Resistance training controls arterial blood pressure in rats with L-NAME- induced hypertension

Abstracts

FUNDAMENTO: A hipertensão arterial é uma síndrome multifatorial, crônica, causada tanto por fatores congênitos ou adquiridos. OBJETIVO: Avaliar os efeitos do treinamento físico resistido (TR) sobre pressão arterial, reatividade e morfologia vascular de ratos hipertensos induzidos por L-NAME. MÉTODOS: Ratos Wistar machos (200-250 g) foram divididos em 3 grupos: normotenso sedentário (NS), hipertenso sedentário (HS) e hipertenso treinado (HT). A hipertensão foi induzida pela administração de L-NAME (40 mg/kg) na água de beber por 4 semanas. A pressão arterial foi avaliada antes e após o TR. O TR foi realizado utilizando 50% de 1RM, em 3 séries de 10 repetições, 3 vezes por semana, durante quatro semanas. A reatividade vascular foi mensurada em artéria mesentérica superior por curvas concentração resposta ao nitroprussiato de sódio (NPS) e fenilefrina (FEN). Além disso, foram realizadas análises histológicas e estereológicas. RESULTADOS: O TR inibiu o aumento das pressões arteriais média e diastólica. Foi observada uma redução significativa na resposta máxima e na potência da FEN entre os grupos HS e HT. A análise histológica evidenciou aspecto normal para as túnicas íntima, média e adventícia em todos os grupos. Não houve diferença significativa nas áreas do lúmen, da túnica média e total das artérias dos grupos HS e HT em relação ao NS. A razão parede/lúmen arterial do grupo HS apresentou diferença significativa em relação ao NS (p < 0,05), mas esta não foi diferente do HT. CONCLUSÕES: O TR foi capaz de prevenir a elevação da pressão arterial sob as condições deste estudo. Este controle parece envolver a regulação de mecanismo vasoconstritor e a manutenção do diâmetro luminal de ratos hipertensos induzidos por L-NAME.

Hipertensão; Exercício; Ratos; Pressão Arterial; Vasodilatação

^IDepartamento de Fisiologia, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, São Cristovão, Sergipe - Brasil

^IIDepartamento de Morfologia, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, São Cristovão, Sergipe - Brasil

^IIIDepartamento de Fisioterapia, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, São Cristovão, Sergipe - Brasil

Mailing Address

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Arterial hypertension is a multifactorial chronic condition caused by either congenital or acquired factors.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effects of Resistance Training (RT) on arterial pressure, and on vascular reactivity and morphology, of L-NAME-treated hypertensive rats.

METHODS: Male Wistar rats (200 - 250 g) were allocated into Sedentary Normotensive (SN), Sedentary Hypertensive (SH) and Trained Hypertensive (TH) groups. Hypertension was induced by adding L-NAME (40 mg/Kg) to the drinking water for four weeks. Arterial pressure was evaluated before and after RT. RT was performed using 50% of 1RM, 3 sets of 10 repetitions, 3 times per week for four weeks. Vascular reactivity was measured in rat mesenteric artery rings by concentration-response curves to sodium nitroprusside (SNP); phenylephrine (PHE) was also used for histological and stereological analysis.

RESULTS: Resistance training inhibited the increase in mean and diastolic arterial pressures. Significant reduction was observed in Rmax (maximal response) and pD₂ (potency) of PHE between SH and TH groups. Arteries demonstrated normal intima, media and adventitia layers in all groups. Stereological analysis demonstrated no significant difference in luminal, tunica media, and total areas of arteries in the SH and TH groups when compared to the SN group. Wall-to-lumen ratio of SH arteries was significantly different compared to SN arteries (p<0.05) but there was no difference when compared to TH arteries.

CONCLUSIONS: RT was able to prevent an increase in blood pressure under the conditions in this study. This appears to involve a vasoconstrictor regulation mechanism and maintenance of luminal diameter in L-NAME induced hypertensive rats.

Keywords: Hypertension / physiopathology; Exercise; Rats; Arterial Pressure / drug effects; Vasodilatation / physiology.

