Figure 1
Tree obtained from the Bayesian analysis of ITS sequences. Values above and below the branches are Bayesian posterior probabilities and bootstrap percentages respectively. The scale bar indicates the mean number of nucleotide substitutions per site. In bold the species treated in this study. Asterisk indicates that the sample identification has been updated.
Figure 2
Tree obtained from the Bayesian analysis of trnL-trnF sequences. Values above and below the branches are Bayesian posterior probabilities and bootstrap percentages respectively. The scale bar indicates the mean number of nucleotide substitutions per site. In bold the species treated in this study. Asterisk indicates that the sample identification has been updated.
Figure 3
Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of the foliar trichomes of Croton campestris (A-C), C. hatschbachii (D-F), C. stellatorotatus (G-I), and C. subvillosus (J-K). A. Indument on the adaxial surface of C. campestris. B. Stellate-porrect trichomes of C. campestris in frontal view. C. Stellate-porrect trichomes of C. campestris in lateral view. D. Indument of the adaxial surface of C. hatschbachii. E. Multiradiate trichomes of C. hatschbachii in frontal view. F. Multiradiate trichomes of C. hatschbachii in lateral view. G. Indument of the adaxial surface of C. stellatorotatus. H. Stellate-rotate trichomes of C. stellatorotatus in frontal view. I. Stellate-rotate trichomes of C. stellatorotatus in lateral view. J-K. Stellate-porrect trichomes on the adaxial surface of C. subvillosus. Scale bars: A, D, G, J, K = 500 µm; B, H = 200 µm; C, E, F = 100 µm; I = 50 µm. (A-C: R.C. Sodré et al. 3439, BOTU; D-F: R.C. Sodré et al. 3464, BOTU; G-I: R.C. Sodré et al. 3309, BOTU; J-K: R.C. Sodré 3495, BOTU).
Figure 4
Cross section of the median portions and leaf blade margins of C. campestris (A-D, P, T), C. hatschbachii (E-I, S, U, V), C. stellatorotatus (J-M) and C. subvillosus (N, O, Q, R). A. Median portion of the leaf blade of C. campestris, note the stellate-porrect trichomes in lateral view. B. Leaf margin of C. campestris. C. Median portion of the leaf blade of C. campestris. D. Leaf margin of C. campestris. E. Median portion of the leaf blade of C. hatschbachii, note the subsessile or stipitate multiradiate trichomes on the abaxial surface. F. Detail of a subsessile multiradiate trichome in lateral view of C. hatschbachii, observe the ascending and descending rays. G-H. Median portion of the leaf blade of C. hatschabachii. I. Leaf margin of C. hatschbachii. J. Median portion of the leaf blade of C. stellatorotatus, note the stipitate stellate-rotate trichomes in lateral view. K. Leaf margin of C. stellatorotatus. L. Median portion of the leaf blade of C. stellatorotatus. M. Leaf margin of C. stellatorotatus. N. Median portion of the leaf blade of C. subvillosus, observe the stipitate stellate-porrect trichome on the abaxial surface, in lateral view. O. Leaf margin of C. subvillosus. P. Epidermal secretory structure indicated by an arrow on the stipe of a multiradiate trichome on the adaxial surface of C. campestris. Q. Median portion of the leaf blade of C. subvillosus. R. Leaf margin of C. subvillosus. S. Hypodermis and laticifers of C. hatschbachii. T. Colleter on the leaf margin of C. campestris. U-V. Vascular bundle of C. hatschabachii. Scale bars: A, J = 130 µm; B = 100 µm; C, G, H, I = 30 µm; D, L, M, Q, R, T = 50 µm; E = 150 µm; F = 70 µm; K = 170 µm; N, O = 230 µm; P = 60 µm; S = 60 µm; U = 40 µm; V = 20 µm. Abbreviations: cl = collenchyma, d = druses, ep = epidermis, hi = hypodermis, pp = palisade parenchyma, sp = spongy parenchyma, spt = stellate-porrect trichome, srt = stellate-rotate trichome, mrt = multiradiate trichome, vb = vascular bundle, arrowheads indicate stomata. (A-D, P, T R.C. Sodré et al. 3439, BOTU; E-I, S, U, V R.C. Sodré et al. 3464, BOTU; J-M R.C. Sodré et al. 3309, BOTU; N, O, Q, R R.C. Sodré 3495, BOTU).
