| Mustard (Brassica juncea L. Czern) |
463 μmol m-2s-1 of light intensity resulted in an increased of β-carotene, neoxanthin and chlorophyll concentrations and a decreased of zeaxanthin and anteraxanthin. |
Kopsell et al. (2012Kopsell D, Pantanizopoulos N, Sams C. 2012. Shoot tissue pigment levels increase in “Florida Broadleaf” mustard (Brassica juncea L.) microgreens following high light treatment. Scientia Horticulturae 140: 96-99.) |
|
Arugula (Eruca sativa Mill)
China rose radish (Raphanus sativus L.)
Green daikon radish (Raphanus sativus L. var. longipinnatus)
Mizuna (Brassica rapa L. ssp. nipposinica)
Opal radish (Raphanus sativus L.)
Peppercress (Lepidium bonariense L.)
Nutrient purple kohlrabi (Brassica oleracea L. var. gongylodes)
Purple mustard (Brassica juncea L. Czern)
Red cabbage (Brassica oleracea L. var. capitata)
Red mustard (Brassica juncea L. Czern)
Wasabi (Wasabia japonica Matsum)
|
Red cabbage and green daikon radish had the highest ascorbic acid, carotenoids, phylloquinones and tocopherols concentrations. |
Xiao et al. (2012Xiao Z, Lester GE, Luo Y, Wang Q. 2012. Assessment of vitamin and carotenoid concentrations of emerging food products: Edible microgreens. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 60: 7644-7651.) |
|
Kohlrabi (Brassica oleracea var. gongylodes, ‘Delicacy Purple’)
Mustard (Brassica juncea L., ‘Red Lion’)
Red pak choi (Brassica rapa var. chinensis, ‘Rubi F1’)
Tatsoi (Brassica rapa var. rosularis)
|
Intermediate light intensities (440 e 330 μmol m-2s-1) increased antioxidant capacity, anthocyanins and total phenolics and decreased nitrate levels. |
Samuolienė et al. (2013Samuolienė G, Brazaitytė A, Jankauskienė J, Viršilė A, Sirtautas R, Novičkovas A, Duchovskis P. 2013. LED irradiance level affects growth and nutritional quality of Brassica microgreens. Open Life Sciences 8: 1241-1249.) |
| Daikon radish (Raphanus sativus var. longipinnatus) |
Exposure to light during storage increased the ascorbic acid concentration. On the other hand, storage in the dark helped to preserve quality and prolong shelf life, with higher b-carotene, lutein/zeaxanthin levels and antioxidant activity.
No significant differences in the α-tocopherol and total phenolics concentrations were found.
|
Xiao et al. (2014Xiao Z, Lester GE, Luo Y, Xie Z, Luo Y, Wang Q. 2014. Effect of light exposure on sensorial quality, concentrations of bioactive compounds and antioxidant capacity of radish microgreens during low temperature storage. Food Chemistry 151: 472-479.) |
|
Mustard (Brassica juncea L., ‘Red Lion’)
Red pak choi (Brassica rapa var. chinensis, ‘Rubi F1’)
Tatsoi (Brassica rapa var. rosularis)
|
Intermediate light intensities (440 e 330 μmol m-2s-1) increased the carotenoids content, especially α-carotene and lutein/zeaxanthin levels. |
Brazaitytė et al. (2015Brazaitytė A, Sakalauskienė S, Samuolienė G, Jankauskienė J, Viršilė A, Novičkovas A, Duchovskis P. 2015. The effects of LED illumination spectra and intensity on carotenoid content in Brassicaceae microgreens. Food Chemistry 173: 600-606.) |
|
Broccoli (Brassica oleracea L. var. italica)
Radish (Raphanus sativus cv. rambo)
|
The storage temperature influenced the quality and the bioactive compounds content. Storage at 5 °C is the most suitable.
These crucifers remain acceptable for consumption after the 14-day storage period.
|
Baenas et al. (2017Baenas N, Gómez-Jodar I, Moreno DA, García-Viguera C, Periago PM. 2017. Broccoli and radish sprouts are safe and rich in bioactive phytochemicals. Postharvest Biology and Technology 127: 60-67.) |
|
Kohlrabi (Brassica oleracea var. gongylodes)
Mustard (Brassica juncea, ‘Garnet Giant’)
Mizuna (Brassica rapa var. japonica)
|
Increasing light intensity increased anthocyanin content and decreased carotenoid concentration.