Introduction

Arterial hypertension (AH) is a multifactorial chronic condition¹, caused by either congenital or acquired factors². Its treatment involves pharmacological and non-pharmacological methods³. Among non-pharmacological methods, physical training (PT) has been one of the most important interventions indicated for preventing or controlling AH^4,5.

There is a positive relationship between hypertension and sedentary lifestyle⁶. Beunza et al⁶ demonstrated that the interaction of sedentary behaviors, such as driving and computer use, was associated with a higher risk of hypertension. On the other hand, the noninteractive subtype, such as television viewing and sleeping, was not associated with AH. This data shows the great importance of long-term PT for the primary prevention and treatment of high blood pressure⁴.

Many studies have focused on the effects of aerobic exercise^2-5, and it has been recommended as an adjuvant treatment for hypertension; however, knowledge regarding the benefits of resistance training (RT) has been increasing. Positive effects of long-term RT, such as increased skeletal muscle tone, inhibition of risk factors and prevention of obesity have been found⁷. Studies suggest the adoption of a moderate strength training program and assert that it can have a positive effect on chronically increased BP⁸.

According to Pollock et al⁹, there is some trepidation about the prescription and implementation of RT due to the possibility of vascular brain or cardiac events. On the other hand, in normotensive individuals, Ciolac and Guimarães¹⁰ indicate that there is no justification for fearing RT implementation as many negative effects on blood pressure before the execution of RT have been observed. Furthermore, acute dynamic resistance exercise in spontaneously hypertensive rats decreased resting BP and reactivity to PHE, in addition to increasing endothelium-dependent relaxation^11,12; however, the long-term effect of RT on BP and reactivity and morphology of the vasculature have not yet been documented. Thus, the purpose of the present study was to determine the chronic effects of RT on arterial blood pressure, vascular reactivity and changes in arterial luminal diameter of L-NAME-treated hypertensive rats.

Methods

Animals

Thirty male Wistar rats (200 - 250 g) were obtained from the breeding colony at the Sergipe Federal University. Animals were housed four to a cage under controlled temperature conditions (22 ± 2 ºC) and a light-dark cycle of 12 hours. Food and water were provided ad libitum. The animals received filtered water and were fed rodent-specific food (Labina, Purina^®, Paulínia-SP, Brazil). All procedures described in the present study were approved by the Animal Research Ethics Committee of Sergipe Federal University, Brazil (Protocol number 02/2010). Animals were arranged into three groups with ten animals each: sedentary normotensive (SN), sedentary hypertensive (SH) and training hypertensive (TH). SN and SH groups were kept in their cages without undergoing RT, while animals in TH group were subjected to four weeks of RT.

Drugs

Acetylcholine chloride (ACh), L-phenylephrine (Phe), N^ω-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester hydrochloride (L-NAME) and sodium nitroprusside (SNP) were utilized in this study, all obtained from SIGMA-Aldrich (St. Louis, Missouri, USA)

Blood pressure measurements

Blood pressure was obtained upon the animal awakening and 48 hours after the induction and training periods. Animals were allowed to adapt to the environment for three days before the measurement of blood pressure. Mean, systolic and diastolic blood pressures were determined by tail cuff method (LETICA, LE5002, Barcelona, Spain). Animals were placed in a heated chamber at a temperature of 38 - 40 ºC for ten minutes and blood pressure values (10-15) were recorded from each animal.

Hypertension induction and maintenance

During the induction period, the animals were given L-NAME in their drinking water at a concentration of 0.4 mg/ml for a total daily intake of 40 mg/kg¹³ for four weeks¹⁴. During the experimental period, AH was maintained by the administration of L-NAME dissolved in water to accumulate a daily intake of 25 mg/Kg for a duration of more than four weeks, which was sufficient to maintain the hypertensive state. The concentration of L-NAME was adjusted daily for water consumption and total weight of the animals in each cage.

Training protocol

The training protocol was initiated after detection of hypertension in the subjects. RT was performed in a squat-training apparatus following a model adapted from Tamaki et al¹⁵. TH animals, following one week of adaptation, were trained with three sets of ten repetitions with a 60 second resting period at a 50% training load set by one repetition maximum test (1RM), three times per week. The training load and intensity were adjusted every two weeks with a new 1RM.