Figure 5
Cross sections of the midribs of C. campestris (A, B, I, K), C. hatschbachii (C, D, L), C. stellatorotatus (E, F, M), C. subvillosus (G, H, J, N): A. Midrib of C. campestris, note the distributions of the trichomes on both surfaces of the midrib and the continuous palisade parenchyma. B. Details of the cortex and vascular cylinder of C. campestris. C. Midrib of C. hatschbachii. D. Details of the cortex and vascular cylinder of C. hatschbachii. E. Midrib of C. stellatorotatus, note the distributions of the trichomes on both surfaces of the midrib and the continuous palisade parenchyma. F. Details of the cortex and vascular cylinder of C. stellatorotatus. G. Midrib of C. subvillosus. H. Details of the cortex and vascular cylinder of C. subvillosus and distribution of the vascular system and cortex. I. Collenchyma at the adaxial surface of C. campestris. J. Collenchyma at the adaxial surface of C. subvillosus. K. Laticifers in the cortex of C. campestris. L. Laticifers in the cortex of C. hatschbachii. M. Laticifers in the cortex of C. stellatorotatus. N. Laticifers in the cortex of C. subvillosus. Scale bars: A = 110 µm; B = 50 µm; C = 130 µm; D, I, N = 40 µm; E = 100 µm; F = 35 µm; G = 190 µm; H = 65 µm; J = 60 µm; K, L, M = 25 µm. Abbreviations: cl = collenchyma, d = druses, ep = epidermis, pa = ground parenchyma, p = pericycle, ph = phloem, pp = palisade parenchyma, str = stellate-rotate trichome, vb = vascular bundle, xy = xylem, asterisks indicate laticiferous. (A, B, I, K R.C. Sodré et al. 3439, BOTU; C, D, L R.C. Sodré et al. 3464, BOTU; E, F, M R.C. Sodré et al. 3309, BOTU; G, H, J, N R.C. Sodré 3495, BOTU)
Figure 6
Cross sections of the petioles of C. campestris (A, B, L), C. hatschbachii (C, D, K), C. stellatorotatus (E, F), C. subvillosus (G-J): A. Median portion of the petiole of C. campestris. B. Detail of the epidermis, cortex and vascular bundle of C. campestris. C. Median portion of the petiole of C. hatschbachii. D. Detail of the vascular bundles and medulla of C. hatschbachii. E. Median portion of the petiole of C. stellatorotatus. F. Detail of the epidermis, cortex, and vascular bundle of C. stellatorotatus. G. Median portion of the petiole of C. subvillosus. H. Stipe of the trichome of C. subvillosus. I. Detail of the vascular bundles and medulla of C. subvillosus. J. Libriform fibers in C. subvillosus. K. Druses in C. hatschbachii. L. Secretory structure (indicated by arrow) in the stipe of a stellate trichome of C. campestris. Scale bars: A, H = 250 µm; B = 60 µm; C, E = 170 µm; D, F = 80 µm; G = 450 µm; I = 125 µm; J = 70 µm; K = 30 µm; L = 20 µm. Abbreviations: co = cortex, cl = collenchyma, d = druses, ep = epidermis, f = libriform fibers, pa = ground parenchyma, p = pericycle, ph = phloem, vb = vascular bundle, xy = xylem. (A, B, L R.C. Sodré et al. 3439, BOTU; C, D, K R.C. Sodré et al. 3464, BOTU; E, F R.C. Sodré et al. 3309, BOTU; G-J R.C. Sodré 3495, BOTU)
Figure 7
Croton campestris A. St.-Hil.: A. Subshrub with pendent branches in campo sujo vegetation in the municipality of Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil, R.C. Sodré 3439. B. Subshrub with erect branches in campo sujo vegetation in the municipality of Santana do Riacho, MG, R.C. Sodré 3443. C. Flowering branch showing whitish indument, large and elliptic leaf blades, and elongate inflorescences in cerrado denso vegetation in the municipality of Diamantina, MG, R.C. Sodré et al. 3456. D. Flowering branch showing ferruginous indument and narrowly elliptic leaf blades in cerrado rupestre vegetation in the municipality of Datas, MG, R.C. Sodré 3449. E. Flowering branch showing ferruginous indument, short leaves, and inflorescences in cerrado rupestre vegetation in the municipality of Diamantina, MG, R.C. Sodré et al. 3454. F. Flowering branch showing whitish dense indument of the leaves and inflorescences in campo limpo vegetation in the municipality of Gouveia, MG, R.C. Sodré 3450. G. Flowering branch showing the yellowish indument in campo limpo vegetation in the municipality of Belo Horizonte, MG, R.C. Sodré 3438. H. Inflorescences with one pistillate flower near the base, and numerous staminate flowers along the axes, R.C. Sodré 3437. I. Young inflorescences with ca. 15 pistillate flowers towards the base, and staminate buds towards the distal end, R.C. Sodré 3437. J-K. Staminate flowers with greenish-yellow calyxes and whitish petals. L. Salmon-colored staminate flowers, note whitish indument on the calyx. M. Staminate flowers with ferruginous calyxes. N. Inflorescence base with only two sparsely distributed pistillate flowers, note brownish and hirsute indument of the ovary. O. Inflorescence base with ca. 10 whitish and densely distributed pistillate flowers. P. Fecundated pistillate flowers, note dark styles and whitish indument on the sepals and ovary. Q. Young pistillate flowers with brownish indument. R. Greenish-yellow capsules. S. Whitish capsules. T. Clear green capsules. U. Brownish capsules. V. Dehisced capsule, showing the columella with three apical lobes (J, N, R R.C. Sodré 3438; K, O, S R.C. Sodré 3450; L, P, T R.C. Sodré 3456; M, Q, U R.C. Sodré 3449) Photographs by R.C. Sodré.
