Blood pressure in young individuals as a cardiovascular risk marker. The Rio de Janeiro study

Abstracts

FUNDAMENTO: O estudo de variáveis de risco cardiovascular em populações jovens é fundamental para estratégias de prevenção primária OBJETIVO: Avaliar a pressão arterial (PA), perfil antropométrico e metabólico em jovens do Estudo do Rio de Janeiro, acompanhados por 17 anos. MÉTODOS: Foram avaliados 115 indivíduos (64 masculinos) em três momentos (seguimento 212,23±16,0 meses): A1 (12,97±1,48 anos), A2 (21,90±1,71 anos) e A3 (30,65±2,00 anos) e divididos em dois grupos: GN (n=84) com pelo menos duas medidas de PA normais nas três avaliações; GH (n=31) com pelo menos duas medidas de PA anormais nas três avaliações. Nas três ocasiões foram obtidos: PA e índice de massa corporal (IMC). Em A2 e A3: glicose, triglicerídeos, colesterol total e frações. Em A3 acrescentou-se a circunferência abdominal (CA). RESULTADOS: 1) As médias da PA, IMC e CA (p<0,0001) e as prevalências de hipertensão arterial (HAS) e sobrepeso/obesidade (S/O) (p<0,003) foram maiores no GH nas três avaliações; 2) As médias de LDL-c e glicemia (p<0,05) em A2 e a prevalência de síndrome metabólica (SM) em A3 foram maiores no GH; 3) A associação HAS+S/O foi mais prevalente no GH enquanto a associação PA+IMC normais foi mais prevalente no GN (p<0,0001) nas três avaliações; 4) HAS em A1 (RR=5,20 = 5,20; p<0,0007), gênero masculino (RR=5,26 = 5,26; p<0,0019) e S/O em A1 (RR=3,40 = 3,40; p<0,0278) determinaram aumento de risco para HA na fase adulta jovem (A3). CONCLUSÃO: Após 17 anos de acompanhamento, a PA de indivíduos jovens mostrou relação significativa com as variáveis de risco cardiovascular e a ocorrência de SM na fase adulta jovem.

pressão arterial; fatores de risco; criança; adolescente; Brasil; Rio de Janeiro

FUNDAMENTO: El estudio de variables de riesgo cardiovascular en poblaciones jóvenes es fundamental para estrategias de prevención primaria. OBJETIVO: Evaluar la presión arterial (PA), perfil antropométrico y metabólico en jóvenes del Estudio de Rio de Janeiro, seguidos por 17 años. MÉTODOS: Se evaluaron 115 individuos (64 masculinos) en tres momentos (seguimiento 212,23±16,0 meses): A1 (12,97±1,48 años), A2 (21,90±1,71 años) y A3 (30,65±2,00 años) y se dividieron en dos grupos: GN (n=84) con por lo menos dos medidas de PA normales en las tres evaluaciones; GH (n=31) con por lo menos dos medidas de PA anormales en las tres evaluaciones. En las tres ocasiones se obtuvieron: PA e índice de masa corporal (IMC). En A2 y A3: glucosa, triglicéridos, colesterol total y fracciones. En A3 se agregó la circunferencia abdominal (CA). RESULTADOS: 1) Los promedios de la PA, IMC y CA (p<0,0001) y las prevalencias de hipertensión arterial (HAS) y sobrepeso/obesidad (S/O) (p<0,003) fueron mayores en el GH en las tres evaluaciones; 2) Los promedios de LDL-c y glucemia (p<0,05) en A2 y la prevalencia de síndrome metabólico (SM) en A3 fueron mayores en el GH; 3) La asociación HAS+S/O tuvo mayor prevalencia en el GH mientras que la asociación PA+IMC normales tuvo mayor prevalencia en el GN (p<0,0001) en las tres evaluaciones; 4) HAS en A1 (RR=5,20 = 5,20; p<0,0007), género masculino (RR=5,26 = 5,26; p<0,0019) y S/O en A1 (RR=3,40 = 3,40; p<0,0278) determinaron aumento de riesgo para HA en la fase adulta joven (A3). CONCLUSIÓN: Después de 17 años de seguimiento, la PA de individuos jóvenes mostró relación significativa con las variables de riesgo cardiovascular y la ocurrencia de SM en la fase adulta joven.

Presión arterial; factores de riesgo; niño; adolescente; Brasil; Rio de Janeiro

ORIGINAL ARTICLE

Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brazil

Mailing address

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: The study of the cardiovascular risk variables in young populations is fundamental to establish primary prevention strategies.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the blood pressure (BP), anthropometric and metabolic profile in young individuals from The Rio de Janeiro Study, followed by 17 years.

