rod-shaped, 23.5-25.4µm long.

Deposited sample: HAS 34647, HAS 34699, HAS 34720, HAS 34791, HAS 34793, HAS 34822, HAS 34881, HAS 34885, HAS 34994.

Distribution in Brazil: Amazonas: Uherkovich (1981), Thomasson (1971).

General distribution: Europe, North and South America.

Comments: displacement through slow movements. If the cell shape is considered this species can be mistaken for E. oxyuris Schmarda and E. gaumei Allorge & Lef., from which differs in having granulated pellicle, longitudinal striae and cell posterior pole ending in a caudal process bent to one side

5. Euglena bonettoi (Tell & Zaloc.) Couté & Thérez., Nova Hedwigia, 58(1-2):247, fig. 1-4. 1994.

Cell narrow cilindrical, 268.2-277.5µm long, 14.818.5µm broad, tail piece 92.5-102µm long, Rl/b= 14.5-18.7; pellicle longitudinal striated, scarce; paramylon grains 2, lateral, elongate, opposite; chloroplasts numerous, disc-shaped.

Deposited sample: HAS 26327, HAS 34998.

Distribution in Brazil: Mato Grosso: Menezes & Fernandes (1989). Rio Grande do Sul: Alves-da-Silva & Crossetti (1999, as Phacus bonettoi).

General distribution: this taxa was found exclusively in South America (Argentina, Bolivia and Brazil).

Comments: third reference to the occurrence of the species. This species was described for the first time for the Chaco, in northern Argentina, as belonging to genus Phacus, by the slight dorsoventral flattening. Couté & Thérezien (1994) proposed that this species should be transferred to genus Euglena due to the circular section and their similarity to Euglena acus Ehr. The exemplars observed agree with the description of the species, but are slightly smaller in length and broad. This species was considered rare, because occured only in the island of the Cravo, in samples of December/1993 and December/1999.

6. Euglena caudata Hübner Progr., Realg. Stralsund, p. 13. 1886.

Fig. 8

Cell fusiform, 81-112µm long, 22-28µm broad, Rl/b= 3.8-5.3; tail piece 4.6-9.2µm long; pellicle spiral striated; chloroplasts disc-shaped, numerous, with a smooth or slighty lobed margin, each with a sheated pyrenoid; paramylon grains numerous, small, oval to rod-shaped.

Deposited sample: HAS 34637, HAS 34639, HAS 34662, HAS 34665, HAS 34667, HAS 34709, HAS 34715, HAS 34793, HAS 34807, HAS 34811, HAS 34819, HAS 34881.

Distribution in Brazil: Distrito Federal: Cardoso (1982). Goiás: Prescott (1957). Rio de Janeiro: Menezes (1989).

General distribution: cosmopolitan.

Comments: movement intense, very metabolic, assuming form "C".

7. Euglena deses Ehr. var.intermediaKlebs, Unters. Bot. Inst. Tübingen, 1(2):303. 1883.

Fig. 12

Cell cylindrical to oblong, 84.2-85µm long, 11µm broad. Rl/b= 7.5-7.6, pellicle with striae delicate, spiral, difficult to observe; chloroplasts numerous, more than 20, disc-shaped, 4-8µm long, parietal; with pyrenoids.

Deposited sample: HAS 34632, HAS 34712, HAS 34791, HAS 34805, HAS 34881.

Distribution in Brazil: commum.

General distribution: cosmopolitan.

Comments: movement reptant. According Zackrýs (1986), differences between E. deses Ehr. var. deses and E. deses var. intermedia are the kind of paramylum granule and the presence or absence of pyrenoid. In the var. deses representatives, pyrenoids are present and paramylum granules are small and rod-shaped, whereas in the var. intermedia there is no pyrenoid and paramylum granules are dimorphic. Zakrýs et al. (2001) studied the ultrastructure of the chloroplasts of the two varieties above and realized that both have pyrenoids and that the plastid organization is exactly the same.

8. Euglena ehrenbergii Klebs, Unters. Bot. Inst. Tübingen 1:304. 1883.

Fig. 9

Cell cylindrical, 166.5-185µm long, 19.4-34µm broad. Rl/b= 7.5; round at both ends but slighty narrower anteriorlly; pellicle spiral striated; chloroplasts numerous, disc-shaped; paramylon grains one, two or varing in number, rod-shaped, long or small numerous, sphaerical.

Deposited sample: HAS 34632, HAS 34637, HAS 34665, HAS 34709, HAS 34791, HAS 34807, HAS 34819, HAS 34822, HAS 34831, HAS 34881, HAS 34908, HAS 34994, HAS 34998.

Distribution in Brazil: very common.

General distribution: cosmopolitan.

Comments: species with intense metabolism, change of form until sphaerical. This species can be easily identified by its reptant moviment, cilindrical flattened form and metabolism.

9. Euglena gaumei All. & Lefr., Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr., 24:122-150. 1925.

Fig. 10

Cell cylindrical, 55-65µm long, 11µm broad, Rl/b= 5.8; tail piece 10.3µm long; pellicle longitudinal striated, very delicate, difficult to observe; chloroplasts numerous, disc-shaped; paramylon grains 2, rod-shaped.

Deposited sample: HAS 34639, HAS 34791, HAS 34807, HAS 34819, HAS 34881, HAS 34885, HAS 34891, HAS 34908, HAS 34947, HAS 34955, HAS 34992.

Distribution in Brazil: Rio Grande do Sul: Alves-da-Silva, S. M. & Bicudo, C.E. de M. (2002). Rio de Janeiro: Triani (1990).

General distribution: Asia, Europe, North and South America.

Comments: third mention of the occurence for Brazil. Rotation and movement intense, cell fastens itself by the caudal process and begins rotation from one side to the other, from left to right and vice-versa.