Parameters of electrical stimulation were fulfilled as described by Barauna et al¹⁶ and Pinter et al¹⁷. Animals were encouraged to perform the series through the application of electrical stimulation (20 V, 0.3 s duration, 3 s intervals) with electrodes (ValuTrode, Model CF3200, Axelgaard, Fallbrook, CA, USA) attached at the tail and connected to an electrostimulator (BIOSET, Physiotonus Four, Model 3050, Rio Claro, SP, Brazil).

In vitro studies

Following animal sacrifice the superior mesenteric artery was removed, stripped of connective and fatty tissues and sectioned into rings (1-2 mm). Rings were suspended from fine stainless steel hooks, connected to a force transducer (Letica, Model TRI210; Barcelona, Spain) with cotton threads in organ baths containing 10 ml of Tyrode's solution (composition in mM: NaCl 158.3, KCl 4.0, CaCl₂ 2.0, NaHCO₃ 10.0, C₆H₁₂O₆ 5.6, MgCl₂ 1.05 and NaH₂PO₄ 0.42). This solution was continually gassed with carbogen (95% O₂ and 5% CO₂) and maintained at 37 ºC under a resting tension of 0.75 g for 60 minutes (stabilization period). During this time, the nutrient solution was changed every 15 minutes to prevent the interference of metabolites¹⁸. Isometric tension was recorded through the force transducer (TRI210, Letica, Barcelona, Spain) coupled with an amplifier-recorder (BD-01, AVS, SP, Brazil).

When necessary, endothelium was removed by gently rubbing the intimal surface of the vessels with a fine stainless wire; its functionality was assessed by the ability of ACh (1 µM) to induce more than 75% relaxation of Phe (1 µM) tonus. The absence of relaxation in reaction to ACh was taken as evidence that the rings were functionally denuded of endothelium¹⁹. Changes in vascular reactivity were assessed by obtaining concentration-response curves for the contractile agents Phe (10^-8 - 10^-3 M), an α₁-adrenergic agonist; and the relaxant agent SNP (10^-9 - 10^-4 M), a donor nitric oxide (NO). Relaxing agents were tested on rings pre-contracted with Phe (1 µM).

Histological examination of tissues

Three rings from each artery were immersed in a 4% paraformaldehyde in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS; 0.1 M pH 7.4) and kept at 4 ºC for 24 hours. Rings were then rinsed in distilled water and kept in 70% ethanol for 12 hours, followed by standard histological protocol.

Sections of 5-6 µm thickness were obtained using a microtome and were mounted on slides coated with gelatin. For morphological analysis, sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin (H.E) for further observation under bright field microscopy.

Arterial stereological analysis was performed by using a test-area comprising a system of equidistant points containing a total of 1000 µm² performed in the Image J program. Two random and non-consecutive sections of each arterial ring ( four animals per group) were analyzed by overlaying images of test-area and the arterial section. The number of total points falling into the area of interest was estimated. A periphery to the center direction was considered, including artery lumen and arterial wall (intima and tunica media). The adventitia layer was discarded because there was incongruity in the definition of the limits of the supportive adjacent tissue. Thus, the total sectional area of the artery, the sectional area of the lumen of the vessel and the sectional area of the arterial wall were estimated, allowing the calculation of density areas of the arterial lumen and arterial wall over the full reference.

Statistical analysis

Values are expressed as mean ± standard error of mean (SEM). The potency of the in vitro experiments were expressed in pD₂ values and calculated by the negative logarithm of EC₅₀ (effective concentration able to induce 50% of maximal response) obtained by nonlinear regression of concentration-response curves. When necessary, Student's t test or ANOVA repeated measures followed by Bonferroni post-test were performed to evaluate the significance of differences between means. Values were considered statistically significant when p < 0.05. For all of these procedures we used the statistical program GraphPad Prism^TM version 3.02 (GraphPad Software, San Diego, CA, USA).

