Resumo em Inglês:

Abstract A new species of Cecropia (Urticaceae) is described for Amazonas state, Brazil. Collecting and processing of the vouchers followed the usual procedures for botanical specimens. Parallel to the herbarium procedures, phylogenetic analyses were performed and photographs of the species in the field were obtained. The species shares morphological similarities with Cecropia membranacea and C. concolor, which are discussed in this paper. It appears as a sister group of C. membranacea in the phylogenetic analysis in a strongly supported clade. An identification key for all known Cecropia species from the Central Amazon is provided. The conservation status of the new species is Vulnerable since it was only collected in Manaus municipality, occurring in the edges and vicinity of secondary “terra firme” forests and anthropized urban areas. The species is the tenth described for the Central Amazon.

Resumo em Inglês:

Abstract: Abscisic acid (ABA) is a naturally occurring plant hormone, and it is also a known stress hormone that acts in plant responses to abiotic stresses, especially drought. Dendrobium candidum production losses due to drought have prominent economic effects. The current study investigates the role of ABA in the drought stress tolerance of D. candidum. The influence of drought stress and foliar spray with ABA at different concentrations (5 mg/l, 10 mg/l, 15 mg/l) on physiological and biochemical parameters was analyzed. The stems and leaves of D. candidum were collected on Day 0, Day 6, and Day 12. The osmotic regulation ability, photosynthetic maintenance ability, and antioxidant ability of D. candidum under drought stress were measured. Additionally, the changes in growth and physiological characteristics of D. candidum under drought stress were studied after applying three concentrations of ABA. Exogenous ABA application effectively ameliorates the adverse effects of drought stress to improve drought resistance. In conclusion, 10 mg/l ABA resulted in leaf water status maintenance, photosynthetic performance, and antioxidative ability under drought stress.

Resumo em Inglês:

Abstract We describe here the new species Luehea peruzziana Gerace, Bovini & Baumgratz, endemic to the Brazilian Atlantic Forest, and restricted to the state of Espírito Santo, in the south-eastern region of the country. Morphological description, illustration with details of vegetative and reproductive structures, and comments on taxonomy, distribution, phenology, and conservation status are provided. Furthermore, given the morphological similarity with L. ochrophylla Mart., a comparative analysis between these two taxa is reported.

Resumo em Inglês:

ABSTRACT This study examines a new strain, Limnospira fusiformis TL03, isolated from Lake Telamine in northwest Algeria. The strain was morphologically identified using a light microscope and molecularly characterized using its 16S rRNA gene sequence. The effect of salinity on growth and photosynthetic pigments was studied using a spectrophotometric method; different sodium chloride concentrations (0, 5, 15, 30, 45, and 60 g/l) in blue-green medium (BG11) cultured uniformly as homogenized cell suspension were tested. A morphological examination confirmed that the isolated strain belonged to the Limnospira genus. It has trichome lengths ranging from 210-2027 µm, as well as pitch and coil diameters ranging from 30-137 µm and 20-60 µm, respectively. The data from the 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis confirmed that the isolated strain was Limnospira fusiformis TL03 with 100% sequence similarity to Limnospira fusiformis SAG 85.79. The results also indicate that this strain can grow at various salt concentrations, with the highest optical density values (1.58 ± 0.014 and 1.56 ± 0.003) obtained in cultures containing 15 g/L and 5 g/L NaCl, respectively.

Resumo em Inglês:

Abstract Plant phenological responses are highly sensitive to micro- and macroclimatic changes, which can be intensified by anthropogenic disturbances in the Caatinga. This study investigates the differences in the phenological timing (i.e., phenological mismatches) of vegetative and reproductive phenophases of Myracrodruon urundeuva Allemão (Aroeira) in a young and mature anthropogenic forest area within the same Caatinga fragment. We tested the effects of temperature and precipitation on the temporal variation of the phenophases. For one year, plants from a young forest area (21 years) and a mature forest area (over 90 years) were monitored monthly to record vegetative phenophases (leaf emergence, senescence, and leaf abscission) and reproductive phenophases (flowering and fruiting). We calculated the activity (presence/absence) and phenological intensity of the plants. Circular statistics were used to study phenological patterns in both forests. Compared to the mature forest, the younger forest exhibited increased leaf emergence and a prolonged period of leaf abscission. Early fruiting observed in the anthropized forest may affect its reproductive success, depending on annual precipitation patterns for the germination of its recalcitrant seeds. Decreased rainfall and higher temperatures in the Brazilian semi-arid region increase the vulnerability of this tree, potentially aggravated by anthropogenic disturbances.

Resumo em Inglês:

Abstract Tropical forests are biologically significant ecosystems, yet they face increasing pressure from human activities, which has led to the introduction of invasive plant species. Despite this, much of the existing literature on plant invasions in tropical forests focuses on Old World forests and grasses, leaving Neotropical forests relatively understudied. To address this gap, we aimed to investigate patterns of woody plant invasions in Neotropical forests with different levels of leaf deciduousness and identify the key factors that explain the richness of invasive woody plants. We conducted a systematic review of floristic surveys in Neotropical forests, gathering data on climate, environmental, and anthropogenic variables for each study site. Our analysis revealed that the richness of invasive plants increased with greater temperature seasonality, higher accessibility, and elevated per capita gross domestic product, while it decreased with increased canopy cover. Higher temperature seasonality and accessibility were strong positive predictors of invasive plant richness. Subtropical Neotropical forests are more susceptible to the establishment of invasive species due to the higher temperature seasonality. In addition, factors such as leaf deciduousness and increased human accessibility further contribute to the susceptibility of these forests to the arrival and establishment of invasive woody plants.

Resumo em Inglês:

Abstract We present two taxonomic novelties in Garcinia (Clusiaceae): a new species to the Brazilian Atlantic Forest, Garcinia bahiensis Mouzinho & L.Marinho sp. nov. ined., endemic to the hygrophilous forests of southern Bahia state, whose specimens were previously determined as G. macrophylla Mart.; and the redescription of G. guacopary (S.Moore) M.Nee, a species distributed in the transition areas between the Amazon and Cerrado domains that were neglected in previous studies. The taxonomic treatment consists of morphological descriptions, photographic plates, distribution maps, and morphological discussions with related species. Regarding G. guacopary, we present images of live specimens and their current known distribution for the first time, with a considerable range expansion, besides the designation of a lectotype. After G. bahiensis description, segregated from a broader G. macrophylla concept, Garcinia no longer shares species between the Amazon and Atlantic Forest domains.

Resumo em Inglês:

Abstract This study investigates the role of mutualistic interactions in facilitating the invasion of Ulex europaeus (Fabaceae) in the southern Brazilian highland grasslands. We assessed its reproductive phenology, floral resources, pollinator interactions, and seed dispersal mechanisms. Observations revealed that U. europaeus flowers predominantly during winter, with peak flowering occurring in August. During this period, no native species were in bloom, and Apis mellifera was the sole pollinator observed. Pollen analysis showed that honeybees carried U. europaeus pollen almost exclusively in winter, but diversified their loads in spring when other species began flowering. We also confirmed seed dispersal by native ant species, although grazing animals did not contribute to seed dispersal. Our findings suggest that the successful invasion of U. europaeus is enhanced by its interaction with A. mellifera, a species with which it co-evolved in its native range, despite limited interaction with native pollinators. Additionally, seed dispersal by native ants further contributes to its spread. These mutualistic relationships, especially with A. mellifera, play a significant role in the species' spread and dominance, potentially threatening local biodiversity. Understanding these ecological interactions is crucial for developing strategies to control the spread of U. europaeus and mitigate its impacts on native ecosystems.