METHODS: A total of 115 individuals (64 males) were evaluated at three different moments (follow-up: 212.23±16.0 months): A1 (12.97±1.48 years), A2 (21.90±1.71 years) and A3 (30.65±2.00 years) and divided in two groups: NG (n=84) with at least two normal BP measurements at the three assessments; HG (n=31) with at least two abnormal BP measurements at the three assessments. BP and body mass index (BMI) were obtained at the three assessments. Levels of glucose, triglycerides, total cholesterol and fractions were obtained at A2 and A3. Abdominal circumference (AC) was obtained only at A3.

RESULTS: 1) The means of BP, BMI and AC (p<0.0001) as well as the prevalence of systemic arterial hypertension (SAH) and overweight/obesity (O/O) (p<0.003) were higher in the HG at the three assessments; 2) The means of LDL-c and glycemia (p<0.05) at A2 and the prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MS) at A3 were higher in the HG; 3) the association SAH+O/O was more prevalent in the HG, whereas the association NBP+NBMI was more prevalent in the NG (p<0.0001) at the three assessments; 4) SAH at A1 (RR=5.20 = 5.20; p<0.0007), male gender (RR=5.26 = 5.26; p<0.0019) and OO at A1 (RR=3.40 = 3.40; p<0.0278) determined an increased risk for AH at the young adult life (A3).

CONCLUSION: After 17 years of follow-up, the BP of young individuals showed a significant association with the cardiovascular risk variables and the occurrence of MS at the young adult life.

Key words: Blood pressure; risk factors; child; adolescent; Brazil; Rio de Janeiro.

Introduction

The cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the main cause of death in the world and it is accountable for around 300,000 deaths/year in Brazil^1-4. These figures justify the search for a more profound knowledge of the disease and its risk factors (RF), so that the primary prevention can be increased in our country^5-7.

It is acknowledged that the RF are involved in the CVD in adult individuals; however, the information on their implications in young individuals is still limited^5-7. However, it is known that atherosclerosis starts at an early age and slowly progresses until the onset of its complications^8,9. The Bogalusa Study showed that atherosclerotic lesions were present in the aorta and coronaries of young individuals and that these lesions were related to the presence of RF^5-7.

It is of fundamental importance to understand the behavior of risk factors throughout the years, as they tend to repeat and worsen - "The Trail or Tracking Phenomenon"^5-7,10-16 - and determine progressive alterations in the cardiovascular system^{5-7,8,9, 10-16}.

In Brazil, the results of the Rio de Janeiro Study (ERJ) have demonstrated that high blood pressure (BP) levels in childhood and adolescence are associated with higher BP levels, anthropometric values and a higher prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MS) at the young adult phase^12-16.

All these findings undeniably demonstrate an association between RF and atherosclerotic disease at the early phases of life¹⁷. However, the pathway that leads to the transition from increased cardiovascular risk in childhood to CVD in adulthood has yet to be fully established¹⁸.

The present study aims at evaluating BP, the anthropometric profile and the metabolic variables in young individuals, stratified by the BP behavior obtained at three different moments, throughout 17 years of follow-up, since childhood and adolescence.

Methods

The study population is originated from the Rio de Janeiro Study^12-16, a line of research on blood pressure (BP) and other cardiovascular RF in young individuals and their families, which has been developed at the Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro since 1983. The present study was carried out in two phases: in the first, around 3,000 children between 6 and 9 years were evaluated (1983-1986) at two phases: school and home, to determine the curves of normality for BP by sex and age range. From 1987 on, the second phase of the ERJ was started and children and adolescents aged 10 to 15 years, who have been followed throughout five phases of assessment: school (1987-1988), home (1989-1991), hospital (1992-1995), family (1996-1999) and ambulatory (2004-2008) were evaluated. The present study is part of this last phase (Figure 1). A total of 3,900 children were assessed in A1 to determine the normality curves of BP by sex and age range. In A2, two groups of individuals were studied, stratified by the BP obtained in A1: the group with increased BP, defined by a BP level >95p, and the group with normal BP, defined as BP level <50p. These two groups comprehended a sample of 385 target-students that were studied and followed at the subsequent phases of the ERJ. Therefore, the 115 students that participated in A3 are representative of the 385 participants in A2; however, they are not representative of the 3,900 young individuals evaluated at the school phase of the second phase of the ERJ, due to the design of the previously described study.

We evaluated 115 individuals (64 males), designated as target-students, of both sexes, during a follow-up of 212.23±16.0 months. For the present study, three evaluations of the second phase of the ERJ were considered, as follows: A1 (School phase): at 12.97±1.48 years (10-16 yrs), A2 (Family phase): at 21.90±1.71 years (18-26 yrs) and A3 (Ambulatory phase): at 30.65±2.00 years (27-36 yrs).

Two groups were formed according to the behavior of the BP, as follows: group N (at least two normal BP measurements at the three assessments), with 84 individuals (42 males) and group H (at least two abnormal BP measurements at the three assessments) with 31 individuals (22 males) (Figure 2).