Results

Effects of treatment with L-NAME on body weight and blood pressure during the induction period

L-NAME-treated rats appeared generally healthy and gained weight similarly to the untreated rats. L-NAME significantly increased MAP, SBP and DBP (p < 0.001). There was no significant elevation of blood pressure levels in the untreated group (control) (Table 1).

Effects of resistance training on body weight and blood pressure values in hypertensive rats

The animals in the SN and SH groups showed a significant increase (p<0.001 and p<0.05 respectively) in body weight at four weeks of treatment. However, the body weight of the TH group was unchanged following training. L-NAME elevated the MAP, SBP and DBP in the SH group during the experimental period. However, RT was effective in preventing this increase. Before the training protocol there were no significant differences in MAP, SBP and DBP between the TH and SH groups. After four weeks of training, RT significantly reduced MAP (p < 0.05) and DBP (p < 0.05) (Table 2).

Effect of resistance training on the response to phenylephrine

Phenylephrine was able to induce contraction in the rings from all groups. The concentration-response curve to phenylephrine was significantly shifted to the left in the H group (pD₂ = 5.35 ± 0.07, n = 9) in relation to the SN group (pD₂ = 4.36 ± 0.04, n = 6) with change in Rmax. RT significantly reversed the increase in the potency, since its concentration-response curve to phenylephrine was significantly (p < 0.001) shifted to the right (pD₂ = 4.36 ± 0.10, n = 9) compared to SH (pD₂ = 5.35 ± 0.07, n = 9), without change in Rmax (Figure 1).

Effect of resistance training on the response to sodium nitroprusside

The concentration-response curve to SNP was significantly (p < 0.05) shifted to the right in the SH group (pD₂ = 4.85 ± 0.14; n = 3) in relation to the SN group (pD₂ = 6.18 ± 0.13; n = 3) without change in Rmax. RT partially reversed the decrease in the potency, since its concentration-response curve to SNP was significantly (p < 0.01) shifted to the left (pD₂ = 5.42 ± 0.06; n = 3) compared to SH (pD₂ = 4.85 ± 0.14; n = 3). Furthermore, the Rmax of TH group was significantly (p < 0.05) larger than SH group (Figure 2).

Effect of resistance training on vascular morphology

Analysis of arterial segments demonstrated a standard arrangement of intima, media and adventitia layers in all groups (SN, SH, TH) (Figure 3 A-D). Endothelium in the tunica intima consisted of simple squamous epithelial tissue (Figure 3B) supported by loose connective tissue scattered in the subendothelial layer, followed by the internal elastic membrane that separates the tunica intima from the tunica media. In the tunica media, there were concentric layers of smooth muscle fibers intermingled with elastic fibers (Figure 3B). The presence of the external elastic membrane was also noted, which delimits the tunica media from the tunica adventitia. The tunica adventitia was comprised of loose connective tissue (Figure 3B) with collagen and elastic fibers, blood vessels and sparse fat cells.

Stereological results demonstrated no significant difference in the lumen, tunica media and the total area of the arteries of SH and TH groups in relation to SN group. The wall-to-lumen ratio of the arteries of SH group (p < 0.05) was significantly different from SN group (Table 3).

Discussion

The main purpose of this study was to evaluate the cardiovascular effects of RT on L-NAME hypertensive rats. The current study showed that RT is effective in preventing an increase in blood pressure levels in L-NAME hypertensive rats, possibly by changing the α₁-adrenergic receptor sensibility.

It is well established in the literature that the synthesis and the availability of nitric oxide (NO) by endothelial cells play an important role in vasorelaxation, thus contributing to the modulation of vascular tone. Furthermore, NO has been identified as an important agent in the proliferation of smooth muscle cells²⁰.

It is also known that the chronic inhibition of NO synthesis by L-NAME, and the consequent decreased availability of NO, causes an increase in arterial blood pressure^21,22, reduces the internal arterial diameter, increases response to components of the endothelium-derived contracting factors, increases peripheral resistance¹³ and causes vascular remodeling and endothelial dysfunction²¹. Because of this, the L-NAME-induced hypertension method has been used as a reliable model for morphological and functional studies of the cardiovascular system.