Resumo em Inglês:

ABSTRACT Propolis primarily comprises resins, waxes, pollen, and several compounds collected by honeybees and mixed with secreted fluids. Globally, red propolis production is limited to a few regions, and San Andrés Island (Colombia) is one of these locations. This study aims to outline the palynological profile of red propolis produced by Apis mellifera on San Andrés Island, Colombia, to identify its relationship with the local vegetation. Red propolis samples were collected for the production year 2022 from two apiaries located on the island. Red propolis samples were initially treated with ethanol and KOH for pollen grain analysis, followed by the standard acetolysis techniques. After the palynological analysis and botanical identification, 76 pollen types were identified, associated with 32 plant families, 61 genera, and 42 species. Leguminosae and Asteraceae were the botanical families with the most representative, each with seven pollen types. Pollen types such as Mimosa pudica, Cecropia peltata, and Byrsonima crassifolia exhibited the highest importance values within the pollen spectrum. Most pollen types were associated with arboreal and shrubby taxa, predominantly distributed in forest formations and vegetation characteristic of anthropic areas. The analyses highlighted the distribution and diversity of pollen types within red propolis samples from San Andrés Island.

Resumo em Inglês:

Abstract The plant cell walls are dynamic structures, whose pectin composition varies according to the developmental and functional stages and in response to external factors. Gall inducers change the functional profiles of their host organs, and herein, we explore how stem cell walls respond to gall development, particularly in the nutritive tissues consumed by the lepidopteran larva. The pectin composition of the non-galled stems of Marcetia taxifolia (Melastomataceae) in primary and secondary growth and of Lepidoptera stem galls in distinct stages of development were studied by immunocytochemistry. During the development of the stems of M. taxifolia, the changes in protein and pectin composition suggest that young stems are growing and elongating with the help of extensins, arabinogalactan-proteins (AGPs), and homogalacturonans (HGs). In the galls, the predominance of galactans indicates changes in the pectin composition, allowing cell wall stiffness in hyperplasic tissues. The chewing stimuli of the Lepidoptera induce the synthesis of galactans, arabinans, and HGs in nutritive cells, allowing the cell wall flexibility during the hyperplasic process and the porosity necessary for the translocation of water and nutrients toward the gall chamber.

Resumo em Inglês:

Abstract This study aims to reevaluate the diversity of 16S rRNA gene sequences associated with Scytonema (Nostocales, Cyanobacteria). For that, we first conducted a search for ‘Scytonema’ sequences available in GenBank (NCBI) and aligned the results with reference strains from other Nostocales genera. The alignment totalized 383 OTUs and 800 nucleotide positions analyzed. A FastTree phylogenetic analysis revealed that the ‘Scytonema’ sequences are distributed across 15 distinct clades in addition to the Scytonema sensu stricto clade. These additional clades are positioned among Nostocales genera and phylogenetically distant from the type species, S. hofmanni. Within these clades, we had access to the strain Scytonema sp. CCIBt3568, identified as S. schmidtii, which we believe should be separated from Scytonema, and described as a new genus in the future. Additionally, Bayesian Inference and Maximum Likelihood phylogenies were performed with 97 OTUs and 971 bp, and the polyphyletic status of Scytonema as currently recognized was confirmed.

Resumo em Inglês:

ABSTRACT The genus Piptadenia Benth. has undergone several changes in its circumscriptions throughout its history, given the difficulty of its phylogenetic placement. Considering that palynological contributions have been significant for differentiating taxa within the Mimoseae tribe , the present study aims to characterize the representatives of the genus as well as describe the pollen grains of some taxa still unpublished in the literature. Three types of pollen grains were identified based on the number of grains per polyad considering the number of pollen grains and their ornamentation. However, other palynological characters are similar among species, supporting the monophyly of the genus. All species showed similarities, especially regarding size and shape, varying mainly in the number of pollen grains composing the polyads (8, 12, and 16). This variation has already been confirmed by morphological and molecular data. This study presents unprecedented palynological characterization of the species: Piptadenia affinis, P. cuzcoënsis, P. gonoacantha, P. imatacae, P. killipii, P. micracantha, and P. robusta.

Resumo em Inglês:

ABSTRACT The importance of understanding environmental changes has stimulated the study of plant functional traits, which reflect the species' ecological strategies and determine how they respond to environmental variations and climate change. We tested whether the functional traits and ecological strategies of the species Bactris hirta Mart. and Tetracera sp. in the seedling stage respond to water and soil nutrient availability and landscape variation. We evaluated leaf traits, (SLA, LDMC, ΨTLP, and ΨsFT) in thirteen fragments in Barcarena, Brazil. The SLA and LDMC were collected during periods of low and high water availability. We analyzed macronutrients, soil texture, and landscape metrics. Both species showed higher LDMC during periods of low water availability, despite no changes in SLA. The variation in leaf traits led to changes in CSR strategies; however, there was a prevalence of the stress-tolerance strategy. The ΨTLP and ΨsFT were more negative in palm species than in liana. The landscape and soil characteristics influenced resource allocation patterns and drought-related traits of the species, yet the species differed in the relationships among the variables. The ability of both species to show intraspecific variability may be an important mechanism contributing to the abundance and prevalence of palms and lianas in forest fragments.

Resumo em Inglês:

ABSTRACT The genus Zornia J.F.Gmel. (Leguminosae: Papilionoideae) includes around 80 species and is unique in the Adesmia clade for its pantropical distribution. Despite its ecological significance, taxonomic studies on Zornia are scarce. There is no information on the conservation status of its species, although many of which are narrowly endemics. This study updates the taxonomic and distributional knowledge of Zornia in the Neotropics and includes an identification key, field photographs, maps and conservation assessments based on IUCN Red List criteria. The research involved reviewing literature and analyzing specimens from 50 herbarium collections, documenting 50 species in the Neotropics. Conservation assessments indicate significant concerns for many Zornia species, with only three classified as Least Concern. Additionally, the study provides second-step lectotypifications for two species and re-establishes two other names at species rank. This study contributes to a refined understanding of Zornia taxonomy and emphasizes the need for targeted conservation efforts in the Neotropics.

Resumo em Inglês:

Abstract Asteraceae is one of the most diverse families in the world, especially in mountainous regions such as Chapada Diamantina, Bahia, Brazil. The objectives of this work were to carry out a floristic survey of Asteraceae in the municipality of Barra da Estiva, discuss the distribution of species found, and analyze the similarity between the Asteraceae diversity in Barra da Estiva and other previously evaluated areas. Herbaria were reviewed, and three field trips were carried out. Barra da Estiva houses 98 species of Asteraceae grouped into 46 genera and 13 tribes. The tribes Vernonieae (34 spp.) and Eupatorieae (24 spp.) were the most diverse, especially the genera Baccharis (7 spp.) and Lepidaploa (7 spp.). A matrix of species presence/absence for different phytophysiognomies was elaborated according to the rendered species list and previous Asteraceae surveys in Chapada Diamantina. Although previous research considered the Chapada Diamantina a single phytogeographic unit, our results suggest its possible subdivision into two bioregions: ‘Piemonte da Diamantina’, including areas of the extreme northeast, and Central-South Chapada, encompassing areas from the central-south region.