Figure 8
Geographic distributions of Croton campestris, C. hatschbachii, C. stellatorotatus and C. subvillosus. BA Bahia State, GO Goiás State, MA Maranhão State, MG Minas Gerais State, MS Mato Grosso do Sul State, MT Mato Grosso State, PR Paraná State, TO Tocantins State.
Figure 9
Croton hatschbachii Sodré & M.J. Silva, sp. nov.: A. Fertile branch. B. Detail of young branch. C. Multiradiate trichome on a branch. D. Stipule. E. Leaf blade. F. Staminate bract. G. Staminate bracteole. H. Staminate flower. I. Ventral surface of a staminate petal. J. Stamen. K. Pistillate bract. L. Pistillate flower. M. Top view of a pistillate flower with the ovary removed to show the 5-segmented nectary disk and calyx spread open. N. Detail of pistillate petals reduced to inconspicuous glands. O. Capsule. P. Ventral side of seed. Drawn by R. Galhardo Neto from the holotype.
Figure 10
Croton hatschbachii Sodré & M.J. Silva, sp. nov.: A. Subshrub habit in “cerrado rupestre” vegetation. B. Fertile branch ramifying in trifurcations. C. Fertile branch showing spiral alternate leaves, with lime-green adaxial surfaces. D. Short inflorescence showing sparse pistillate flowers, whitish and long-pedicellate staminate flower, and greenish-yellow buds, note the inconspicuous bracts. E. Inflorescence showing two capsules at base, one of them still young, and staminate flowers and buds along the axes. F. Inflorescence showing one developing fruit at base, and sparse staminate cymules along the axes, note the long pedicels of the staminate flowers. G. Staminate cymules, with flowers and buds, note whitish petals and stamens, and greenish calyx. H. Inflorescence base with two pistillate flowers, note floccose indument of the axes, greenish sepals, and brownish ovary and styles. I. Oblong clear-green capsules. Photographs by R.C. Sodré from R.C. Sodré et al. 3464 and 3465.
Figure 11
Croton stellatorotatus Sodré & M.J. Silva, sp. nov.: A. Fertile branch. B. Stellate-rotate trichome on a branch. C. Stipule. D. Leaf blade. E. Staminate bract. F. Staminate flower. G. Ventral surfaces of staminate petals. H. Stamen. I. Pistillate bract. J. Pistillate flower. K. Top view of pistillate flower, with ovary removed to show the 5-segmented nectary disk, and calyx spread open. L. Detail of pistillate petals reduced to inconspicuous glands. M. Capsule. N. Ventral side of seed. Drawn by R. Galhardo Neto from the holotype.
Figure 12
Croton stellatorotatus Sodré & M.J. Silva, sp. nov.: A. Habitat in “campo rupestre” vegetation in the municipality of Abaíra, Bahia State. B. Habit. C. Detail of branch, showing spiral alternate leaves with short petioles and cinereous indumentum. D. Inflorescence showing one developing fruit at base and sparse staminate cymules along the axes. E. Staminate flower. F. Young inflorescences, with two pistillate flowers towards the base and staminate buds towards the distal end. G. Inflorescence base, with a globose capsule with conspicuous locule delimitations, and a dehisced capsule showing the columella with three apical lobes. Photographs by R.C. Sodré from R.C. Sodré et al. 3309.
Figure 13
Croton subvillosus Müll. Arg.: A. Subshrub in “campo ralo” vegetation in the municipality of Mossâmedes, GO, R.C. Sodré 3495. B. Detail of a branch, showing spiral alternate leaves with inconspicuous petioles, whitish indument, and secondary veins prominent on the abaxial surface. C. Whitish latex. D. Young inflorescences with ca. 15 pistillate flowers towards base, and some staminate buds towards the distal end. E. Staminate unisexual inflorescence. F. Staminate flowers. G. Pistillate flowers. H. Pistillate flowers and capsules. Photographs by R.C. Sodré from R.C. Sodré et al. 3495.
Figure 14
Species of Croton section Adenophylli that have been confused with Croton campestris. A-D. C. echioides. A. Habit. B. Detail of inflorescence, showing staminate flowers and buds. C. Branchlet with inflorescence, showing pistillate flowers and staminate buds. D. Detail of the inflorescence, showing pistillate flowers. E-F. C. fulvus. E. Fertile branchlet. F. Branchlet with inflorescence showing capsules and staminate flowers. G. Fertile branches of C. grandivelus. H-I. C. heliotropiifolius. H. Habit. I. Branchlet with inflorescence, showing staminate flowers. J-L. C. intercedens. J. Fertile branch. K. Branchlet with inflorescence, showing pistillate flowers and staminate buds. L. Branchlet, showing staminate flowers and buds. M-O. C. lanatus. M. Branchlet with inflorescence. N. Inflorescence showing pistillate and staminate flowers. O. Fruits. P-Q. C. subacutus. P. Fertile branches. Q. Branchlet with inflorescence, showing young fruits and staminate flowers. R-S. C. subferrugineus. R. Fertile branches. S. Inflorescence showing pistillate flowers, staminate flowers, and buds. Photographs by R.C. Sodré.
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