In our study, L-NAME was able to induce hypertension. The increase in arterial pressure induced by L-NAME was inhibited in the animals that underwent RT. Furthermore, RT was not able to reduce the weight gain of the hypertensive animals. This result is in agreement with a study by Barauna et al¹⁶, in which a reduction of 14% in DBP and 13% in MAP of normotensive rats was observed, and a study by Tamaki et al¹⁵, which demonstrated that RT for four weeks did not alter weight gain of animals.

There is evidence that both short and long-term physical training significantly reduces blood pressure in humans^23,24 and in hypertensive rats¹¹, but little is known about the mechanisms involved in this reduction²⁵.

Reports in the literature indicate that physical training (PT) has a very strong relationship with vascular function, being able to modify the structure and function of vascular cells²⁶. Studies suggest that PT increases blood flow and therefore the stress on the vascular wall, providing an increase in endothelium-derived NO production and thereby improving the vasodilator response^27,28.

Therefore, in order to better understand the possible mechanism involved in arterial blood pressure control promoted by RT in L-NAME hypertensive rats, we investigated the effects of RT on the vascular reactivity and morphology of these animals.

First, we evaluated the vascular contractile response to Phe, an α₁-adrenergic agonist. The results showed that the sensitivity of α₁-adrenergic receptors was significantly increased in L-NAME hypertensive rats. Similar results were also found by Sekiguchi²⁹, who demonstrated an increase in the effects of PHE on different vascular beds from animals subjected to forced swimming.

Interestingly in our study, the PHE effect on arterial rings from L-NAME hypertensive rats treated with RT was reduced. It is possible that RT is able to induce an adjustment in the blood flow distribution³⁰. Furthermore, according to Convertino³¹, changes in the sensitivity of these receptors may be primarily dependent on the intensity, duration and frequency of the exercise. Although more experiments are needed to clarify the mechanisms by which RT promotes vascular changes, this study suggests that the changes caused by RT on the hemodynamics of trained animals could be related to a reduced sensitivity of adrenergic receptors.

To evaluate the vascular relaxant response, we used SNP, a NO donor that mimics an endogenous response related to NO. This set of experiments revealed that the sensitivity of the NO pathway was significantly decreased in L-NAME hypertensive rats and that RT was able to partially reverse this effect. Packer³² demonstrated that blocking NO production, such as occurs when using L-NAME, reduces the eNOS expression. Furthermore, it is possible that the output of endothelium-derived constricting factor (EDCF) increases in the presence of L-NAME in peripheral arteries²².

The wall-to-lumen ratio of the arteries is increased due to rearrangement of the medial layer of the vessel lumen³³. Our results showed an increase of the wall-to-lumen ratio in the arteries of SH group, but the RT protocol used did not cause significant changes in the reduction of this ratio. Melo et al³⁴ found a similar result when they showed that aerobic training at 50% intensity in SHR decreased MAP and the wall-to-lumen ratio of the arteries when compared to the sedentary group, proving that anaerobic training can be a possible adjuvant therapy for hypertension. This reinforces the importance of studies on the effects of RT as a preventive or recuperative therapy for hypertension, because it shows that RT is not only effective in preventing changes in blood pressure but may also protect against vascular changes, as shown in the model of L-NAME-induced hypertension.

In conclusion, long-term resistance training, under the tested conditions in this study, is able to prevent an increase in blood pressure. This effect appears to involve a mechanism of vasoconstrictor regulation and maintenance of the luminal diameter in L-NAME- induced hypertensive rats.

Acknowledgements

This work was supported by CNPq and FAPITEC, Brazil.

Potential Conflict of Interest

No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

Sources of Funding

This study was funded by CNPq, CAPES, FAPITEC and UFS.

Study Association

This article is part of the thesis of master submitted by Ayslan Jorge Santos de Araujo, from Universidade Federal de Sergipe.