Resumo em Inglês:

Abstract Increased frequency and duration of droughts are projected due to climate change, with northeastern Brazil’s semi-arid region being one of the most affected globally. These changes in rainfall are expected to be particularly harmful to seedlings, impacting plant species’ population dynamics. We conducted a greenhouse experiment to assess how different water deficit levels affect the performance and morphophysiological responses of seedlings of Ouratea fieldingiana (Ochnaceae), a plant species endemic to the northeastern coast of Brazil. We hypothesized that higher water deficits would lead to significant reductions in seedling growth and alterations in morphophysiological traits. Overall, the seedlings demonstrated slow development, characterized by increased root allocation, fewer leaves, and a reduced leaf area ratio (LAR). Water stress further decreased growth, number of leaves, and relative water content (RWC%) while increasing floating leaf asymmetry (FLA). Furthermore, O. fieldingiana seedlings displayed limited capacity to acclimatize to very severe conditions, with all seedlings succumbing within the first 15 days. We conclude that severe water limitation may compromise the recruitment and survival of O. fieldingiana under prolonged drought scenarios, posing a significant risk to natural populations in the face of climate change.

Resumo em Inglês:

Abstract Lagoa dos Patos, the largest lagoon in South America, lies on the coastal plain of Rio Grande do Sul state, southern Brazil. This region forms a transition area between the tropical and subtropical zones of South America. Rio Grande do Sul coastal plain extends over 600 km and is affected by climate changes and sea level oscillations. Lagoa dos Patos is limited to the east by the Atlantic Ocean and to the west by terrain containing granitic and metamorphic rocks. The lagoon is 250 km long, with a maximum width of 60 km and an average depth of 6-7 m. We describe and illustrate 23 palynomorph taxa from six fungi, nine algae, two acritarchs, three bryophytes, as well as three other palynomorphs - platyhelminth eggs, mandible fragments, microforaminifera - preserved in a 2.125-m-long Holocene sediment core (T25) sampled from the lagoon (30º50'51"S-50º59'06"W), which corresponds to the last 5,000 years. After acetolysis, the palynomorphs were analyzed by light microscopy. This study presents the first part of a comprehensive description of palynomorphs from this profile, including their photomicrographs and ecological information. Our objective was to provide comparative materials of palynomorphs for paleoenvironmental reconstructions of Quaternary environments on the southern Brazilian coastal plain.

Resumo em Inglês:

Abstract The high-altitude fields (in Portuguese, campos de altitude) of the Itatiaia National Park (INP) hold the greatest moss endemism and number of threatened species known to Brazil. We examined the morphoanatomical functional traits of acrocarpous mosses along a post-fire disturbance gradient in the campos de altitude of the INP, verified the existence of functional groups, and evaluated the functional compositions of their assemblies. To that end, we elaborated a matrix of the morphoanatomical characters of the mosses, compiled a total of 24 functional traits related to drought and/or light tolerance from the literature, and subsequently applied multivariate techniques to analyze the data. The mosses displayed functional traits that allowed them to survive under the environmental conditions imposed in campos de altitude. Their main traits were related to leaf curvature, coloration, and costa width. The functional compositions of those communities were different along the different successional stages, with changes in species compositions and functional groups being associated with phylogenetic patterns.

Resumo em Inglês:

Abstract Nicotiana belongs to the Solanaceae and comprises 105 species, most of which are found in the Americas. In Brazil, 10 species are traditionally recognized, or 13, according to this study. All native Brazilian species occur in the South and Southeast regions. Despite previous taxonomic studies, new species continue to be discovered, including N. mutabilis and N. gandarela. In this context, we have discovered three distinct morphologies in southern Brazil and propose them as new species: N. litoranea, morphologically similar to N. alata; N. crux-australis and N. petum, both morphologically related to N. forgetiana. Additionally, the three new species were preliminarily evaluated as threatened with extinction.

Resumo em Inglês:

Abstract Ipomoea is one of the most diverse genera of Angiosperms, with 700 to 800 species. Several of them are widespread ruderal, often highly polymorphic, making species delimitation a challenge. When collecting Brazilian Convolvulaceae, one specimen from an anthropic Cerrado area in Mato Grosso do Sul state, caught our attention. Morphological, palynological, and anatomical analyses were performed to compare this unidentified species to its closest relatives. Ipomoea cryptocarpa Belo & Buril, sp. nov., the new species described here, is similar to I. bahiensis, a widespread ruderal plant, due to the shape of the leaves and the presence of an appendage on the sepals. However, they can be distinguished by the shape of the sepals appendage, fruit length, pollen morphology, indument on the leaf blade, petiole, peduncle, and anatomical characters, such as the contour of epidermis, distribution, and types of stomata, the number of laticiferous canals in the petiole, and types of collenchyma observed in the stem. We provide a diagnosis, besides morphological, anatomical, and palynological descriptions, illustrations, and notes on the distribution of the new species. Its informal conservation status is presented as Data Deficient (DD) since only one population is known so far.

Resumo em Inglês:

Abstract Humulus lupulus L., commonly known as Hop, is an economically important species in the Cannabaceae family, characterized by diclinous, monochlamydeous, and pentamerous flowers. This study updates the descriptions of the developmental stages of staminate and pistillate flowers in H. lupulus, with a focus on the processes leading to its unique floral features, such as apetaly and a gynoecium containing a single ovule and two long stigmatic branches. Flower buds and flowers of various sizes were processed for surface and histological examination. In addition, the vascularization of the calyx and gynoecium was studied using X-ray micro-computed tomography and clearing techniques. The vascularization and ontogeny confirm the sepal nature of the perianth and reveal dimorphism between the carpels of the flower. This dimorphism supports the pseudomonomerous nature of the gynoecium, where one carpel nourishes the ovule while the other contributes only to the ovary wall. Each carpel produces a stigmatic branch, a feature also observed in other species of Cannabaceae. A notable finding is the presence of an intragynoecial compitum. This study enhances our understanding of the floral structure in H. lupulus through the use of new protocols for floral organ dissection and analysis, including a modified protocol for x-ray micro-computed tomography.

Resumo em Inglês:

Abstract Bauhinia, a pantropical genus of approximately 230 species with a taxonomy principally based on reproductive characters, contains several identified species complexes including Bauhinia fusconervis, a group with an almost exclusively Brazilian distribution. The present study sought to investigate species delimitation in this complex using geometric morphometrics of the leaves. A total of 765 leaf images were analyzed. Images were processed and eight landmarks were applied for PCA and CVA. The results showed that five groups can be defined, three of them corresponding to the species B. candelabriformis, B. curvula, and B. pulchella; the other two comprehend overlapping individuals of the remaining species. The main observed variations were in the degree of fusion of the leaflets and the angle of the leaflet apices. Analyses including only species from the overlapping groups were run with populations separated by geographical area. Although some areas separate in these analyses, there was also cases where one population showed more morphological variation than all the others. This can be an indication of a morphological continuum that corresponds to a single specific entity, a reflex of recent speciation in this group, or evolutionary convergence related to habitat.

Resumo em Inglês:

Abstract This study aimed to organize the Oenothera specimens found in Brazil through multivariate statistical analyses of morphological and environmental characteristics. Morphological analysis identified four distinct groups, while environmental analysis did not confirm this separation, suggesting that these groups are not limited to specific climate or altitude conditions. Although the environmental analyses were insufficient to delimit the species, the morphological analysis was essential in defining new circumscriptions. Each of the four identified morphological groups includes more than one currently accepted species, indicating the need to revise these delimitations. As a result, four species were recognized in Brazil: O. affinis, O. mollissima, O. indecora, and O. longiflora. Additionally, a new identification key was developed to identify Oenothera species in Brazil.

Resumo em Inglês:

Abstract In Northeastern Brazil, the tradition of building bonfires is especially common, particularly during the June festivals. This study aimed to examine the influence of socioeconomic factors on the construction of June bonfires, as well as to analyze the local attitudes, knowledge, and perceptions about this practice in two northeastern communities. Semi-structured interviews were conducted during 2022 and 2023 to collect socioeconomic data and perceptions of the risks associated with bonfires. A Generalized Linear Mixed Model was used to relate the dependent variables (knowledge and volume of wood per person) to the independent variables (sex, age, education level, number of household members, and family income). Additionally, the Collective Subject Discourse method was applied to analyze the population's perceptions of the impacts of bonfires on health and the environment. The results show that family income is positively linked to the amount of wood used, with elderly individuals and those with lower education levels also using more wood. Although environmental impacts were rarely perceived, respiratory problems were frequently mentioned. These results highlight the need for education and awareness of the risks associated with cultural practices and suggest management strategies to protect forest areas that consider local practices.