10. Euglena hemichromata Skuja, Symb. bot. ups., 9(3):185, pl. 21, fig. 10-13. 1948.

Fig. 11

Cell fusiform to cylindric-fusiform 100-108µm long, 22-24µm broad, long Rl/b= 4.2-4.9; tail piece 11.0µm; pellicle flexible, striae very delicate, spiral; chloroplasts numerous, rod or disc-shaped, margins irregular, sometimes replaced anteriorly by the paramylon grains that gives a colorless appearance to the anterior portion of cell and a greenish one to the posterior portion.

Deposited sample: HAS 34953, HAS 34955.

Distribution in Brazil: Amazonas: Uherkovich (1981).

General distribution: Europe, North and South America.

Comments: cells very metabolic that swim very fast rotating along their longitudinal axis, changing continuously their shape through contractions of the anterior cell pole and of the median region, thus giving the cell a somewhat club shape.

11. Euglena limnophila Lemm. var. limnophila, Beih. Bot. Zbl., 76(44-45):152. 1898.

Fig. 13

Cell fusiform, 84-97µm long, 10-11. 5µm broad, Rl/b= 8.4; tail piece ca. 10µm long; pellicle rigid, striae delicate, difficult to observe, chloroplasts numerous, disc-shaped parietal, ca. 1.8µm diam. paramylon grains 2, rod-shaped.

Deposited sample: HAS 26331, HAS 34632, HAS 34712, HAS 34791, HAS 34811, HAS 34819, HAS 34881, HAS 34908, HAS 34916, HAS 34920, HAS 34922, HAS 34990, HAS 34992, HAS 34994, HAS 34998.

Distribution in Brazil: very common.

General distribution: cosmopolitan.

Comments: little metabolic. E. limnophila has taxonomic varieties that were proposed mainly on the basis of cell dimensions. Starmach (1983) mentioned measures between 40-90´7.5-12(-13.6)µm for the tipical species. Some specimens presently identified were slightly higher than the metrical limits in the lenght cited by this author.

12. Euglena limnophila Lemm. var. minor Drez., Kosmos 50:245, 268. 1925.

Fig. 14

Cell fusiform 55.5-59.2µm long, 11-12µm broad, Rl/b= 4.6-5.2; tail piece 11.0µm long.

Deposited sample: HAS 34908, HAS 34994.

Distribution in Brazil: Amazonas: Conforti (1994). Rio de Janeiro: Triani (1990).

General distribution: Europe, South America.

Comments: this variety differ from the type by the smaller dimensions of the cell. Third reference of the ocorrence of the variety for Brazil.

13. Euglena mutabilis Schmitz, Jb. Wiss. Bot. 15:37, pl. 1, fig. 3. 1884.

Fig. 15

Cell narrow fusiform to nearly cylindrical, 95128.5µm long, 9.5-12.8µm broad. Rl/b= 10; tail piece cilindrical; pellicle spiral striated; chloroplasts 4-8 per cell single unilateral, scarcely visible pyrenoids; paramylon grains, numerous, rod-shaped.

Deposited sample: HAS 34709, HAS 34791, HAS 34807, HAS 34817.

Distribution in Brazil: Distrito Federal: Cardoso (1982); Rio Grande do Sul: Rosa et al. (1987), Alves-da-Silva & Torres (1994), Alves-da-Silva & Laitano (1994); Rio de Janeiro: Menezes (1989).

General distribution: Asia, Europe, North and South America.

Comments: movement reptant. Species cited especially for acid waters even of very low pH; the present study it occured in pH slightly acid (6.2-6.6). In Rio Grande do Sul state of the species ocurred in acid until alcaline water.

14. Euglena oxyuris Schmarda var. oxyuris, Beitr. Nat. Infus. 17, pl. 1, fig. 17. 1846.

Cell cylindrical, 174-277.5µm long, 23-28µm broad, Rl/b= 8.4-9.9; tail piece ca. 48µm long; pellicle rigid to semi-rigid, striae spiral, following the cell body twisting; chloroplasts numerous, disc-shaped, parietal; paramylon grains 2, rod-shaped.

Deposited sample: HAS 26331, HAS 26335, HAS 26347, HAS 34632, HAS 34633, HAS 34645, HAS 34651, HAS 34665, HAS 34791, HAS 34803, HAS 34805, HAS 34807, HAS 34813, HAS 34819, HAS 34822, HAS 34881, 34908, HAS 34916, HAS 34990, HAS 34992, HAS 34994, HAS 34998.

Distribution in Brazil: very common.

General distribution: cosmopolitan.

Comments: movement reduced. Displacement helicoidal, slow, changes in the cell shape restricted to small bends of the cell body. This taxon is well represented in the area, occurring in 30,5% of the environments studied.

15. Euglena oxyuris Schmarda var. charkowiensis Bourr., Sinensia 17(1,6):95. 1946.

Fig. 16

Cell cilindrical, 111-116µm long, 20.3-23.1µm broad, Rl/b= 5.0; tail piece 18.5-23µm long.

Deposited sample: HAS 26342, HAS 34822, HAS 34825, HAS 34831, HAS 34901, HAS 34922, HAS 34992, HAS 34998.

Distribution in Brazil: very common.

General distribution: cosmopolitan.

Comments: this variety differ from the type by the smaller dimensions of the cell.

16. Euglena polymorpha Dang., Botaniste, 8:175, fig. 12. 1901.

Fig. 17

Cell fusiform, 53-82µm long, 16-18µm broad, Rl/b= 3.3-4.5; tail piece 5.5-7.5µm long; pellicle flexible, striae delicate, spiral; chloroplasts numerous, disc-shaped, margin irregular; double-pyrenoids present.

Deposited sample: HAS 34632, HAS 34647, HAS 34709, HAS 34720, HAS 34791, HAS 348053, HAS 34813, HAS 34881, HAS 34908, HAS 34969, HAS 34998.

Distribution in Brazil: Distrito Federal: Cardoso (1982). Rio Grande do Sul: Alves-da-Silva & Torres (1994). Rio de Janeiro: Cunha (1913a), Fernandes (1998). São Paulo: Xavier (1991; 1994).