References

• 1. Péres DS, Magna JM, Viana LA. Arterial hypertension patients: attitudes, beliefs, perceptions, thoughts and practices. Rev Saúde Pública. 2003;37(5):635-42.
• 2. Zago AS, Zanesco A. Óxido nítrico, doenças cardiovasculares e exercício físico. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2006;87(6):264-70.
• 3. Mahfoud F, Himmel F, Ukena C, Schunkert H, Böhm M, Weil J. Treatment strategies for resistant arterial hypertension. Dtsch Arztebl Int. 2011;108(43):725-31.
• 4. Negrão CE, Rondon MUPB. Exercício Físico, hipertensão e controle barorreflexo da pressão arterial. Rev Bras Hipertens. 2001;8(1):89-95.
• 5. Monteiro M de F, Sobral Filho DC. Exercício físico e o controle da pressão arterial. Rev Bras Med Esporte. 2004;10(6):513-6.
• 6. Beunza JJ, Martínez-González MA, Ebrahim S, Bes-Rastrollo M, Núñez J, Martínez, et al. Sedentary behaviors and the risk of incident hypertension: the SUN Cohort. Am J Hypertens. 2007;20(11):1156-62.
• 7. Ciolac EG, Guimarães GV. Exercício físico e síndrome metabólica. Rev Bras Med Esporte. 2004;10(4):319-24.
• 8. Sharman JE, Stowasser M. Australian association for exercise and sports science position statement on exercise and hypertension. J Sci Med Sport. 2009;12(2):252-7.
• 9. Pollock ML, Franklin BA, Balady GJ, Chaitman BL, Fleg JL, Fletcher B, et al. AHA Science Advisory. Resistance exercise in individuals with and without cardiovascular disease: benefits, rationale, safety, and prescription: An advisory from the Committee on Exercise, Rehabilitation, and Prevention, Council on Clinical Cardiology, American Heart Association; Position paper endorsed by the American College of Sports Medicine. Circulation. 2000;101(7):828-33.
• 10. Ciolac EG, Guimarães GV. Importância do exercício resistido para o idoso. Rev Soc Cardiol Estado de São Paulo. 2002;12(supl A):15-26.
• 11. Faria T de O, Targueta GP, Angeli JK, Almeida EA, Stefanon I, Vassallo DV, et al. Acute resistance exercise reduces blood pressure and vascular reactivity, and increases endothelium-dependent relaxation in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2010;110(2):359-66.
• 12. Umpierre D, Stein R. Hemodynamic and vascular effects of resistance training: implications for cardiovascular disease. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2007;89(4):256-62.
• 13. Paulis L, Pechanova O, Zicha J, Barta A, Gardlik R, Celec P, et al. Melatonin interactions with blood pressure and vascular function during L-NAME-induced hypertension. J Pineal Res. 2010;48(2):102-8.
• 14. Afkir S, Nguelefack TB, Aziz M, Zoheir J, Cuisinaud G, Bnouham M, et al. Arbutus unedo prevents cardiovascular and morphological alterations in L-NAME-induced hypertensive rats Part I: cardiovascular and renal hemodynamic effects of Arbutus unedo in L-NAME-induced hypertensive rats. J Ethnopharmacol. 2008;116(2):288-95.
• 15. Tamaki T, Uchiyama S, Nakano S. A weight-lifting exercise model for inducing hypertrophy in the hindlimb muscles of rats. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1992;24(8):881-6.
• 16. Barauna VG, Batista ML Jr, Costa Rosa LF, Casarini DE, Krieger JE, Oliveira EM. Cardiovascular adaptations in rats submitted to a resistance-training model. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol. 2005;32(4):249-54.
• 17. de Cássia Cypriano Ervati Pinter R, Padilha AS, de Oliveira EM, Vassallo DV, Fúcio Lizardo JH. Cardiovascular adaptive responses in rats submitted to moderate resistance training. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2008;103(5):605-13.
• 18. Altura BM, Altura BT. Calcium content and force of drug-induced contractions of arterial muscle during recovery in vitro. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med.1970;135(3):739-44.