In addition, the light quality affected the chlorophyll and total phenolic concentrations.
|
Craver et al. (2017Craver J, Gerovac J, Lopez R, Kopsell D. 2017. Light Intensity and Light Quality from Sole-source Light-emitting Diodes Impact Phytochemical Concentrations within Brassica Microgreens. Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 142: 3-12.) |
|
Cress (Lepidium sativum cv. Curled)
Kohlrabi (Brassica oleracea var. gongylodes)
Komatsuna (Brassica rapa var. perviridis)
Mibuna (Brassica rapa var. laciniifolia)
Mustard (Brassica juncea L. Czern)
Pak choi (Brassica rapa L.)
Radish (Raphanus sativusL.)
Tatsoi (Brassica rapa var. rosularis)
|
The bioactive compounds content, especially minerals, carotenoids, chlorophyll, antioxidant capacity and ascorbic acid, suffered variations among species. |
Kyriacou et al. (2018Kyriacou MC, El-Nakhel C, Graziani G, Pannico A, Soteriou GA, Giordano M, Rouphael Y. 2018. Functional quality in novel food sources: Genotypic variation in the nutritive and phytochemical composition of thirteen microgreens species. Food Chemistry 277: 107-118.) |
|
Mustard (Brassica juncea L. Czern)
Leaf mustard (Brassica junceasubsp.integrifolia)
Radish (Raphanus sativus L.)
Cabbage (Brassica oleracea L. var.capitata)
|
On the 1st day of harvest, the species showed the highest total chlorophyll, ß-carotene, lycopene, ascorbic acid levels and the best antioxidant activity, while these substances deteriorated significantly on the 3rd or the 5th day of harvest. |
Polash et al. (2018Polash M, Sakil M, Hossain M. 2018. Post-harvest biodegradation of bioactive substances and antioxidant activity in microgreens. Journal of the Bangladesh Agricultural University 16: 250-253.) |
| Mustard (Brassica juncea L. Czern) |
The total phenolic, minerals and α-tocopherol content increased mainly under UV-A 402 nm, while the nitrate level increased under UV-A 366 and 390 nm.
The lutein/zeaxanthin and β-carotene concentrations increased regardless of the wavelength and the time of exposure to light.
|
Brazaitytė et al. (2019Brazaitytė A, Viršilė A, Samuolienė G, Vaštakaitė-Kairienė V, Jankauskienė J, Miliauskienė J, Duchovskis P. 2019. Response of Mustard Microgreens to Different Wavelengths and Durations of UV-A LEDs. Frontiers in Plant Science 10: 1153-1164.) |
|
Broccoli (Brassica oleracea L. var. italica Plenck)
Green curly kale (Brassica oleracea var. sabellica L.)
Red mustard (Brassica juncea L. Czern)
Radish (Raphanus sativus L.)
|
Compared to their mature counterparts, microgreens are, in general, good minerals and antioxidant sources. They also contain relevant ascorbic acid content and carotenoids levels. |
De La Fuente et al. (2019)De la Fuente B, López-García G, Mañez V, Alegría A, Barberá R, Cilla A. 2019. Evaluation of the Bioaccessibility of Antioxidant Bioactive Compounds and Minerals of Four Genotypes of Brassicaceae Microgreens. Foods 8: 250-266.
|
|
Mizuna (Brassica rapa var. japonica cv. Greens)
Cress (Lepidium sativum cv. Curled)
|
In general, blue light increased the mineral content of microgreens, with variations among species.
Monochromatic lights generated more quantifications of phenolic compounds and total phenolic in mizuna.
But dichromatic light increased antioxidant capacity and lutein/zeaxanthin levels in cress.
Variations in chlorophyll content within the Brassicaceae family were found. Probably due to differences in pigmentation in the microgreens leaves
|
Kyriacou et al. (2019Kyriacou M, El-Nakhel C, Pannico A, Graziani G, Soteriou GA, Giordano M Rouphael Y. 2019. Genotype-Specific Modulatory Effects of Select Spectral Bandwidths on the Nutritive and Phytochemical Composition of Microgreens. Frontiers in Plant Science 10: 1501-1517.) |
|
Kohlrabi (Brassica oleracea var. gongylodes)
Broccoli (Brassica oleracea)
Mizuna (Brassica rapa var. japonica)
|
The different qualities of light and wavelengths influenced the concentration of ascorbic acid and the β-carotene among the species. |
Samuolienė et al. (2019Samuolienė G, Brazaitytė A, Viršilė A, Miliauskienė J, Vaštakaitė-Kairienė V, Duchovskis P. 2019. Nutrient Levels in Brassicaceae Microgreens Increase Under Tailored Light-Emitting Diode Spectra. Frontiers in Plant Science 10: 1475-1484.) |
| Broccoli (Brassica oleracea L.) |
Microgreens from local farm had higher levels of chlorophyll and ascorbic acid.