General distribution: cosmopolitan.

Comments: highly metabolic, getting variats shapes during displacement, with strong contortions in the anterior cell pole, whereas the posterior pole remains attenuated (conical). Therefore, cell would assume an obvoid shape, with a strong tendency to spherical forms; however, caudal process remains always rigid.

17. Euglena rostrifera Johnson, Trans. Am. Micr. Soc., 43(2):123, fig. 29 a-d. 1944.

Fig. 18

Cell fusiform, usually bulged near middle anterior pole to a form a "snout", caracteristic of the species, 120135µm long, 17.6-21.3µm broad, Rl/b= 5.9-6.3; tail piece 11µm long; pellicle spiral striated; cloroplasts numerous, elongates; paramylon grains, annular discoidal, 5-8µm of diam.; double-pyrenoids present, also rod-shaped free in cytoplasm.

Deposited sample: HAS 26342, HAS34881.

Distribution in Brazil: first mention of the occurence for Brazil.

General distribution: North and South America.

Comments: Gojdics (1953) mentioned this species with resemblence between E. granulata (Klebs) Scmithz and E. polymorpha because of the body and chloroplast shape, but it differs in having a flagellum of body lenght, proeminent colorless anterior end, longer canal, more proeminent striae, is slightly metabolic locomotion, lack of the cytoplasmic granules, and it is usually found under the water surface.

18. Euglena sanguinea Ehr., Abh. Berl. Akad. Wiss. Physik aus d. Jahre 1831, Berlin, p.71 (1832).

Fig. 19-20

Cell broadly fusiform to spindle shaped, 109-127µm long, 22-27µm broad, Rl/b= 3.4-4.4; tail piece ca.8.0µm long; pellicle spiral striated; chloroplasts numerous (more than 25) with deeply incised lobate margins; pyrenoids bilateral, located in the centre of each chloroplast; paramylon grains small, oval or rod-shaped, numerous; haematochrome granules round (until 1.0µm diam.) very numerous located throughout cell; chloroplasts and pyrenoids frequently obscured by hematochrome.

Deposited sample: HAS 34632, HAS 34647, HAS 34791, HAS 34881, HAS 34908.

Distribution in Brazil: Distrito Federal: Cardoso (1982). Mato Grosso: Heckman, et al. (1993). Rio Grande do Sul: Alves-da-Silva & Torres (1994). Rio de Janeiro: Cunha (1913a). São Paulo: Xavier (1991).

General distribution: cosmopolitan.

Comments: most of the red blooms seen have beem atributed to this species. In this study E. sanguinea ocurred in low individual number.

19. Euglena splendens Dang., Botaniste, 8:69, fig. 9. 1901.

Fig. 21

Cell fusiform, 90-120µm long, 25µm broad, Rl/b= 4.8; tail piece 20.0µm long; pellicle flexible, striae spiral; chloroplasts ca. 12, axial, disc-shaped, longitudinal incisions deep, projections irradiating towards the cell periphery like narrow, anastomosing bands, disposed in a helix; double-pyrenoids present; mucocysts fusiform, ca. 0.9µm diam.

Deposited sample: HAS 34709, HAS 34791, HAS 34793, HAS 34797, HAS 34801, HAS 34805, HAS 34807, HAS 34809, HAS 34811, HAS 34813, HAS 34819, HAS 34881, HAS 34945, HAS 34947, HAS 34963.

Distribution in Brazil: Rio Grande do Sul: Alves-da-Silva (1998). Rio de Janeiro: Menezes (1989). São Paulo: Xavier (1991,1994).

General distribution: cosmopolitan.

Comments: movement active; displacement fast, around its longitudinal axis; rounding up very easily.

20. Euglena spirogyra Ehr. var.fusca Klebs, Unters. Bot. Inst. Tübingen, 1:77. 1883.

Fig. 22

Cell cylindrical, 178-199µm long, 30-51µm broad, Rl/b= 4.0-6.0; tail piece ca 28µm long.

Deposited sample: HAS 34632, HAS 34791, HAS 34803, HAS 34805, HAS 34891, HAS 34998.

Distribution in Brazil: very common.

General distribution: cosmopolitan.

Comments: this variety differ from the type for the largest dimensions, for developed and polygonal warts and for the coloration of the pellicle well darker (chestnutred).

21. Euglena spirogyra Ehr. var. spirogyra, Abh. Berl. Akad. Wiss. Physik aus d. Jahre 1830, Berlin, p.83, (1832).

Fig. 23

Cell cylindrical, 85-88µm long, 10-12µm broad, Rl/b= 7.3-8.0; tail piece 11-12µm long; pellicle yellowish bearing 12-14 rows of usually hemispherical, bead-like protuberans wich are usually spirally arranged; chloroplasts numerous, small disc, ca. 3µm diam.; paramylon grains 2.

Deposited sample: HAS 34651, HAS 34709, HAS 34805, HAS 34807, HAS 34809, HAS 34817, HAS 34819, HAS 34822, HAS 34881, HAS 34908, HAS 34994.

Distribution in Brazil: very common.

General distribution: cosmopolitan.

Comments: the population showed wide variability of periplast colour and ornamentation.

22. Euglena tripteris (Duj.) Klebs var.tripteris, Unters. Bot. Inst. Tübingen, 1: 306. 1883.

Cell fusiform 58-66µm long, 11.5-14µm broad, tail piece 10-16µm long. Rl/b= 4.7-5.8; 3-radiate in transverse optical section, pellicle flexible, striae longitudinal, delicate, following the cell torsion; chloroplasts numerous, disc-shaped, parietal, 2.8-3.7µm diam.; paramylum granules 2, rod-shaped.

Deposited sample: HAS 34805, HAS 34807, HAS 34809, HAS 34813, HAS 34819, HAS 34885, HAS 34881, HAS 34887, HAS 34891, HAS 34908, HAS 34910, HAS 34947, HAS 34965.