Resumo em Inglês:

Abstract Restingas are ecosystems formed by diverse environments and plant populations separated by small spatial intervals. In this sense, we investigated the morphological, anatomical, and physiological characteristics of two populations of Protium icicariba, one occurring in a flooded forest and the other in an open restinga. Our objective was to determine if the phenotypic responses are related to the local adaptation of each population to its respective habitat and to evaluate a possible incipient case of ecological speciation. We found that individuals in flooded forests are taller and have a higher leaf area, mainly due to the greater availability of water and nutrients. The population in open restinga has individuals with higher wood density and smaller and thicker leaves. Sandy, deep, and oligotrophic soils likely induce these characteristics. The reproductive phase of the open restinga population is earlier than the flooded forest population, culminating in a certain asynchrony between them. Germination and initial seedling growth performed better when seeds and seedlings were grown in their respective habitats. Our results demonstrate evidence for the development of ecological speciation among P. icicariba populations, such as distinct selective pressures and local phenotypic adaptations, pre-zygotic reproductive isolation, and inviability of immigrants.

Resumo em Inglês:

Abstract MicroRNAs and transcription factors are crucial components of the stress response network in plants. Arabidopsis callus tissues were exposed to drought and nitrogen deficiency conditions using the Murashige and Skoog culture medium. Sequencing identified 117 differentially expressed miRNAs within comparisons. mir156j, mir157b, mir166b, mir164a, mir160c, mir158b, mir156b, mir159b were among those detected. Upon combination stress, mir160c was upregulated (7.49) whilst downregulated (-6.87) in the drought-only treatment. Some of the known miRNAs identified included mir390, mir781, mir1543, mir829, mir8155, mir5643, and mir403. A total of 17,003 potential target genes were predicted for the identified Arabidopsis miRNAs. The target genes identified by psRNATarget were enriched in gene ontology categories and included processes such as Transcription regulator activity (GO:0140110), DNA binding transcription factor activity (GO:0003700), RNA helicase activity (GO:0003724), Gravitropism (GO:0048653), and Signal transduction (GO:0007165). Furthermore, among the transcription factor genes studied, HD-Zip protein family genes were detected to have varying expressions. UBC24 was upregulated by nitrogen deficiency, while REVOLUTA (controlled by mir165 and mir166) along with RH39 were downregulated after the nitrogen deficiency treatment. Our findings highlight varied expressions within miRNA families depending on the stress condition, along with strand-specific regulation and functions of miRNA target genes which can be leveraged to enhance agricultural productivity.

Resumo em Inglês:

Abstract Access to taxonomic and biogeographical information about aquatic plants at large spatial scales, such as river basins, poses challenges due to the temporal and spatial dynamics of ecosystems and human limitations in research. Here, we investigated the diversity, endemism, and distribution of aquatic plants in the São Francisco River Basin, which spans over 600,000 km² of Brazilian territory. We compiled data from digital repositories and collected data through floristic inventory associated with the Integration Project of the São Francisco River (PISF). We discovered 853 aquatic plant species in the basin, with 788 native and 138 endemic to Brazil. The highest record density, species numbers, and endemism index were recorded in areas with large hydraulic developments, such as hydroelectric power plants and PISF canals in the middle lower and lower São Francisco regions, as well as the upper region near an urban center. Field expeditions from the PISF contributed 16% of the total records and 32.9% of the total richness, documenting 16 exclusive species. Our results highlight the diversity and distribution of aquatic plants within a hydrographic basin covering over 8% of Brazil, emphasizing the importance of primary data obtained through environmental licensing linked to infrastructure works in addressing biodiversity shortfalls.

Resumo em Inglês:

Abstract In Mexico, species of the genus Haematoxylum have historically stood out for their economic value, although they have received less attention from an ecological point of view. The objective of this work was to model the ecological niche of H. calakmulense and characterize its potential distribution areas in southeastern Mexico. The selected distribution model included a set of eight variables: isothermality, the maximum temperature of the warmest month, the maximum temperature of the coldest month, precipitation of the driest month, soil clay content, grain density, and elevation. Considering the binary map of environmental suitability, only 4.9% of the potential range of H. calakmulense in Mexico is within a federally administered protected natural area. In addition, leptosol-vertisol soils are most frequently recorded in the areas where the species is most likely to occur. In general, environmental conditions are more favorable for the development of the species in the central part of the Yucatan Peninsula in Mexico. This information will serve as a basis for deepening our knowledge of the ecology of this species and will allow us to implement appropriate conservation and management projects and plans.

Resumo em Inglês:

Abstract The feeding activity of Eriosoma lanigerum alters the stem vascular system of Malus domestica to such an extent that it may prioritize the water flow to its galls, as postulated by the “gall constriction” hypothesis. Accordingly, such feeding activity on host plant stems causes an asymmetrical cecidogenetic field relative to the aphid’s location along the stem axis, whose symptoms may be evaluated through the influence on the differentiation of xylem cells. From the anatomical perspective, we investigate the secondary xylem aspects of the galls on the M. domestica stem regions regarding the position of the aphid colonies in the radial axis. We also investigate aspects of the differentiation of xylem cells in the axial axis: below the gall, in the gall, and above the gall, to test the “gall constriction” hypothesis. In the M. domestica - E. lanigerum system, the similarity of the vessel elements in the portions above and below the gall contradicts the “gall constriction” hypothesis, however the over-differentiation of parenchyma cells and redifferentiation of abnormal vessel elements may have promoted a higher water supply to the gall than to the non-galled stem portions, functioning as a compensatory mechanism for the maintenance of the water status in gall developmental site.

Resumo em Inglês:

Abstract Pistacia atlantica Desf. is adapted to arid and semi-arid environments and is considered the best rootstock for Pistacia vera L. The physiological mechanisms responsible for the efficiency of P. atlantica as rootstock, compared to P. vera, are unknown. This study evaluated the effect of water stress and pistachio rootstock (Pistacia vera L. and Pistacia atlantica Desf.) on water status, highlighting the physiological aspects of the scion-rootstock interaction in Pistacia vera L. and Pistacia atlantica Desf. at the seedling stage under water stress. Individuals of Pistacia vera L. were grafted on Pistacia vera and Pistacia atlantica for 2 years, and subjected to two water regimes: irrigation and water stress for 7 weeks. Water status parameters (relative water content (RWC) and soil water content (SWC)), leaf gas exchange parameters (stomatal conductance, net photosynthesis, and transpiration rate), chlorophyll fluorescence transient (OJIP), maximum photosynthetic yield (Fv/Fm), and total chlorophyll content were measured weekly. The results revealed that although soil water content decreased significantly, both rootstocks maintained a high level of hydration, slightly reduced leaf gas exchange, and a stable maximum photosynthetic yield during the water stress, with no clear differences between them. These results suggest that Pistacia vera L. grafted on Pistacia vera L. and Pistacia atlantica Desf. tolerates water stress at the seedling stage in field conditions. These findings are very important in agriculture, and we recommend the investigation of drought stress effect at the tree stage and for a long duration of water stress.

