(Reproductive phenology and pollination system of Ziziphus joazeiro Mart. (Rhamnaceae): the role of Apis mellifera and autochthonous floral visitors as pollinators). Ziziphus joazeiro is an endemic species of the Caatinga with great economic importance, whose reproductive biology is poorly understood. This paper analyses the reproductive phenology, floral biology and pollination system of Ziziphus joazeiro at Cariri Paraibano, northeastern Brazil. Flowering and fruiting periods occurred at the end of the dry season and beginning of the rainy season, with peaks in December (flowering) and February (fruiting). The green, dish-shaped flowers last about 12 hours and have a large yellow nectary surrounding the gynoecium. Protandry occurs associated with heterodichogamy, another type of dichogamy. Ziziphus joazeiro produces little nectar (1 µl) but with a high sugar concentration (75%). Floral visitors were wasps, bees and flies. Apis mellifera had the highest frequency of visits (77.5%), followed by wasps (20.4%), both acting as effective pollinators. Flies and other bee species had a lower percentage of visits (2.1%) and acted as nectar robbers. The high rate of initial fruit development per inflorescence suggests high pollinator efficiency, since the dichogamic mechanism prevents the occurrence of spontaneous self-pollination and geitonogamy.
Ziziphus joazeiro; Apis; wasps; melittophily; Caatinga