Distribution in Brazil: Amazonas: Thomasson (1971). Paraná: Cecy (1990), Jati & Train (1994). São Paulo: Cardoso (1979), Xavier (1994). Rio de Janeiro: Cunha (1913a; 1914), Menezes (1989), Triani (1990). Rio Grande do Sul: Alves-da-Silva & Torres (1994), Franceschini (1992).

General distribution: cosmopolitan.

Comments: fast displacement, helicoidal rotation movement. E. tripteris resembles very much the morfology of E. oxyuris. It differs from E. oxyuris in the greater cell torsion and in the transverse optical section of the cell, wich is 3-radiate in E. tripteris, and elliptical in E. oxyuris.

23. Euglena viridis Ehr., Abh. Berl. Akad. Wiss. Physik Aus d. Jahre 1830, Berlin, p.39, 82 (1832).

Fig. 24

Cell fusiform to spindle shaped, 43-46µm long, 10.214.8µm broad, Rl/b= 2.9-4.2; tail piece ca 4.0µm long; trichocystis fusiform; pellicle spiral striated; chloroplasts numerous, ribbon-shaped and radiate from paramylon centre, ever ramified towards the periplast.

Deposited sample: HAS 34632, HAS 34797, HAS 34803, HAS 34815, HAS 34817, HAS 34910, HAS 34992, HAS 34994, HAS 34998.

Distribution in Brazil: Distrito Federal: Cardoso (1979). Rio de Janeiro: Cunha (1913), Menezes (1989), Oliveira et al. (1967), Prowazek (1910). São Paulo: Cardoso (1982).

General distribution: cosmopolitan.

Comments: intense metabolism with contortions, getting bulging in the middle of the cell. When the contorsion, the cell bends, closing up the anterior and posterior poles. Wolowski (1998) mentioned that this specie ocurrs in pH 4.5-8.0. In the study the specimens ocurred in water with pH between 5.9-6.8, therefore slightly acid.

Genus Lepocinclis Perty 1852

24. Lepocinclis caudata (Cunha) Conr., Arch. Protistenk., 82(2):224, fig. 27. 1934.

Fig. 25

Cell broadly elliptic, 56.4-57.3µm long, 22.2-24µm broad, Rl/b= 2.3-2.5; tail piece 16-18.5µm long; pellicle striae spiral to the left; chloroplasts numerous, disc-shaped, ca. 3.5µm diam.; paramylon grains 2, lateral, ring-shaped, ca. de 20µm diam.

Deposited sample: HAS 26347, HAS 34632, HAS 34881, HAS 34908, HAS 34959, HAS 34998.

Distribution in Brazil: Amazonas: Conforti (1994). Rio Grande do Sul: Alves-da-Silva & Ferraz (1991), Alves-da-Silva et al. (1991), Alves-da-Silva & Torres (1992). Mato Grosso: Menezes & Fernandes (1989). Paraná: Jati & Train (1994). Rio de Janeiro: Cunha (1914), Menezes (1990).

General distribution: Indic Ocean (Sonda island), South America.

Comments: displacement fast, for the presence of one flagellum of 0.5 to 1 time the cellular length.This species was described by Cunha (1914) in an fresh water, in the city of Rio de Janeiro. This species has been registered in several Brazilian states. In Rio Grande do Sul has ocurred in waters with pH 6.4-9.2 and temperature between 12 and 32ºC, indicating that this species supports wide variation of those abiotics factors.

25. Lepocinclisfusiformis (Carter) Lemm. emend. Conr. var. fusiformis, Arch. Protistenk., 82(2):225, fig. 30. 1934.

Fig. 26-27

Cell fusiform to lemon-shaped 31.4-42.0µm long, 24-28µm broad, tail piece 2.0-4.0µm long. Rl/b= 1.31.6; pellicle spiral striated to the left, very delicate; chloroplasts numerous, discoid to ellipsoid, ca. 2.8µm diam.; paramylon grains 2, lateral, ring-shaped, sometimes somewhat elliptical.

Deposited sample: HAS 26333, HAS 34632, HAS 34791, HAS 34805, HAS 34815, HAS 34817, HAS 34881, HAS 34885, HAS 34947.

Distribution in Brazil: very common.

General distribution: cosmopolitan.

Comments: fast displacement, for the presence of one flagellum of 0.5 to 1 time the cellular length. This specie is characteristic by the fusiform to lemon-shaped cell, with the anterior pole nipple-shaped.

26. Lepocinclis fusiformis (Carter) Lemm. emend. Conr.amphirhynchusNyg., Dank Vid. Selsk. Biol. Skr. 7(1):167, fig. 101. 1949.

Fig. 28

Cell fusiform to lemon-shaped, 32.3-37µm long, 2325µm broad, long. Rl/b= 1.4-1.5; tail piece ca. 3µm long.

Deposited sample: HAS 34881, HAS 34885.

Distribution in Brazil: Amazonas: Uherkovich & Schmit (1974), Conforti (1994).

General distribution: Africa, Asia, South America.

Comments: third mention of the occurence for Brazil and the first for the State. This variety differ from the type by present anterior polo rounded-obtuse with up to 4.6µm long and tail piece small. This individuals presented slightly larger in lenght than mentioned in literature, that give length of the variety up to 31µm.

27. Lepocinclis ovum (Ehr.) Lemm. var. ovum, Kryptog. Bradenburg, 3:504, fig. 13. 1910.

Fig. 29

Cell elliptic to oblong-elliptic 29.6-35µm long, 18.523µm broad, tail piece 4.0µm long. Rl/b= 1.3-1.8; pellicle spiral striated to the left; chloroplasts numerous, parietal, discoid, ca. 3,7µm diam.; paramylon bodies 2, lateral, ring-shaped, sometimes elongate.

Deposited sample: HAS 26327, HAS 26331, HAS 26347, HAS 34632, HAS 34647, HAS 34799, HAS 34805, HAS 34807, HAS 34819, HAS 34822, HAS 34908, HAS 34914, HAS 34916, HAS 34998.