No significant difference in total phenolic concentration and the antioxidant capacity was found independent of the cultivation system.
|
Tan et al. (2019Tan L, Nuffer H, Feng J, Kwan SH, Chen H, Tong X, Kong L. 2019. Antioxidant Properties and Sensory Evaluation of Microgreens from Commercial and Local Farms. Food Science and Human Wellness 9: 45-51. ) |
|
Arugula (Eruca sativa Mill)
Broccoli (Brassica oleracea L. var. italica)
Brussel sprouts (Brassica oleracea L. var. gemmifera)
Cabbage chinese (Brassica rapa L. var. pekinensis)
Cabbage green (Brassica oleracea L. var. capitata f. alba)
Cabbage red (Brassica oleracea L. var. capitata f. rubra)
Cabbage savoy (Brassica oleracea L. var. capitata f. sabauda)
Cauliflower (Brassica oleracea L. var. botrytis)
Collard (Brassica oleracea L. var. viridis)
Kale chinese (Brassica oleracea L. var. alboglabra)
Kale red (Brassica oleracea L. var. acephala)
Kale Tucsan (Brassica oleracea L. var. acephala)
Kohlrabi purple (Brassica oleracea L. var. gongylodes)
Komatsuna red (Brassica rapa L. var. perviridis)
Mizuna (Brassica rapa L. var. nipposinica)
Mustard Dijon (Brassica juncea L. Czern)
Mustard red (Brassica juncea L. Czern.)
Pak choi (Brassica rapa L. var. chinensis)
Peppercress (Lepidium bonariense)
Radish China rose (Raphanus sativus L.)
Radish daikon (Raphanus sativus L. var. longipinnatus)
Radish red (Raphanus sativus L.)
Radish ruby (Raphanus sativus L.)
Rapini (Brassica rapa L. var. ruvo)
Rutabaga (Brassica napus L. var. napobrassica)
Tatsoi (Brassica narinosa L. var. rosularis)
Turnip (Brassica rapa L. var. rapa)
Upland cress (Barbarea verna (P. Mill.) Aschers)
Wasabi (Wasabia japonicaMatsum.)
Watercress (Nasturtium officinale L.)
|
The phytochemicals content and composition varied significantly among and within species. But, Brassicaceae microgreens are good sources of antioxidant phytochemicals.
The main carotenoids found in this 30 samples of Brassicaceae microgreens were β-carotene, lutein/zeaxanthin and violaxanthin, with concentrations that varied 2.3, 7.9 and 5.5 times, respectively.
|
Xiao et al. (2019Xiao Z, Rausch S, Luo Y et al. 2019. Microgreens of brassicaceae: Genetic diversity of phytochemical concentrations and antioxidant capacity. LWT 101: 731-737.) |
|
Kohlrabi (Brassica oleracea var. gongylodes)
Pak choi (Brassica rapa L. subsp. chinensis)
|
Natural fiber substrates, especially peat, had an increased nitrate and minerals concentration compared to synthetic.
The chlorophylls, carotenoids and ascorbic acid concentrations were mainly influenced by the species.
The variability in the polyphenol content was greater between species (8.85-14.33 mg/kg−1·fw) than between substrates (11.16-13.13 mg/kg−1·fw).