Resumo em Inglês:

Abstract The Brazilian Atlantic Rainforest is amongst the most threatened ecosystems on the planet, with only about 7.5 % of its original vegetation left. It is highly fragmented and with less than 50 % of its remnants protected in Protected Areas. This highly threatened biome houses a species diversity higher than the Amazon, and its high level of diversity and endemism place this forest among the top biodiversity hotspots. Mosses are known to house many other species that seek shelter in their carpets and tuffs. This diverse community associated with mosses is sometimes referred to as the Bryosphere, and studies focusing on this cryptic community are still rare. A tool that allows a fast diversity survey, especially for neglected groups, is paramount in times when the deforestation rates are ever-increasing. In this study, we applied DNA metabarcoding for the first time to investigate cryptic diversity in assemblages present in moss carpets of Pyrrhobryum spiniforme (Hedw.) Mitt in one Atlantic Rainforest fragment in Santa Catarina state, Brazil. With the use of two markers (16S and ITS2), we found DNA from 606 taxa from four kingdoms and nine phyla.

Resumo em Inglês:

Abstract: This study aimed to describe the dynamics of growth in different tree functional groups in three Cerrado physiognomies (woodland savanna-WS; intermediate savanna-IS; and open savanna-OS) and to evaluate the effect of an experimental rainfall reduction on those radial growth dynamics. We established five paired plots (rainfall reduction vs. control) in each physiognomy. Trees within each plot with an initial diameter at breast height higher than 15 cm were classified into three functional groups (leguminous-LEG; calcicole-CAL; and other species-OTR) and used to perform seasonal dendrometric assessments for two years. The individuals' size influenced tree growth and its sensitivity to changes in water availability. Both CAL and OTR showed a lower radial increment compared to LEG. Neither LEG nor OTR were affected by climatic seasonality, whereas CAL stopped growing during the dry season. The magnitude of the effect of rainfall reduction was particularly high in OTR, which showed up to 50 % growth decrease. Considering that species of OTR are predominant in the main physiognomy of Cerrado, the observed rainfall reduction-driven decline in tree growth anticipates a major impact of climate change on the role of Cerrado biome as a promoter of ecosystem services related to primary productivity and accumulation of biomass.

Resumo em Inglês:

Abstract Calea L. (Asteraceae Bercht. & J.Presl) has 166 species that can be characterized by striated phyllaries, modified leaves that surround the flowers forming an involucre to protect these structures, yellow florets, and pappus scales. Despite being one of the diagnostic characters for the genus, this is the first in-depth paper about the striated phyllaries of Calea. We analyzed 166 different Calea species to verify if there are differences in the width of these striations and their taxonomic value. Additionally, we examined 16 Calea species for anatomical characterization and investigated the nature of the phyllary striations. Each stria is characterized by a pair of secretory ducts that run side by side with a vascular bundle surrounded by fibers. The lumen of the secretory ducts was characterized according to its width: narrow striae (46.5-80 μm) and wide striae (100-265.4 μm). The characterization of the type of striae has great informative taxonomic potential for Calea. We present images with anatomical sections of the phyllaries of the species analyzed. We also provide the classification of all Calea species analyzed macroscopically regarding the type of striae on the inner phyllaries.

Resumo em Inglês:

Abstract Araceae play a crucial role in the biodiversity of the Atlantic Forest, enhancing its ecological complexity and ecosystem function. However, distribution knowledge within this Phytogeographic Domain remains limited. This study aims to elucidate the distribution patterns of Araceae in the Atlantic Forest of Rio de Janeiro by assessing floristic similarity across fifteen sites using Sørensen similarity analysis and evaluating the influence of environmental and geographical variables through Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA) and Mantel tests. Nineteen genera and 87 species were identified for Rio de Janeiro, representing 95% and 78.4% of native Araceae genera and species, respectively. Ten species were classified as rare and four as common. Sørensen similarity coefficients ranged from 0.11 to 0.86, indicating moderate to high floristic similarity among sites. CCA explained 26% of the variation in species composition, highlighting the influence of temperature and precipitation on the distribution of Araceae species. Mantel test further confirmed significant correlations between species distribution and environmental gradients. This study advances the understanding of Araceae biogeography and provides crucial data for conservation planning and ecological restoration efforts, emphasizing key areas for conservation and sustainable management.

Resumo em Inglês:

Abstract The assessment of successional stages plays a strategic role in forest management and is crucial for understanding forest dynamics and patterns. In the Atlantic Forest (AF), this remains a challenge due to the complexity of its ecosystems. Here, we identify AF successional stages using remote sensing and assess the influence of anthropogenic and environmental factors in the Serra da Tiririca State Park, an important protected area in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. We integrated MapBiomas data with vegetation indices to select the generalized linear mixed model (GLMM) that best predicted successional stages. Generalized linear models (GLMs) identified key variables explaining local AF successional patterns. We found an adequate classification, with successional stages moderately correlated with the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI, R2=0.3) using the GLMM. The study area exhibited a mean annual regeneration rate of 95 ha and a suppression rate of 22 ha. Notably, soil organic carbon emerged as an important threshold in the GLMs for all successional stages, while wind played a key role in the early stage, and precipitation was important for the late stage. Our approach provides a replicable strategy for other AF sites, offering insights for biodiversity conservation and management of protected areas.

Resumo em Inglês:

Abstract We present a taxonomic study of Anthurium sect. Pachyneurium (Schott) Engl. from Brazil, encompassing 20 accepted species, ten of which are endemic from this country. The species were identified based on analyses of vegetative and reproductive characters from material collected in the field, in cultivation and from herbaria. Section Pachyneurium is circumscribed by having a short stem, a rosulate habit, generally coriaceous, elliptical to obovate leaf blades, primary lateral veins usually free (eucamptodromous nervation), and thickened, as well as by having involute prefoliation. An identification key, nomenclatural revisions, morphological descriptions, taxonomic comments, geographic distribution, and habitat notes are presented.

Resumo em Inglês:

Abstract The epiphytic flora is influenced by the architecture and morpho-physiology of phorophytes. Our knowledge about the ecology of these communities remains limited, especially in the campos rupestres. Here, we tested whether environmental factors and ecological characteristics of phorophytes affect the diversity of epiphytes. The richness and abundance of epiphytes and phorophytes on cloud forest patches within a campos rupestres matrix of quartzite formation were identified and estimated in the Serra das Camarinhas, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil. Plant height, diameter at breast height (DBH), canopy cover, avascular vegetation trunk cover, and rhytidome texture were also assessed, as well as the solar incidence, temperature, and relative air humidity. Overall, 243 individuals and 23 species of epiphytes were found on 95 phorophytes. Epiphytes correspond to eight families, including Polypodiaceae, the most abundant. Among 28 phorophytic species, Guatteria pohliana, Alchornea triplinervia, and Byrsonima macrophylla were the most abundant, also providing shelter for a larger number of epiphytes. Solar incidence, rhytidome texture, and avascular trunk cover influenced the richness and abundance of epiphytes. Our findings add new evidence to the specificity and complexity of the epiphyte-phorophyte interaction, which should be considered in the conservation of campos rupestres, a megadiverse, neglected, and threatened ecosystem.

Resumo em Inglês:

Abstract Convolvulaceae is a widely distributed family with its highest species richness in tropical regions. Among its 12 tribes, Maripeae comprises three neotropical genera, including Dicranostyles Benth., with 16 species distributed throughout the Amazon Rainforest. This study characterizes the pollen morphology of Dicranostyles, providing palynological data for future studies on pollen evolution within Maripeae and comparative analyses across Convolvulaceae. Pollen grains were prepared using the acetolysis method, and surface ornamentation was examined through scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The genus showed considerable variation in pollen grain size and shape, as well as amb types ranging from subtriangular to subcircular. SEM analysis revealed the presence of a perforate tectum with microechinate ornamentation, one of the key diagnostic features of the genus. In all species, the sexine is thicker than the nexine, with conspicuous columellae. A consistent tricolpate aperture type (3-zonocolpate) was observed across all species, suggesting its potential as a diagnostic feature for the genus, especially when associated with other palynological traits (tectum, shape). These characteristics reinforce the close morphological relationships among the genera of Maripeae and support the affinity of the tribe within the Dicranostyloideae clade.