Distribution in Brazil: very common.

General distribution: cosmopolitan.

Comments: L. ovum (Ehr.) Lemm. is the most characteristic species of the genus (Conrad 1935). The latter author also mentioned that the species is highly polymorphic and frequently displays some variation in the shape and length of caudal process.

28. Lepocinclis ovum (Ehr.) Lemm. var.dimidiominorDefl., Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr. 71:1121, fig. 25-28. 1924.

Fig. 30

Cell narrowly to broady elliptic, 16.6-17.5µm long, 8.3-12µm broad, tail piece ca. 1µm long. Rl/b= 1.4-2.0.

Deposited sample: HAS 26331, HAS 26346, HAS 34639, HAS 34645, HAS 34647, HAS 34651, HAS 34667, HAS 34709, HAS 34805, HAS 34807, HAS 34819, HAS 34822, HAS 34908, HAS 34914, HAS 34916, HAS 34922, HAS 34957, HAS 34990.

Distribution in Brazil: very common.

General distribution: Africa, Asia, Europe and South America.

Comments: this variety differs from the type by the smaller dimensions of the cell and caudal process reduced to a nipple.

29. Lepocinclisovum(Ehr.) Lemm. var. globula(Perty) Lemm., Kryptogamenfl. Bradenburg, 3(4):505. 1910.

Fig. 31

Cell subglobe, 29-33.3µm long, 25-28.7µm broad, tail piece 2-3µm long. Rl/b= 1.1-1.2.

Deposited sample: HAS 34805, HAS 34807, HAS 34881, HAS 34883, HAS 34890, HAS 34998.

Distribution in Brazil: very commom.

General distribution: cosmopolitan.

Comments: this variety differs from the type by subglobe-shaped cell, some individuals presented cells larger than those mencioned by the literature, reaching up to 28.8µm of broad.

30. LepocinclisplayfairianaDefl. var. striataConf., Nova Hedwigia, 53(1-2):79, pl.2, fig. 9. 1991.

Fig. 32-33

Cell oval 37-43.5µm long, 20.3-25µm broad, Rl/b= 1.7-1.8; tail piece 2-10µm long.

Deposited sample: HAS 26327, HAS 26333.

Distribution in Brazil: Amazonas: Conforti (1994).

General distribution: Exclusively in South America (Argentina, Brazil).

Comments: second mention of the occurence for Brazil. This variety differs from the type by spiral striae from left to right, whereas the species does not have visible striae. This variety is very similar to L. caudata var. nasuta Conrad, although it is larger. A few exemplars were recorded with smaller cells sizes than those mentioned by the author of the variety, but presented a similar general morphology. In her opinion, they are young individuals.

31. Lepocinclis piriformis Cunha, Mem. Inst. Osvaldo Cruz, 5(2):109, fig. 1,10. 1910.

Fig. 34

Cell obpyriform, 32.4-37µm long, 18.5-19.4µm broad, Rl/b= 1.7-1.9; tail piece 10.0µm long; pellicle striae right to left, chloroplasts numerous, parietal, discoid, ca. 3,7µm diam.; paramylon bodies 2, lateral, ring-shaped.

Deposited sample: HAS 26331, 34654, HAS 34712, HAS 34807, HAS 34819, HAS 34883.

Distribution in Brazil: Amazonas: Conforti (1994). Rio de Janeiro: Cunha (1913a; b).

General distribution: exclusively in South America (Argentina, Brazil).

Comments: this species present a morphology close to L. turbiniformis Defl., and is distinguished by the direction of the striae that is from left to right in this one and from right to left in L. piriformis.

32. LepocinclissalinaFritsch var.salina, New Phytol., 13:351, fig. 3 a, b, e. 1914.

Cell broadly elliptic, oblong to oval, 28-52µm long, 21-44.4µm broad. Rl/b= 1.2-1.4; spirally striated to the right; chloroplasts numerous, parietal, discoid, ca. 2.8µm diam.; paramylon bodies numerous, discoid, globose oe elongate, never ring-shaped, 4.0-7.0µm diam.

Deposited sample: HAS 26329, HAS 26331, HAS 26347, HAS 34632 HAS 34637, HAS 34639, HAS 34647, HAS 34699, HAS 34712, HAS 34720, HAS 34791, HAS 34793, HAS 34801, HAS 34803, HAS 34805, HAS 34811, HAS 34813, HAS 34817, HAS 34822, HAS 34825, HAS 34831, HAS 34881, HAS 34883, HAS 34885, HAS 34889, HAS 34891, HAS 34908, HAS 34916, HAS 34945, HAS 34947, HAS 34959, HAS 34992, HAS 34994, HAS 34998.

Distribution in Brazil: very common.

General distribution: cosmopolitan.

Comments: Lepocinclis salina is very similar morphologically with L. texta (Duj.) Lemm. emend. Conr. L. salina striae are twisted to the right, while in L. texta, are to the left. Furthermore, L. salina presents excentric pharyngeal openning, located at the bottom of a deep depression, and its transverse optical section is circular, while in L. texta the optical section is elliptic.

These taxa were well represented in the area, occurring in 44.4% of the study environments; it was also observed high polymorphism and some variations in the shape of the cell and lenght or caudal process.

33. LepocinclissalinaFritsch f. obtusa (Hub.-Pest.) Conr., Verh. Internat. Ver. F. theor. U. angew. Limnologie, 4:349, fig. 10. 1929.

Fig. 35

Cell broad to moderately elliptic to slightly ovoid, 42-56.4µm long, 28-33.3µm broad, Rl/b= 1.4-1.7; tail piece until 5µm long.

Deposited sample: HAS 34632, HAS 34639, HAS 34712, HAS 34715, HAS 34791, HAS 34793, HAS 34805, HAS 34807, HAS 34809, HAS 34815, HAS 34822, HAS 34825, HAS 34832, HAS 34881, HAS 34992, HAS 34994.