• 19. Furchgott RF, Zawadzki JV. The obligatory role of endothelial cells in the relaxation of arterial smooth muscle by acetylcholine. Nature. 1980;288(5789):373-6.
• 20. Saravanakumar M, Raja B. Veratric acid, a phenolic acid attenuates blood pressure and oxidative stress in L-NAME induced hypertensive rats. Eur J Pharmacol. 2011;671(1-3):87-94.
• 21. Ribeiro MO, Antunes E, de Nucci G, Lovisolo SM, Zatz R. Chronic inhibition of nitric oxide synthesis: a new model of arterial hypertension. Hypertension. 1992;20(3):298-303.
• 22. Paulis L, Zicha J, Kunes J, Hojna S, Behuliak M, Celec P, et al. Regression of L-NAME-induced hypertension: the role of nitric oxide and endothelium-derived constricting factor. Hypertens Res. 2008;31(4):793-803.
• 23. Mediano MF, Paravidino V, Simão R, Pontes FL, Polito MD. Comportamento subagudo da pressão arterial após o treinamento de força em hipertensos controlados. Rev Bras Med Esporte. 2005;11(6):337-40.
• 24. Monteiro HL, Rolim LM, Squinca DA, Silva FC, Ticianeli CC, Amaral SL. Efetividade de um programa de exercício no condicionamento físico, perfil metabólico e pressão arterial de pacientes hipertensos. Rev Bras Med Esporte. 2007;13(2):107-12.
• 25. Rondon MU, Laterza MC, Zamo-Roth FS, Brum PC, Krieger EM. Hipertensão arterial e exercício físico aeróbico. In: Negrão CN, Barreto ACP. Cardiologia do exercício do atleta ao cardiopata. 3Ş ed. Barueri (SP): Manole; 2010. p. 450-69.
• 26. Whyte JJ, Laughlin MH. The effects of acute and chronic exercise on the vasculature. Acta Physiol (Oxf). 2010;199(4):441-50.
• 27. Higashi Y, Sasaki S, Kurisu S, Yoshimizu A, Sasaki N, Matsuura H, et al. Regular aerobic exercise augments endothelium-dependent vascular relaxation in normotensive as well as hypertensive subjects: role of endothelium-derived nitric oxide. Circulation. 1999;100(11):1194-202.
• 28. McAllister RM, Newcomer SC, Laughlin MH. Vascular nitric oxide: effects of exercise training in animals. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab. 2008;33(1):173-8.
• 29. Sekiguchi F. Hypertension and impairment of endothelium-dependent relaxation of arteries from spontaneous and hypertensive and L-NAME treated wistar rats. J Smooth Muscle. 2001;37(2):67-9.
• 30. Chies AB, Oliveira AM, Pereira FC, Andrade CR, Corrêa FM. Phenylephrine-induced vasoconstriction of the rat superior mesenteric artery is decreased after repeated swimming. J Smooth Muscle Res. 2004;40(6):249-58.
• 31. Convertino VA. Evidence for altered alpha-adrenoreceptor responsiveness after a single bout of maximal exercise. J Appl Physiol. 2003;95(1):192-8.
• 32. Packer CS. Soluble guanylatecyclase (sGC) down-regulation by abnormal extracellular matrix proteins as a novel mechanism in vascular dysfunction: Implications in metabolic syndrome. Cardiovasc Res. 2006;69(2):302-3.
• 33. Mulvany MJ. Vascular remodelling in hypertension. Eur Heart J.1993;14 Suppl C:2-4.
• 34. Melo RM, Martinho E Jr, Michelini LC. Training-induced, pressure-lowering effect in SHR: wide effects on circulatory profile of exercised and nonexercised muscles. Hypertension. 2003;42(4):851-7.

Resistance training controls arterial blood pressure in rats with L-NAME- induced hypertension

Ayslan Jorge Santos de Araujo^I; Anne Carolline Veríssimo dos Santos^I; Karine dos Santos Souza^II; Marlúcia Bastos Aires^II; Valter Joviniano Santana-Filho^III; Emerson Ticona Fioretto^II; Marcelo Mendonça Mota^I; Márcio Roberto Viana Santos^I

Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  02 Apr 2013
• Date of issue
  Apr 2013

History

• Received
  16 May 2012
• Accepted
  08 Nov 2012
• Reviewed
  19 Oct 2012