|
Kyriacou et al. (2020Kyriacou M, El-Nakhel C, Pannico A et al. 2020. Phenolic Constitution, Phytochemical and Macronutrient Content in Three Species of Microgreens as Modulated by Natural Fiber and Synthetic Substrates. Antioxidants (Basel) 9: 252.) |
|
Broccoli (Brassica oleracea var. italica)
Broccoli raab (Brassica oleracea var. botrytis)
Cauliflower (Brassica rapa L. subsp. sylvestris L. Janch. var. esculenta Hort)
|
Cauliflower had the highest content of some mineral elements and α-tocopherol. |
Palmitessa et al. (2020Palmitessa OD, Renna M, Crupi P, Lovece A, Corbo F, Santamaria P. 2020. Yield and quality characteristics of brassica microgreens as affected by the NH4:NO3 molar ratio and strength of the nutrient solution. Foods 9: 677-694.) |
| Tatsoi (Brassica rapa L. subsp. narinosa) |
The ideal Se dose that guarantees the biofortification effectiveness and improves the bioactive compounds content was 16 μM. |
Pannico et al. (2020Pannico A, El-Nakhel C, Graziani G, Kyriacou MC, Giordano M, Soteriou GA, Rouphael Y. 2020. Selenium Biofortification Impacts the Nutritive Value, Polyphenolic Content, and Bioactive Constitution of Variable Microgreens Genotypes. Antioxidants 9: 272-294.) |
|
Broccoli (Brassica oleracea var. italica)
Broccoli raab (Brassica oleracea var. botrytis)
Cauliflower (Brassica rapa L. subsp. sylvestris L. Janch. var. esculenta Hort)
|
Microgreens showed a higher Nutrient Quality Score (NQS) than their mature counterpart, with emphasis on the cauliflower microgreens score, which was about six times higher.
Effectiveness of the NQS in distinguishing differences in general nutritional quality terms, not only between different cultivation conditions, but also when comparing genotypes.
|
Renna et al. (2020Renna M, Stellacci A, Corbo F, Santamaria P. 2020. The use of a nutrient quality score is effective to assess the overall nutritional value of three brassica microgreens. Foods 9: 1226-1241.) |
|
Arugula (Diplotaxis tenuifolia(Wild Rocket Napoli))
Cabbage (Brassica oleraceavar. capitata (Green Cabbage Copenhagen))
Brussels sprouts (Brassica oleraceavar. gemmifera (Green Brussels sprouts Mezzo Nano))
|
The absence of nutritional supplementation did not increase the content of bioactive compounds in brussels sprouts, but for cabbage microgreens yes, with an increase in total ascorbic acid and anthocyanins.
For arugula, there was an increase in the carotenoids, total ascorbic acid and anthocyanins levels, but caused a decrease in total phenolic acids.
|
El-Nakhel et al. (2021El-Nakhel C, Pannico A, Graziani G et al. 2021. Nutrient Supplementation Configures the Bioactive Profile and Production Characteristics of three Brassica Microgreens Species Grown in Peat-Based Media. Agronomy 11: 346-357.) |
|
Arugula (Eruca sativa(L.) Cav.)
Broccoli (Brassica oleraceaL. var. italica)
Red cabbage (Brassica oleraceaL. var. capitata)
|
Broccoli microgreens had more than twice the number of bioactive compounds than their mature counterpart, most of which consisted of lipids, phenolic compounds and alkaloids. |
Johnson et al. (2021Johnson S, Prenni J, Heuberger A et al. 2021. Comprehensive evaluation of metabolites and minerals in 6 microgreen species and the influence of maturity. Current Developments in Nutrition 5: nzaa180. ) |
|
Brócolis (Brassica oleraceaL.),
Daikon (Raphanus raphanistrumsubsp.sativus(L.) Domin),
Mustard (Brassica juncea(L.) Czern.)
Rocket (Eruca vesicaria(L.) Cav.)
Watercress (Nasturtium officinaleR. Br.)
|
Broccoli microgreens showed the highest polyphenols, carotenoids and chlorophyll levels, in addition to good antioxidant capacity.
Mustard was characterized by a high ascorbic acid and total sugar content.
In contrast, the rocket microgreens exhibited the least antioxidant activity.
|
Marchioni et al. (2021Marchioni I, Martinelli M, Ascrizzi R, Gabbrielli C, Flamini G, Pistelli L, Pistelli L. 2021. Small functional foods: Comparative phytochemical and nutritional analyses of five microgreens of the Brassicaceae Family. Foods 10: 427-438.) |
|
Kale (Brassica oleracea L. var.acephala)
Kohlrabi (Brassica oleracea L. var.gongylodes)
Cabbage (Brassica oleracea L. var.capitata)
Radish (Raphanus sativusL.)
|
470 phytochemicals were found in the four microgreens of Brassicaceae. Among polyphenols, flavonoids were the most represented class.
Glucosinolate bioaccessibility differed significantly between species.
|
Tomas et al. (2021Tomas M, Zhang L, Zengin G, Rocchetti G, Capanoglu E, Lucini L. 2021. Metabolomic insight into the profile, in vitro bioaccessibility and bioactive properties of polyphenols and glucosinolates from four Brassicaceae microgreens. Food Research International 140: 110039.) |
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