Figure 1
External and internal morphology of species of Dyckia: A-D - D. agudensis; E-H - D. alba; I-L - D. delicata; M-P - D. domfelicianensis; Q-T - D. hebdingii; U-X - D. aff. maritima; Y-B' - D. myriostachya. Evidencing in A, E, I, M, Q, U and Y - the general appearance of the plants; in B, F, J, N, R, V and Z - leaf shape in transverse section under stereomicroscopy without staining; in C, K, O, S, W and A´ - detail of adaxial leaf side showing spines and trichomes; in G - detail of abaxial leaf side showing spines and trichomes; and in D, H, L, P, T, X and B´ - detail of the adaxial leaf side and trichome arrangement. (cl = chlorenchyma; sp = spine; wp = water-storage parenchyma; ap = armed parenchyma; t = trichome), ** mechanical hypodermis in adaxial side, * mechanical hypodermis in abaxial side. Scale bar: C, F, G, J, K, N, O, P, S, V, W, Z and A' = 1 mm; B, D, H, L, T, R, X and B' = 0.5 mm; E, I = 2 cm; M, Q, U = 4 cm; and Y= 1 cm.
Figure 2
External and internal morphology of species of Dyckia and Bromelia A-D - D. nigrospinulata; E-H - D. polyclada; I-L - D. retroflexa; M-P - D. rigida; Q-T - D. selloa; U-X - D. tomentosa; Y-B´ - D. choristaminea; C´-F´ - Bromelia antiacantha. Evidencing in A, E, I, M, Q, U, Y and C´ - the general appearance of plants; in B, F, J, N, R, V, Z and D´ - a leaf shape in transverse section under stereomicroscopy without staining; in G, O, S, and E´ - detail of adaxial leaf side showing spines and trichomes; in C, K. W and A´ - detail of abaxial leaf side showing spines and trichomes; in H, P and F´- detail of the adaxial leaf side and trichome arrangement; and in D, L, T, X and B´ - detail of the abaxial leaf side and trichome arrangement. (cl = chlorenchyma; sp = spine; wp = water-storage parenchyma; ap = armed parenchyma; t = trichomes. Scale bar: A, E, I, M, Q, U, Y and C´ = 2 cm; B, C, D, F, G, J, K, N, O, P, S, V, W, A´, D´, E´ and F´ = 1 mm; H, L, R, T, Z, X and B´= 0.5 mm.
Figure 3
Leaf anatomy of studied species in transverse section. A - Stereomicroscopy transverse section of vascularized spine in D. agudensis. B-C - Detail of abaxial side: showing positive reaction of lignin detection in the hypodermis (acidified phloroglucinol test) in D. nigrospinulata, with indications of intercostal zone (iz) and costal zone (cz) (B); and negative reaction (Maüle's test) for syringyl lignin in D. alba (C). D-H - Transverse section stained with Toluidine Blue O: detail of the stomata and trichomes and silica bodies (D-F) on abaxial side; detail of trichomes and hypodermis on adaxial side (G); and detail of the vascular bundle and raphides (H); D - D. alba; E - D. hebdingii; F-H - D. delicata. I-J - details of the hypodermis in the adaxial side with chlorine-sulfite test in D. rigida (I) and Ruthenium Red in D. domfelicianensis (J). K-P - SEM images: K - details of hypodermis of adaxial side and water-storage parenchyma in D. agudensis; L - idioblast and raphide in D. agudensis; M - trichomes and stomata in intercostal area of abaxial side in D. nigrospinulata; O - trichomes in intercostal area of adaxial side in D. agudensis; N - trichomes in intercostal area of adaxial side in D. selloa; P - trichomes in intercostal area of abaxial side inB. antiacantha; Q - Toluidine Blue staining in transverse section of D. aff. maritima, highlighting the mechanical hypodermis of the abaxial side with asterisc; R - Water-storage and armed parenchyma cells autoflorescence in D. hebdingii; S - Test with LYCH apoplastic tracer florescence showing positive results for water-storage parenchyma in D. hebdingii, with black asterisk for water identification; T - Intermediated armed parenchyma cells staining with toluidine blue in D. aff. maritima; U - Lobed-shaped parenchyma cells with toluidine blue in D. selloa; V - Star-shaped parenchyma with phloroglucinol test in B. antiacantha (* white = indicates thickening of mechanical hypodermis; **black= apoplastic tracer; nvf = non-vascular fibers; hy = hypodermis; ap = armed parenchyma; ph = phloem; id = idioblast; ra = raphides; sb = silica bodies; sp = spine; st = stomata; t = trichomes; vb = vascular bundle; wp = water-storage parenchyma; x = xylem; iz intercostal zone; cz = costal zone; lap= lobe-shaped armed parenchyma; sap= star-shaped armed parenchyma; iap= intermediate armed parenchyma). Scale bar: A = 1 mm; B, C, I, J, M, O and U = 50 μm; D, E, F, G, H and L = 20 μm; K, N, P, R, S and T = 100 μm; Q = 200 μm.
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