Resumo em Inglês:

Abstract We describe a new species of Blechnum from Tocantins, Brazil: Blechnum rosulatum sp. nov. (Blechnaceae). Information about its geographical distribution, habitat, phylogenetic placement and comments on conservation status are given, as well as an updated identification key for Blechnum species in Brazil is provided. Furthermore, a table with morphological characters comparing the new species with the morphologically similar species B. lanceola is provided. Blechnum rosulatum is sister to B. longipilosum within a strongly supported clade that also includes Blechnum areolatum, but not B. lanceola. The new species is known from only two locations, one in a protected area in the Jalapão region and another in the central part of the state of Tocantins. This study contributes to the poorly-known fern flora of Tocantins, a state with high potential for floristic discoveries.

Resumo em Inglês:

Abstract Some plants synthesize phytotoxic compounds that can inhibit the development of neighboring species. Phenolic compounds from some botanical families have been the focus of studies because of their effect on surrounding plants. This work aims to analyze the phytochemical profile of leaf methanolic extracts through the identification of major phenolic compounds, evaluation of their phytotoxicity, and their intraspecific variation. Leaves from Calophyllum brasiliense, Psidium guineense, and Miconia cinnamomifolia from the Ombrophilous Forest and Restinga phytophysiognomies were sampled. The phytotoxic activity was also tested against Solanum lycopersicum. The extract of M. cinnamomifolia presented the greatest chemical diversity and intraspecific variation. The M. cinnamomifolia forest extract presented potent inhibition of seed germination and root growth of the target species. Both C. brasiliense extracts affected the target species in higher concentrations. In the P. guineense Restinga extract, which had greater activity than the species' forest extract, 8-hydroxyluteolin-8-sulfate was identified. This is the first report of flavonoid sulphate for the Myrtaceae family, with reported biological activities and indicated for studies in bioprospection. Our study highlights the importance of conservation of Atlantic Forest species, due to the diversity of phenolic compounds and their phytotoxic effects, in response to distinct environmental conditions.

Resumo em Inglês:

Abstract Ecological restoration of grasslands is widely dependent on seed addition to reestablish native plants. Thus, it is important to know the seed ecology of native species. The South Brazilian grasslands are species-rich ecosystems seriously threatened by land use conversion and invasive species, which makes their restoration extremely urgent. Nevertheless, poor knowledge about the germination of native herbaceous species limits ecological restoration efforts. Here we present, based on a literature search, a synthesis of the knowledge on germination and seedling emergence of native herbaceous species from South Brazilian grasslands, identify knowledge gaps, and present directions to enhance research and its application in restoration. We found 907 tests performed on 127 native species, mostly conducted in a germination chamber, but with a wide variety of seed storage conditions, seed dormancy break treatments, and germination conditions during tests. Poaceae and Fabaceae are the most tested botanical families. We recommend (1) the inclusion of more species, also from more plant families, into testing, considering also a better coverage of different grassland regions in seed collecting; (2) publicizing and making test data openly accessible; (3) developing standardized protocols for seed collection, storage, and germination tests; and (4) increase testing of emergence under field conditions.

Resumo em Inglês:

Abstract Phyllanthaceae, with a pantropical distribution, has recently undergone significant changes in the composition of its genera. Among these, Phyllanthus is notable for its vast number of species, currently the second-largest genus in the family, and its remarkable morphological diversity. Brazil is home to approximately 100 Phyllanthus species, some of which exhibit a distinctive morphological adaptation: phylloclades, found in multiple taxonomic sections. With the establishment of a new section exclusive to the Brazilian Atlantic Forest, this study provides a comprehensive contribution, including morphological descriptions of the section and its three constituent species, a key for species identification, detailed illustrations, field photographs, and distribution maps. Additionally, it offers taxonomic notes and evaluates the conservation status of the species using the updated IUCN criteria.

Resumo em Inglês:

Abstract Mining activities in the Amazon result in significant environmental damage to mined areas. Natural regeneration through seed dispersal is a crucial process that aims to reintegrate those mined areas into the native vegetation nearby. In this study, our main objective was to compare seed and fruit dispersal strategies that occur in the vertical stratification in altered primary forest (APF) and natural regeneration (NR) areas after bauxite mining. The results indicate that zoochory was the most frequent dispersal syndrome in APF areas, with fleshy fruits being the most frequent. The NR areas exhibited greater variation in dispersal syndromes, with zoochory, anemochory, and autochory being the most representative, with a predominance of dry fruits. The differences in dispersal modes between APF and NR areas are within the patterns already expected and previously found in other studies on fruit dispersal. These findings emphasize that understanding how species composition and dispersal strategies are influenced by environmental and anthropogenic impacts is crucial for the restoration of these areas. This knowledge helps identify which dispersal mechanisms are best adapted to degraded areas, enabling more effective recovery strategies through planting species with similar dispersal mechanisms, particularly in regions impacted by mining.

Resumo em Inglês:

Abstract The Northern Coast of Bahia state (NCB) encompasses the northernmost stretch of the state coastline and harbors restinga ecosystems of exceptional biodiversity, ecological, and cultural importance. Despite previous floristic surveys, non-arboreal restingas remain under-sampled, limiting the understanding of their composition and ecological dynamics. This study aimed to document angiosperm diversity in these habitats and assess the distinctiveness of their floristic communities. Field surveys were conducted in the non-arboreal restingas of Mata de São João and Entre Rios municipalities. Specimens were collected, photographed, and deposited at the ALCB Herbarium. Data from nine other Brazilian restingas were included in similarity (ANOSIM) and clustering (UPGMA) analyses using beta diversity indices. A total of 245 species, 174 genera, and 76 families were recorded, with Fabaceae (28 spp.), Rubiaceae (18 spp.), and Myrtaceae (16 spp.) being the most representative families. The genera Chamaecrista, Myrcia, and Cyperus were the most species-rich. While Bahia’s floristic communities showed general similarity, the NCB restingas were markedly distinct from the southern coast, showing stronger affinities with Sergipe state restingas. This pattern suggests a phytogeographic block shaped by shared climatic and geomorphological conditions, as well as endemic species. Despite their richness, NCB’s non-arboreal restingas remain insufficiently studied and increasingly threatened by rapid anthropogenic expansion.

Resumo em Inglês:

Abstract Essential oils are volatile, lipophilic substances mainly composed of terpenes, derived from secondary metabolism. Widely used in pharmaceutical, agricultural, and cosmetic industries, essential oils from eucalyptus species are particularly notable for their economic and biological significance. This review explores the antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antiviral, and insecticidal activities of essential oils from various eucalyptus species and their isolated constituents, such as eucalyptol and α-terpineol. Because eucalyptus represents 96.7% of the reforested area in Brazil, economic analyses focused on the Brazilian market, highlighting a 25-year trajectory of production and trade, the dominance of eucalyptol-rich oils, and the growing demand for sustainable and high-quality products. Future market prospects include expanding the use of underutilized species, improving oil formulations for enhanced stability and bioavailability, and meeting stringent international quality standards. Addressing these challenges and opportunities underscores the essential role of ongoing research in leveraging eucalyptus essential oils as versatile and sustainable bioresources.

