Phytochemical compositions, antioxidant properties, enzyme inhibitory effects of extracts of four endemic <i>Lathyrus</i> L. taxa from Türkiye and a taxonomic approach

Yildirim, Bekir; Yilmaz, Mustafa Abdullah; Zengin, Gokhan; Genc, Hasan

doi:10.1590/1677-941X-ABB-2023-0129

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Original article • Acta Bot. Bras. 37 • 2023 • https://doi.org/10.1590/1677-941X-ABB-2023-0129 copy

Phytochemical compositions, antioxidant properties, enzyme inhibitory effects of extracts of four endemic Lathyrus L. taxa from Türkiye and a taxonomic approach

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ABSTRACT

Lathyrus is an economically important genus, with different parts of some species used as foodstuff or animal feed. In this study, phytochemical compositions and bioactivities of Lathyrus brachypterus var. brachypterus, L. brachypterus var. haussknechtii, L. nivalis subsp. sahinii and L. tefennicus taxa which are endemic to Türkiye were investigated. Total phenolic and flavonoid contents (TPC, TFC) of methanolic extracts were detected. Then, phytochemical compositions, antioxidant features (radical scavenging (DPPH: 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl, ABTS: 2,2′-azino-bis(3 ethylbenzothiazoline) 6 sulfonic acid), reducing power (FRAP:Ferric ion reducing antioxidant power, CUPRAC:Cupric ion reducing antioxidant capacity), metal chelating activity (MCA), and the phosphomolybdenum assays (PDA)) and enzyme inhibitory properties of the extracts were also determined. The highest values were found at L. brachypterus var. brachypterus for TPC, L. brachypterus var. haussknechtii for TFC. The highest antioxidant properties were seen in extracts of L. brachypterus var. brachypterus in DPPH, ABTS, FRAP, CUPRAC and PDA assays, while in extract of L. nivalis subsp. sahinii in MCA. The highest enzyme inhibitory activity was found in extract of L. brachypterus var. brachypterus in tyrosinase and glucosidase assays, while in extracts of L. nivalis subsp. sahinii in AChE (acetylcholinesterase), BChE (butyrylcholinesterase) and amylase. Finally, a taxonomic evaluation was made by considering the phytochemicals.

Keywords:
antioxidant properties; enzyme inhibitory; Lathyrus ; phenolic compounds; phytochemical composition; taxonomy

Analyte	L. b. var. brachypterus	L. b. var. haussknechtii	L. n. subsp. sahinii	L. tefennicus
Isoquercitrin	16.037	3.304	0.017	0.061
Quinic acid	4.623	3.998	1.274	1.648
Chlorogenic acid	3.582	2.408	0.015	0.027
Luteolin	0.412	0.032	0.011	0.039
p-Coumaric acid	0.121	0.084	0.028	0.030
Salicylic acid	0.175	0.102	0.089	0.222
Acacetin	0.183	0.283	0.073	0.053
Astragalin	1.196	0.921	-	0.018
Quercetin	1.158	0.230	-	0.008
Fumaric acid	0.146	0.156	-	0.262
Hesperidin	0.139	0.323	-	0.259
Rutin	0.109	0.282	-	0.240
Protocatechuic acid	0.283	0.093	0.079	-
Hesperetin	0.089	0.014	-	-
Naringenin	0.005	0.006	-	0.005
Kaempferol	0.094	0.067	-	0.033
Apigenin	0.030	0.012	-	0.040
Nicotiflorin	0.013	0.107	-	0.029
Cosmosiin	0.034	0.011	-	0.007
Vanillin	-	0.075	-	0.080
Coumarin	-	0.015	-	0.014
Genistein	0.017	-	-	0.004
Cynaroside	0.301	0.023	-	-
Gallic acid	0.010	-	-	-
Caffeic acid	0.027	-	-	-

Taxon	Extraction yields (%)	TPC (mg GAE/g)	TFC (mg RE/g)
L. b. var. brachypterus	10.61	44.31±0.48^a	41.84±0.20^b
L. b. var. haussknechtii	11.74	34.99±1.03^b	42.98±0.08^a
L. n. subsp. sahinii	6.54	27.25±0.62^c	25.78±0.28^d
L. tefennicus	8.85	24.91±0.06^d	37.14±0.14^c

Taxon	DPPH (mg TE/g)	ABTS (mg TE/g)	FRAP (mg TE/g)	CUPRAC (mg TE/g)	MCA (mg EDTAE/g)	PDA (mmol TE/g)
L. b. var. brachypterus	41.74±0.04^a	75.87±3.43^a	77.32±0.23^a	114.92±2.00^a	25.28±0.36^b	1.21±0.07^a
L. b. var. haussknechtii	36.59±0.35^b	67.61±4.37^b	56.67±1.48^b	85.52±1.71^b	25.29±0.16^b	1.08±0.04^a
L. n. subsp. sahinii	19.43±0.31^c	65.23±0.98^b	45.37±0.30^c	62.32±0.23^c	30.81±0.31^a	1.20±0.09^a
L. tefennicus	18.90±0.57^c	57.73±0.09^c	42.33±0.25^d	51.88±1.09^d	23.25±0.28^c	1.06±0.07^a

Taxon	AChE (mg GALAE/g)	BChE (mg GALAE/g)	Tyrosinase (mg KAE/g)	Amylase (mmol ACAE/g)	Glucosidase (mmol ACAE/g)
L. b. var. brachypterus	1.85±0.05^b	0.20±0.01^c	49.33±1.47^a	0.55±0.01^b	0.65±0.02^a
L. b. var. haussknechtii	1.96±0.08^ab	1.53±0.24^b	41.67±1.00^b	0.53±0.01^c	0.51±0.01^b
L. n. subsp. sahinii	2.06±0.02^a	2.68±0.20^a	47.79±1.06^a	0.57±0.01^a	0.39±0.04^c
L. tefennicus	2.01±0.03^a	1.52±0.43^b	48.98±1.68^a	0.50±0.01^d	0.39±0.05^c

Morphological feature	L. b. var. brachypterus	L. b. var. haussknechtii	L. n. subsp. sahinii	L. tefennicus
Life form	Perennial	Perennial	Perennial	Perennial
Stem	Erect	Erect	Ascending-erect	Ascending-erect
Stipules	Lanceolate-subulate	Lanceolate-subulate	Lanceolate to subulate	Lanceolate to subulate
Leaves	Median leaves pinnate	Median leaves subdigitate	Median leaves pinnate	Median leaves subdigitate
Leaflets	2-3 paired	2-3 paired	2-4(-5) paired	1-3 paired
Inflorescence	2-10 flowered	2-10 flowered	2-4(-5) flowered	2-4(-5) flowered
Peduncle	1-2 x leaves	1-2 x leaves	22-52 mm	12-125 mm
Pedicels	n.i.	n.i.	3-4 mm	4-9.5 mm
Flower	Sulphur or cream	Sulphur or cream	Violet to light purple	Purple to light purple
Calyx	(5-)6-9 mm, teeth unequal	(5-)6-9 mm, teeth unequal	5-7 mm, teeth unequal	3.5-5 mm, teeth unequal
Style	Filiform	Filiform	Linear	Spathulate
Legume	Linear	Linear	Oblong-linear	Oblong to linear
Flowering time (months)	5-7	5-7	6-8	4-5

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[1] * Corresponding author: bytr33@yahoo.com