Distribution in Brazil: Rio Grande do Sul: Franceschini (1992, como L. salina f.); Alves-da-Silva & Torres (1992, como L. salina var. papulosa).

General distribution: Africa, South America.

Comments: this variety differs of the typical of the species for posterior pole attenuated into a caudal process straight or slightly curved, colourless, conical-truncate. The cells occuring in our samples were larger than the taxon described by Conrad (1935, p. 63, fig. 58), with 37.5µm long, 26µm broad. The f. obtusa is close morphological resembles to L. texta (Duj.) Lemm. emend. Conr. var. mamillata Cunha but they are distinct in the twisting of the periplast striae and in the caudal process that is conical rounded in the var. mamillata, and conical truncate in the f. obtusa.

34. Lepocinclis salina Fritsch var. vallicaudaConr., Mem. Mus. r. Hist. nat. Belg., 2(10):63. 1942.

Fig. 36

Cell ovoid, 53-63µm long, 31.4-37µm broad, Rl/b= 1.7; tail piece 5.5-8.6µm long.

Deposited sample: HAS 34647, HAS 34715, HAS 34805, HAS 34807, HAS 34891, HAS 34922.

Distribution in Brazil: Minas Gerais: Giani et al. (1999). Rio Grande do Sul: Alves-da-Silva & Torres (1992), Alves-da-Silva & Laitano (1994), São Paulo: Bicudo et al. (1999), Sant'Anna et al. (1989).

General distribution: Africa, South America.

Comments: this variety differs of the type by the posterior pole that presents tail piece conic-rounded, oblique reaching up to 8.6µm long; present a morphology close to L. texta (Duj.) Lemm. emend. Conr. var. richiardiana Conr., and is distinguid by the direction of the striae that from left to right in this one and from right to left in var. vallicauda.

35. Lepocinclis steinii Lemm. emend. Conr. var.steinii, Arch. Protistenk., 82(2):207, fig. 5 a-c. 1934.

Fig. 37

Cell narrow eliptical to fusiform, 24.5-26µm long, 7.3-7.9µm broad, tail piece 2.2µm long. Rl/b= 3.1-3.5; pellicle striae longitudinal; chloroplasts numerous, disc-shaped; paramylon grains 1-3, ring-shaped.

Deposited sample: HAS 26337, HAS 34908, HAS 34998.

Distribution in Brazil: Rio Grande do Sul: Alves-da-Silva & Torres (1992), Alves-da-Silva & Laitano (1994). Rio de Janeiro: Cunha (1913b), Menezes (1990). São Paulo: Sant'Anna et al. (1989), Bicudo et al. (1999).

General distribution: cosmopolitan.

Comments: Conrad (1935) mentioned this species as presenting great morphologic variability, with prolonged, truncated, round or chamfered anterior pole and the posterior with evident process or reduced conical process.

This species is very similar morphologically to L. ovum var. dimidio-minor distinguinshing for the longitudinal striae, by the anterior pole, the greater dimensions of cell, and R l/b= 3.1-3.5.

The specimens ocurred in State of Rio Grande do Sul in water with pH 6.2 to 9.7 and water temperature between 13 and 29.5ºC. In this study the species ocurred in water with pH 6.8-7.0 and water temperature from 28 to 30.3ºC, indicating that this species supports wide variation of these two abiotics factors.

E. allorgei var. allorgei, E. gaumei, E. limnophila var. minor and L. fusiformis var. amphirhynchus were recorded only for Europa and South America. Sixteen taxa presented a widespread or cosmopolitan distribution. Three taxa were only recorded for South America. E. bonettoi, L. playfairiana var. striata and L. caudata. E. bonettoi, L. playfairiana var. striata and L. steinii var. steinii were considered rare species, because they occured only in one or two environments studied.

E. bonettoi, E. oxyuris, E. tripteris and Lepocinclis salina was already species found previously in the area by Alves-da-Silva & Ávila (1997) and Alves-da-Silva & Crossetti (1999).

E. acus var. acus and L. salina var. salina were the taxa best represented in the area of the Jacui Delta State Park, because they occurred in over 40% of the samples studied.

All taxa were found from acid to neutral pH, except for E. acus, E. acus var. longissima, L. limnophila var. minor, E. oxyuris var. charkowiensis and L. salina var. vallicauda also found in neutral and slightly alkaline waters (from 7 to 7.6).

The temperature at wich the species were recorded varied from 12.8 to 30ºC, therefore most of the species are tolerant to broad variations of temperature, despite the fact that there was a larger occurrence of the taxa in waters at 17-23ºC.

Several authors mention that the Euglenophyta occur in organic matter and ammonium environments. During the 1998-1999 period, concentrations until 13.9mg.L¹ of organic matter and until 1,800 mg.L^-1 of ammonium were recorded. It was observed that the greastest richness didn't coincide with higher concentrations of these two variables in the studied environments.

Among the sampled sites, the one that presented the greastest specific richness of genera Euglena and Lepocinclis was Saco do Cabral, with 33 taxa, followed by Saco das Garças, with 24 representatives of these two genera (Fig. 38). The greastest taxa number (22 and 11) of these two genera was verified in the summer station, in Saco do Cabral when the higher concentrations of the ammonium (360mg.L^-1) and the organic matter (3.7mg.L^-1) were not the highest ones registered in the study period, but possibly the slightly acid pH (6.8), ortophosfate concentration (530mg.L^-1), nitrate (1300mg.L^-1) and temperature of the water (23.2ºC), could be the factors that contributed in the presence of the greater taxa number in this season.

Acknowledgments

To all colleagues at the Natural Sciences Museum of the Zoobotanical Foundation of Rio Grande do Sul, especially the Seção de Botânica de Criptógamas, for their help in collecting the samples, and Laboratory of Geoprocessment for elaboration of the map. To the Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Rio Grande do Sul (FAPERGS), for providing a scholarship to the second author (case file nr. 94/50051.7), and to artist Rejane Rosa for the final inking of the original drawings.