Resumo em Inglês:

Abstract Many cultures around the world manage a great diversity of agroecosystems through traditional practices like ‘slash-and-burn agriculture’. Our review systematizes research on these systems, focusing on the rotation and fallow of lands managed over time and space by Indigenous Peoples and Local Communities in different parts of the world. We discuss the implications of these systems for the dynamics of biodiversity, agrobiodiversity, food security, soil characteristics, biomass, and carbon fluxes in the soil, vegetation, and atmosphere. We conclude that this agricultural practice has positive impacts on maintaining biological diversity and agrobiodiversity, also playing a significant role in reducing soil erosion and restoring soil natural fertility, raising pH, the dynamics of nutrient cycling, and carbon accumulation. The length of fallow is the main predictor of carbon stocks and their rate of accumulation in secondary forests, since repeated burning and more intensive cultivation can extend the time required for this accumulation and are not recommended. Understanding and strengthening this agriculture and improving it with agroecological approaches is more beneficial than simply criminalizing and diminishing its importance for the traditional groups that practice it, for the conservation of agrobiodiversity, and for the delivery of agroecosystem services to society at large.

Resumo em Inglês:

Abstract The diversity of plant species managed by Indigenous peoples is directly related to cultural and linguistic factors. Many species were domesticated to varying degrees in the lowlands of South America. However, there is still a need to better understand the process of species and landscape domestication, especially the management practices of the indigenous populations of inland Brazil, such as the speakers of the Jê language family. With this in mind, we undertook a systematic review of the literature on the plant species used by these peoples for food and medicinal purposes. We examined 126 publications, covering 126 years. A richness of 609 botanical species was identified. Some plants, such as maize, manioc, sweet potatoes, and yams, are managed by peoples across the northern, central, and southern regions, while others are managed exclusively by peoples from within the same linguistic branch or geographical area. The results reveal that the Jê maintain a high level of species diversity with varying degrees of domestication in their food production systems and that the biodiversity generated and managed by these indigenous populations is a key factor for agricultural resilience in a scenario of climatic extremes.

Resumo em Inglês:

Abstract Dinizia excelsa Ducke (Fabaceae) is an Amazonian tree species of high commercial value, therefore, it is among the species most frequently seized by the Brazilian federal police due to illegal logging. The isotopic analysis technique can help determine the origin of tropical woods and speed up their traceability, thus curbing illegal exploitation. However, the study of stable isotopes in high-value Amazonian wood species has only been applied to a few species. We aimed to evaluate the radial variation of the isotopes 13C and 15N in the wood of D. excelsa adult trees. Fifty-six radial wood samples were analyzed using an elemental analyzer to determine the isotopic composition of δ13C and δ15N. The absolute values of δ15N ranged between -0.54 and 1.60‰, and those of δ13C ranged between -27.88 and -26.57‰. It was observed that samples taken from heartwood provided more homogeneous data, and that there is greater variation of δ15N and δ13C in the regions closest to the pith and bark. Hence, this study provides important information for refining sampling techniques to determine the origin of wood, contributing to the development and enforcement of strategies against the illegal exploitation of this important Amazonian tree species.

Resumo em Inglês:

Abstract Darcya vandellioides was originally endemic to the Brazilian Atlantic Forest, and it is herein recorded for the first time in the Amazon domain in Mato Grosso, Brazil. In addition, hydathodes in Gratioleae are reported and characterized for the first time. We presented a morphological description, photographs, and anatomic features of the species’ hydathodes, and we updated the taxonomic key for all known species of Darcya.

Resumo em Inglês:

Abstract In this opinion article, we question the tendency to treat human interactions with plants as a cognitive deficit through terms such as botanical blindness, botanical imperception, or plant awareness disparity (PAD). Rather than denying the existence of the phenomenon these terms attempt to describe, we argue that it should be interpreted as part of a broader and naturally evolved process of differential attention. We contend that naming this perceptual tendency as a distinct and pathological entity disregards the evolutionary basis of human cognition and perception. Cultural and contextual factors modulate interaction with plants, and less attention is paid to them in modern environments, reflecting sociocultural influences rather than cognitive flaws. We advocate for educational approaches that embrace human perceptual plasticity, promoting reconnection with plant diversity without invoking notions of dysfunction.

Resumo em Inglês:

Abstract Bioregionalizations constitute an important tool to synthesize biodiversity knowledge, essential for conservation planning. Bioregions currently recognized in the Neotropics have been delineated using different methods and biological groups, frequently suggesting conflicting results. This study aimed to reevaluate the circumscription of bioregions using the distribution of angiosperm species. Angiosperm records were compiled from online herbaria and filtered for taxonomical and geographical accuracy according to Flora e Funga do Brasil. A network analysis was performed with InfoMap Bioregions and similarity amongst recognized bioregions was evaluated with an Unweighted Pair Group Method with Arithmetic Mean. Beta diversity patterns were modelled using Generalized Dissimilarity Modelling (GDM) and five climatic variables. A conservation overview was constructed comparing sampling, conservation coverage, deforestation and fire occurrence across bioregions. Seven bioregions were identified and hierarchically clustered: Brazilian subregion (subdivisions not recovered in our analysis); Chacoan subregion, comprised of the Chacoan dominion (four provinces) and the Paraná dominion (two provinces). GDM recognized other heterogeneous areas within these bioregions. The Paraná dominion presented the largest historical anthropization, the Chacoan dominion presented the highest density of fire spots, and the Brazilian subregion had the highest coverage of conservation units while encompassing unknown biodiversity.

Resumo em Inglês:

Abstract One of the most fascinating aspects of the plant immune system is the growth versus defense antagonism. This phenomenon describes a physiological condition where the activation of defense mechanisms suppresses growth, and vice-versa. This trade-off has profound implications in natural and agronomical ecosystems, making it a critical focus of research in plant biology. In this viewpoint, I offer a historical perspective our understanding of the growth versus defense antagonism in plants, highlighting a significant paradigm shift in the field. Traditionally, this negative correlation was attributed to limited resources, which plants must allocate either to growth or to defense. However, recent discoveries of the genetic components governing the balance between plant growth and defense revealed that this tradeoff is a strategic adaptation for fitness optimization in varying environments. I also share personal insights into the current challenges and emerging opportunities in this research area. By exploring the past, present, and future of growth versus defense antagonism, this article aims to contribute to the development of innovative strategies that enhance plant resilience and productivity. Such advances are critical for transforming agriculture in the face of increasing pest and pathogen pressures and the mounting challenges of climate change.

Resumo em Inglês:

Abstract The reddish phenomenon in galls is commonly associated with anthocyanin accumulation triggered by different stimuli, including metal, which provides a more efficient antioxidant defense. Herein, we hypothesize that red galls have higher levels of polyamines (PAs) and phytohormones, especially those involved in stress production and dissipation, than green galls do. This, in turn, is likely associated with greater metal accumulation in galls induced by Palaeomystella oligophaga (Lepidoptera) on Macairea radula (Melastomataceae). Green and red galls were sampled and opened to select only those with the galling insect in the larval stage for later analyses of phytohormones, polyamines, and metals. The putrescine and spermine levels were greater in red galls than in green galls. The contents of salicylic acid (SA) and methyl jasmonate (MeJA) were also greater in red galls, as were the contents of Al, Fe, Pb, and Cu. We suggest a possible link between PAs, SA, and MeJA and the translocation of metals to reduce the toxicity caused by these chemical elements’ accumulation, transforming them into less toxic forms and maintaining red coloration as a form of oxidative protection in galls.

