Response of mangrove plant species to a saline gradient: Implications for ecological restoration

Silva, Wasana de; Amarasinghe, Mala

doi:10.1590/0102-33062020abb0170

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Article • Acta Bot. Bras. 35 (1) • Jan-Mar 2021 • https://doi.org/10.1590/0102-33062020abb0170 copy

Response of mangrove plant species to a saline gradient: Implications for ecological restoration

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

ABSTRACT

Mangroves are salt tolerant plants that occur in tropical and sub-tropical sheltered coasts. Saltwater intrusions into terrestrial landscapes often occur due to either anthropogenic reasons or natural calamities such as tsunamis. We investigated the potential of using mangrove species for rehabilitation of high saline environments by revealing the capacities of species to remove salt from sediment. We established the salt retention capacity of common mangrove species in Sri Lanka i.e., Rhizophora apiculata, Rhizophora mucronata, Ceriops tagal, and Avicennia marina through ex-situ and in-situ measurements of NaCl content in plant tissue and soil samples, by titrating with 0.01 N AgNO_3. The results revealed A. marina to be the most efficient in retaining salt within plant tissues while C. tagal is superior to R. mucronata but inferior to A. marina in performing this function. These findings were further confirmed by measuring salt uptake rates of hydroponically grown seedlings of the same species. Although R. mucronata is the most popular species used for restoration, A. marina appears the most suitable mangrove species not only for coastal mangrove restoration but also for rehabilitating salinity affected landscapes.

Keywords:
Avicennia marina ; ex-situ experiments; growth performance; hydroponics; mangroves; Sri Lanka

Parameter	Plant species	Salinity (PSU)
Parameter	Plant species	0	15-17	25-27	34-37
Shoot Height (cm)	Rhizophora apiculata	25.1 ±0.2^a	23.9± 0.6^a	13.7 ±0.4^b	11.2± 0.3^c
	Rhizophora mucronata	23.1 ±0.3^a	28.6± 0.4^b	18.1±0.3^c	14.5± 0.1^d
	Ceriops tagal	4.1 ±0.1^a	4.7± 0.1^a	2.9 ±0.3^b	1.4 ±0.0^c
	Avicennia marina	18.8±1.1^a	28.6 ±1.9^b	21.4 ±0.9^b	17± 1.7^a
Dry weight (g)	Rhizophora apiculata	3.12 ±0.7^a	3.3 ±0.2^a	1.41±0.4^b	1.19± 0.1^b
	Rhizophora.mucronata	6.53 ±0.8^a	7.09 ±0.7^a	4.35 ±0.7^ab	2.91 ±0.4^b
	Ceriops tagal	1.92 ±0.0^ab	3.3 ±0.1^a	2.27 ±0.2^ab	1.21 ±0.6^b
	Avicennia marina	0.87±0.1 ^a	2.02 ±0.3^b	1.67 ±0.1^a	0.68 ±0.15^a
Leaf area	Rhizophora apiculata	16.8±0.03^a	23.9±0.0^b	11.9±0.1^c	11.3±0.2^d
	Rhizophora mucronata	32.2±0.2^a	27.2±0.0^b	13.9±0.0^c	8.9±0.0^d
	Ceriops tagal	5.5±0.1^a	16.2±0.0^b	12.7±0.0^c	4.9±0.1^d
	Avicennia marina	4.5±0.0^ab	5±0.0^a	4.5±0.0^ab	4.1±0.2^b

Mangrove species
Salinity (PSU)	NaCl content of tissues of seedlings (µmol/g)
	Rhizophora apiculata		Rhizophora mucronata		Avicennia marina		Ceriops tagal
	Leaves	Roots	Leaves	Roots	Leaves	Roots	Leaves	Roots
0	291±3.5^a	264±3.5^a	420±4.7^a	370±6.4^a	1090±9.4^a	734±2.3^a	491±6.7^a	614±3.0^a
15-17	567±13.7^b	408±1.7^b	522±8.1^b	950±14.9^b	1784±19.4^b	1280±9.5^b	1180±1.3^b	1086±5.0^b
25-27	575±5.7^b	546±2.3^c	645±19.4^c	1190±16.7^c	1917±4.8^c	1690±7.5^c	1217±4.8^c	1400±7.5^c
34-36	705±3.5^c	707±6.4^d	826±6.7^d	1729±49.4^d	2037±2.9^d	2145±4.0^d	1496±4.2^d	1732±7.5^d

Mangrove species	Growth parameter	NaCl content of leaves	NaCl content of roots
Rhizophora apiculata	Dry weight	-0.58*	-0.76**
	Height	-0.77**	-0.94***
	No. of leaves	-0.76**	-0.95***
	Leaf area	-0.30	-0.63*
	NaCl content of leaves		0.92***
	NaCl content of roots	0.92***
Rhizophora mucronata	Dry weight	-0.82**	-0.73**
	Height	-0.79**	-0.67*
	No. of leaves	-0.72**	-0.58*
	Leaf area	-0.96***	-0.94***
	NaCl content of leaves		0.97***
	NaCl content of roots	0.97***
Ceriops tagal	Dry weight	-0.1	-0.32
	Height	-0.62*	-0.81**
	No. of leaves	-0.34	-0.57
	Leaf area	0.22	-0.03
	NaCl content of leaves		0.95***
	NaCl content of roots	0.95***
Avicennia marina	Dry weight	0.22	-0.13
	Height	0.09	-0.24
	No. of leaves	-0.04	-0.24
	Leaf area	-0.18	-0.47
	NaCl content of leaves		0.93***
	NaCl content of roots	0.93***

Mangrove species	Mature/young leaves	NaCl content of leaves (µmol/g)	NaCl content of soil (µmol/g)	Pearson correlation coefficients of NaCl content of leaves and soil
Rhizophora apiculata	Young leaves	960.42±6.1	242.24±3.3	0.64***
Rhizophora apiculata	Mature leaves	1105.96±6.4	242.24±3.3	0.46***
Rhizophora mucronata	Young leaves	1045.91±10.5	429.12±3.8	0.52***
Rhizophora mucronata	Mature leaves	1482.09±12.7	429.12±3.8	0.59***
Ceriops tagal	Young leaves	941.57±17.4	287.46±1.7	0.49***
Ceriops tagal	Mature leaves	1345.58±9.5	287.46±1.7	0.63***
Avicennia marina	Young leaves	1116.86±9.5	438.07±7.2	0.55***
Avicennia marina	Mature leaves	1505.74±12.7	438.07±7.2	0.85***

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[1] * Corresponding author: wasanaldes@gmail.com