Literature cited

Received: May 27, 2002. Accepted: July 22, 2003

• Alves-da-Silva, S. M. & Avila. I. R. 1997. Levantamento florístico das Euglenaceae pigmentadas do Parque Estadual Delta do Jacuí, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Iheringia, sér. Bot. 8: 85-102.
• Alves-da-Silva. S.M. & Bicudo, C.E.M. 2002. Contribution to the knowledge of genus Euglena (Euglenophyceae) of the state of Rio Grande do Sul, southern Brazil. Hoehnea 29(2): 79-91.
• Alves-da-Silva, S. M. & Crossetti, L. O. 1999. Novas citações de ocorrência de Euglenaceae pigmentadas para o Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Hoehnea 26(1): 4760.
• Alves-da-Silva, S. M. & Ferraz G. C. 1991. Euglenaceae pigmentadas de cinco açudes da região carbonífera do município de São Jerônimo, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Hoehnea 18(1): 143-135.
• Alves-da-Silva, S. M.; Ferraz, G. C. & Torres, J. R. 1991. Euglenaceae pigmentadas de dois arroios e do Rio Jacuí, região carbonífera do município de São Jerônimo, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Revista Brasileira de Biologia 51(4): 813-828.
• Alves-da-Silva, S. M. & Hahn, A. T. 2001. Lista das Euglenophyta registradas em ambientes de águas continentais e costeiras do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Iheringia, sér. Bot. 55: 171-188.
• Alves-da-Silva, S. M. & Laitano, M. C. 1994. Euglenaceae pigmentadas do Banhado do Jacaré, em um Parque de Proteção Ambiental, Triunfo, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Iheringia, sér. Bot. 28: 95-106.
• Alves-da-Silva, S. M. & Torres, J. R. 1992. Estudo taxonômico do gênero Lepocinclis Perty (Família Euglenaceae), Parque Zoológico de Sapucaia do Sul e Jardim Botânico de Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Iheringia, sér. Bot. 42: 87-104.
• Alves-da-Silva, S. M. & Torres, J. R. 1994. O gênero Euglena Ehr. de sistemas lênticos do Parque Zoológico e Jardim Botânico, Rio Grande do Sul, BR. Revista Brasileira de Biologia 54(2): 345-363.
• American Public Health Association. APHA. 1992. Standards methods for the examination of water and waste water 18 ed. APHA, Washington.
• Bicudo, C. E. M. & Bicudo, R. M. T. 1970. Algas de águas continentais brasileiras FUNBEC, São Paulo.
• Bicudo, C. E. M.; Ramírez, R. J. J.; Tucci, A. & Bicudo, D. C. 1999. Dinâmica de populações fitoplanctônicas em ambiente eutrofizado: o lago das Garças, São Paulo. Pp. 449-508. In: Ecologia de Reservatórios: Estrutura, função e aspectos sociais FAPESP/FUNDIBIO, Botucatu.
• Cardoso, M. B. 1979. Ficoflórula da Lagoa de Estabilização de São José dos Campos, Estado de São Paulo, Brasil, exclusive Bacillariophyceae Dissertação de Mestrado. Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo.
• Cardoso, M. B. 1982. Levantamento das Euglenaceae pigmentadas do Distrito Federal, Brasil 289f. Tese de Doutorado em Ciências Biológicas.Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo.
• Cecy, I. T. 1990. A Restinga do Pontal do Sul, município de Paranaguá, Pr. I- Levantamento ficológico (Euglenophyta) e físico-químico. Arquivos de Biologia e Tecnolologia 33(1): 1-79.
• Conforti, V. T. 1994. Study of the Euglenophyta from Camaleão lake ( Manaus- Brazil). III. Euglena Ehr., Lepocinclis Perty, Phacus Duj. Revue Hydrobiologie Tropicale 27: 3-21.
• Conrad, W. 1935. Etude systématique du genre Lepocinclis Perty. Musée Royal Naturelle de Belgique 1: 1-85.
• Conrad, W. & Van-Meel, L. 1952. Materiaux pour une monographie de Trachelomonas Ehrenberg. C. (1834), Strombomonas Deflandre. G. (1930), et Euglena Ehrenberg C. (1832): genres d'Euglénacées. Mémoires d'Institute Royal des Science Naturelle Belgigue, Sér. 2. 124: 1-176.
• Couté, A. & Thérezien, Y. 1994. Nouvelle contribution à l´étude des Eugleénophytes (Algae) de l´Amazonie bolivienne. Nova Hedwigia 58(1-2): 245-272.
• Cunha, A.M. da. 1913a. Contribuição para o conhecimento da fauna de protozoários do Brasil Gomes Irmãos & Companhia, Rio de Janeiro.
• Cunha, A.M. da. 1913b. Contribuição para o conhecimento da fauna de protozoários do Brasil. Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz 5: 101-122.
• Cunha, A. M. da. 1914. Contribuição para o conhecimento da fauna de protozoários do Brasil. Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz 6(3): 169-179.
• Ehrenberg, C. G. 1943. Dreiter Beitrag zur Erkenntins grosser Organization in der Richtung des Kleiten Raumes. Physikalische Abhandlurgen der Akademie der Wissinschaften Berlin, 1833: 145-336.
• Fernandes, V. O. 1998. Variação temporal da estrutura e dinâmica da comunidade perifítica em dois tipos de substrato, na lagoa Imboassica. Pp. 221-236. In: F. A. Esteves. Ecologia das lagoas costeiras do Parque Nacional da Restinga de Jurubatiba e do Município de Macaé (RJ) NUPEM/UFRJ, Macaé.
• Franceschini, I. M. 1992.Algues d'eau douce de Porto Alegre, Brésil (les Diatomophycée exclues).Berlin. Biblioteca Phycologica 92: 1-81.