Resumo em Inglês:

Abstract Tropical grasslands, savannas, and shrublands comprise open ecosystems that are experiencing growing anthropogenic pressures and lack theoretical and practical knowledge on ecological restoration. Natural regeneration in these ecosystems is very slow and often unfeasible, making planting and seeding increasingly important restoration techniques. We conducted a systematic review to investigate the richness, origin, and functional groups of the plant species used to restore tropical open ecosystems. Identifying species and their functional groups used in restoration experiments allows us to better plan, implement, and monitor restoration. We identified 220 plant species introduced to restore tropical open ecosystems in 37 controlled restoration sites located in Brazil, Australia, the USA, Kenya, Venezuela, South Africa, and Congo. Nearly 55% of plant species were shrubs or trees, and 80% were native to the country where they were used. Strikingly, 51% of the plants were used only once. We found no evidence of biotic homogenization in the restoration of tropical open ecosystems. Only six reintroduced species were classified as endangered, suggesting an untapped potential for enhancing conservation-oriented restoration. Our results indicate that despite the predominant use of native species, woody species remain disproportionately planted compared to herbaceous species, which constitute the bulk of diversity in grasslands and savannas.

Resumo em Inglês:

Abstract This study investigates the role of human values and advertising strategies on behavioral intentions toward wild food plants (WFPs) consumption in Brazil. We performed two distinct case studies with Brazilian university students. The first case study assesses the direct and indirect effects of values on the willingness to buy and consume WFPs, while the second evaluates the impact of targeted advertising messages on these behavioral intentions. Our findings suggest that altruistic values indirectly influence the willingness to buy WFPs, whereas biospheric values have a significant direct and indirect impact, mediated by attitudes toward WFPs. The willingness to consume WFPs is not directly affected by values but is influenced by attitudes. Pieces of basic advertisement emphasizing social benefits that align with altruistic values significantly increase the willingness to buy WFPs, yet do not affect the willingness to consume them. These results highlight the critical role of value-driven advertising in promoting the purchase of WFPs. The study pioneers the examination of the interplay between values, advertising, and behavioral intentions in the context of WFPs consumption in Brazil, which boasts rich biodiversity and significant potential for dietary diversification through WFPs.

Resumo em Inglês:

Abstract This study investigated the impact of abiotic factors (elevation and precipitation) on the functional diversity and composition of Fissidens in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest. Fissidentaceae has significant morphological and functional diversity, making it an ideal model for understanding biodiversity and ecosystem functioning. The research was conducted in the biogeographic region of ‘Serra do Mar’ in the Atlantic Forest, Southern Brazil, using 24 randomly selected plots. The functional strategies of each Fissidens species were described based on six traits, including sex segregation, presence and distribution of limbidium on the leaf and the vaginant lamina, and climate data were obtained from CRU-TS 4.06 and WorldClim 2.1 datasets. Our findings showed that precipitation led to greater functional richness, as higher precipitation levels supported a broader range of functional traits, thereby expanding the community’s functional space. Elevation, on the other hand, increased functional dispersion, reflecting a wider range of viable morphological traits. This pattern was likely driven by the combined effects of temperature and moisture, which vary predictably along the elevational gradient. Future research, including experimental approaches, should explore the influence of ecological and evolutionary factors on functional traits in this diverse and ecologically important group of mosses.

Resumo em Inglês:

Abstract Understanding the uneven fern distribution is crucial for predicting future changes in their diversity and composition. Here, we explore major subtropical Atlantic Forest' physiognomies, addressing the following questions: 1) Is the current classification of subtropical Atlantic Forest’ physiognomies consistent with variations in fern assemblage composition and taxonomic diversity? 2) What are the main drivers shaping terrestrial ferns taxonomic diversity and species composition across the subtropical Atlantic Forest’ physiognomies? To answer these questions, we surveyed 34 sites across the subtropical Atlantic forests, 14 from data generated here and 20 from the literature. Then, evaluated patterns of taxonomic diversity (Simpson diversity and species richness) and assemblage composition at a regional scale. Our results indicate that assemblage composition and taxonomic diversity vary highly across these physiognomies. However, a substantial shift occurs between dense rainforests/dry forests and coastal woodlands to others. The main driver of taxonomic diversity was rainfall seasonality. In contrast, soil cationic exchange capacity, annual rainfall, and clay content were the main factors influencing community composition. Therefore, our study captures some consistent patterns, but they provide only a partial view due to sampling gaps. Nevertheless, expanding quantitative sampling remains essential for a more comprehensive understanding of fern distribution across the Atlantic forests.

Resumo em Inglês:

Abstract: Historical woods express cultural relations around the use of biodiversity by human societies. This article presents an overview of woods used for cultural purposes in Brazil based on the epistemological concept of historical anatomy. Based on 64 publications between 1994 and 2025, this study maps the taxonomic diversity and categories of cultural use of wood, as well as the approaches and contributions to the field made by research groups and wood anatomists. The results show regional asymmetries, with a predominance of studies in the South and Southeast regions of the country and temporal gaps in the other regions. Furthermore, interest in the field has grown in recent years, contributing to a better understanding of the historical use of woods from Brazilian flora. A search was conducted for specialized literature in the main online databases that related historical woods to anatomical identification of the wood. A total of 164 species were recorded in 14 use categories, with emphasis on shelters/buildings, sacred statuary, and watercraft. The concentration of studies in a few states and the prevalence of some species indicate cultural patterns and structural limitations of national research. The work proposes guidelines to expand geographic and thematic coverage, strengthen research networks, and guide public policies aimed at valuing the cultural heritage of wood in Brazil.

Resumo em Inglês:

ABSTRACT The structure and function of fern galls are poorly studied, especially those occurring in poikilohydric ferns such as Pleopeltis minima (Polypodiaceae), which hosts globoid Cecidomyiidae galls on fronds. We expected that anatomical and histochemical features related to poikilohydry would be expressed in galls, potentially enhancing features that support gall inducer survival. We examined non-galled pinnae (NGP) and galled pinnae (GP) of P. minima from anatomical, histochemical, and histometrical perspectives. The NGP are covered on the abaxial surface by peltate scales with unlignified, pectin-thickened cell walls on the shield, which contain mucilage and polyphenols. The GP are covered by similar but larger scales on the adaxial and abaxial surfaces. This feature, potentiated in galls, is related to water absorption and reduction of water loss. The NGP mesophyll is dorsiventral, with parenchyma cells featuring thickened pectocellulosic walls. In galls, an outer storage tissue also has pectin-rich, thickened walls that also contain mucilage, increasing hydrophilic capacity. Nutritive cells surrounding the larval chamber accumulate metabolites that nourish the gall inducer, along with phenolics, which may mitigate free radical damage. Pleopeltis minima galls exhibit adaptations tied to poikilohydry, making them a valuable model for studying the physiological and biochemical aspects of galls in poikilohydric ferns.

Resumo em Inglês:

Abstract Palynological studies provide valuable data for taxonomy, particularly in supporting species delimitation. The genus Stachytarpheta includes a smaller group of seven species with pedicellate flowers and salmon- or wine-colored corollas, which are restricted to the Brazilian Cerrado. Despite representatives of this group, known as the S. longispicata group, being readily distinguished from other Stachytarpheta taxa for bearing sessile flowers, differentiating the seven species remains challenging due to their pronounced morphological overlap. In this context, we analyze the pollen morphology of the seven species in the S. longispicata group, aiming to evaluate its relevance to current taxonomic circumscription. Palynological characterization was based on observations under light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy using pollen material from herbarium specimens of the seven species. Under light microscopy, we measured pollen grain parameters after chemically treating the samples. The pollen grains are monads, very large, radially symmetrical, isopolar, with an amb varying from triangular to quadrangular, and shape ranging from suboblate to prolate-spheroidal. Size, shape, sexine ornamentation, margin type, and membrane ornamentation were key to identification, supporting seven distinct species. We provide an identification key based on pollen morphology for the group.