• Giani, A.; Figueredo, C. C. & Eterovick, P. C. 1999. Algas planctônicas do reservatório da Pampulha (MG): Euglenophyta, Chrysophyta, Pyrrophyta, Cyanobacteria. Revista Brasileira de Botânica 22(2): 107-116.
• Gojdics, M. 1953. The genus Euglena The University of Wisconsin Press, Madison.
• Jati, S. & Train, S. 1994. Euglenaceae pigmentadas de ambientes lênticos da Ilha Porto Rico, Município de Porto Rico, Paraná, Brasil. Iheringia, sér. Bot. 45: 117142.
• Heckman, C. W.; Hardoim, E. L.; Ferreira, S. A. & Kretzschmar, A. U. 1993. Preliminary observations on some cosmopolitan algae in ephemeral water bodies of the Pantanal, Mato Grosso, Brazil. Pp. 279-292. In: B. Gopal; A. Hillbricht-Ilkowska & R. G. Wetzel (eds.). Wetlands and ecotones: studies on land-water interactions New Delhi, National Institute of Ecology/International Scientific Publications
• Huber-Pestalozzi, G. 1955. Euglenophyceen. Pp. 1-605. In G. Huber-Pestalozzi (ed.). Das Phytoplankton des Susswasser, Systematik und Biologie. Teil 4, E. Schweizerbart'sche Verlangsbuchhandlung, Stuttgart.
• Menezes, M. 1989. Contribuição ao conhecimento das algas do gênero Euglena (Euglenophyceae) no município do Rio de Janeiro e arredores, Brasil. Acta Botanica Brasilica 3(1): 49-90.
• Menezes, M. 1990. Estudos taxonômicos do gênero Lepocinclis Perty no Município do Rio de Janeiro e arredores. Brasil. Revista Brasileira de Biologia 50(1): 103-113.
• Menezes, M. 1994. Fitoflagelados pigmentados de quatro corpos d'água da região sul do município do Rio de Janeiro, Estado de Rio de Janeiro, BrasilTese deDoutorado. Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo.
• Menezes, M. & Fernandes, V. O. 1989. Euglenaceae (Euglenophyceae) pigmentadas do noroeste do Estado do Mato Grosso, Brasil: municípios de Barra dos Bugres, Cáceres, Juína e Porto Esperidião. Hoehnea 16: 35-55.
• Németh, J. 1980. Az ostoros Algák (Euglenophyta) Budapeste: Vizdock (Hidrobiology Series n. 8), v.1, 294p.
• Oliveira L. P. H.; Krau, L.; Nascimento, R. & Miranda, A. S. 1967. Plâncton e hidrologia sanitária de tanques tropicais com dáfnias e rotíferos. Memórias do Instituto Osvaldo Cruz 62(2): 115-147.
• Prescott, G. W. 1957. The Marchris Brazilian Expediction, Botany: Chlorophyta, Euglenophyta. Contributions in Science 11: 1-29.
• Prowazek, S. 1910. Contribuição para o conhecimento da fauna de protozoários do Brasil. Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz 2(2): 149-158.
• Rosa, Z. M.; Ungaretti, I.; Kremer, L. M.; Alves-da-Silva, S. M.; Callegaro, V. L. M. & Werner, V. R. 1987. Ficoflora de ambientes lênticos - estudo preliminar da região de Charqueadas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil, com vistas à avaliação ambiental.Acta Botanica Brasilica 1(2): 165188.
• Sant'Anna, C. L.; Azevedo, M. T. P. & Sormus, L. 1989. Fitoplâncton do Lago das Garças, Parque Estadual das Fontes do Ipiranga, São Paulo, Brasil: estudo taxonômico e aspectos ecológicos. Hoehnea 16: 89-131.
• Starmach, K. 1983. Euglenophyta Pp. 1-593. In: K. Starmach (ed.). Flora Slodkowodna Polski. Polska Academia Nauk, Warszawa, v.3.
• Tell, G. & Conforti, V. T. 1986. Euglenophyta pigmentadas de la ArgentinaJ. Cramer, Berlin Stuttgard.
• Thomasson, K. 1971. Amozonian algae. Mémoires d' Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique, 2 sér., 86, 57p.
• Triani, L. 1990. Fitoplâncton de viveiros de engorda de camarões de água doce, Macrobrachium rosenbergii (Crustacea, Pelaemonidae), na cidade do Rio Janeiro, Brasil Dissertação de Mestrado. Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro.
• Uherkovich, G. 1981. Algen aus einigen Gewässern Amazonien. Amazoniana 7(2): 191-219.
• Uherkovich, G. & Schmit, G. W. 1974. Phytoplankton taxa in dem zentralamazonischen Schwemmlandsee. Amazoniana 2: 243-283.
• Xavier, M. B. 1988. O gênero Euglena Ehrenberg de lagos do Parque Estadual das Fontes do Ipiranga, São Paulo, Brasil. Hoehnea 15: 65-87.
• Xavier, M. B. 1991. Variação sazonal das Euglenaceae pigmentadas de Lagos do Parque Estadual das Fontes do Ipiranga, São Paulo, SP. Revista Brasileira de Biologia 51(3): 663-674.
• Xavier, M. B. 1994. Criptógamos do Parque Estadual das fontes do Ipiranga, São Paulo, SP. Algas, 5: Euglenaceae pigmentadas). Hoehnea 2(1/2): 47-73.
• Zakrýs, B. 1986. Contribution to the monograph of Polish members of the genus Euglena Ehr. Nova Hedwigia 42(24): 491-540.
• Zakrýs, B.; Cambra-Sanchez, J. & Walne, P. 2001. Chloroplats ultrastructure of Euglena cuneata Pringsheim, E deses Ehrenberg and E mutabilis (Euglenophyceae): taxonomic significance. Acta Protozoologica 40: 161-167.
• Wolowski, K. 1998. Taxonomic and environmental studies on euglenophytes of the Kraków-Czestochowa Upland (Southern Poland). Fragmenta Floristica et Geobotanica, Suppl. 6: 3-192.

Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  29 July 2004
• Date of issue
  Mar 2004

History

• Accepted
  22 July 2003
• Received
  27 May 2002