The study was approved by the Ethics Committee in Research of HUPE. All individuals signed the Free and Informed Consent Form.

A questionnaire was applied at the three assessments to analyze the clinical, epidemiological and sociocultural variables and BP, weight (W) and height (H) were obtained and the body mass index (BMI) was calculated. At A2 and A3, blood glucose, total cholesterol, HDL-c and triglycerides were measured after a 12-hour fasting and LDL-c was calculated. Also at A2, insulin levels were measured and the HOMA-IR was calculated. At A3, the measurement of the abdominal circumference (AC) was added.

The BP was measured in the right upper limb, with the individual lying down, using a mercury column sphygmomanometer, with appropriate cuffs for the individuals' arms¹⁹. Three BP measurements were carried out, with a 5-minute interval between each measurement and the last one was used for the analysis. Systemic arterial hypertension (SAH) was considered when the BP at A1 was > 95 percentile for sex and age and at A2 and A3, when BP >140/90 mmHg.

The BMI was obtained through the ratio: BMI=W/H². A normal weight was considered when the BMI values were <25kg/m²; overweight was considered when BMI was between 25kg/m² and 29.99kg/m²; and obesity when BMI values were >30kg/m²⁰.

The abdominal circumference was measured using an inextensible measurement tape with a 0.1-cm precision, at the midpoint between the iliac crest and the lower border of the last rib²¹. Increased AC values were defined as AC> 102 cm for males and > 88 cm for females^22,23.

The presence of metabolic syndrome (MS) was defined according to the I Brazilian Guidelines on MS, using the cutoff for fasting glycemia > 100 mg/dl proposed by Grundy and cols^22,24.

For the metabolic variables, a normal value was considered when glycemia was <100mg/dl; glucose intolerance when the glycemia was between 100mg/dl and 126mg/dl and DM when the glycemia was >126mg/d²⁵. The normal values for the lipid profile followed the recommendations of the IV Brazilian Guidelines on Dyslipidemia and Atherosclerosis Prevention²⁶.

The data obtained were stored in a single database using the Microsoft Access program. The data were analyzed using the statistical program SPSS for Windows, version 8.0.0, Copyright SPSS Inc., 1989 - 1997.

The following statistical tests were used:

• Student's t test (t): used for the comparison of two sets of data when the following conditions are considered: the mean and standard deviation are good estimates of the central tendency and of the dispersion of these sets; the samples have normal distribution; the populations from where the data were obtained have similar variances and the number of observations is the same for both sets.

• Chi-square Test (χ²): used for the comparison of the frequency distributions of the categorical variables of independent samples.

• The logistic non-linear regression model is used when the response variable is qualitative with two possible results (dichotomous).

Results

The general characteristics of the 115 target-students and of the two groups created based on the BP behavior throughout the 17 years of follow-up (NG = Normal and HG=Hypertensive) are shown in Table 1.

Systolic and diastolic arterial pressure

Table 2 shows the means of the systolic (SAP) and diastolic arterial pressure (DAP) in the total population and in the groups at the three moments of assessment, A1, A2 and A3. When comparing the BP behavior between the groups N (NG) and H (HG), it can be observed that the SAP and DAP means were higher in the HG than in the NG, with statistically significant differences at the three assessments.

When analyzing the positive variation of the BP at the end of 9 years (A1→ A2), no statistically significant differences were observed regarding the variation of the SAP, as well as of the DAP, between the NG and the HG. At the end of 17 years (A1→ A3), a higher positive variation of DAP was observed in the HG (p=0.024); the same was not observed for SAP.

The prevalence of SAH was 39.10%, 23.50% and 30.40%, at A1, A2 and A3 respectively. The HG presented a higher prevalence of SAH at the three assessments, when compared to the NG (p < 0.0001).

Anthropometric variables

The anthropometric variables can be found in Table 3. Higher means of weight and BMI were observed in HG, with statistically significant differences at the three assessments. The same was observed regarding the AC obtained at A3.

The prevalence of overweight/obesity (O/O) in the studied population was 25.20%, 30.40% and 53.9% at A1, A2 and A3, respectively. The HG presented a higher prevalence of O/O when compared to the NG at the three assessments (p < 0.003). The prevalence of increased AC at A3 was 38.30% in the total population, with 71.00% in the HG and 26.20% in the NG (p < 0.0001).

Metabolic variables and metabolic syndrome

The metabolic variables obtained at A2 and A3 are shown in Table 4.

When the behavior of the groups was compared at A2 and A3, it was observed that the HG showed a more unfavorable metabolic profile (higher means of TC, LDL-c, TGL, glycemia and insulinemia and lower means of HDL-c) when compared to the NG, although statistically significant differences were observed only for LDL-c and glycemia at A2.

The metabolic alterations that comprehend an unfavorable risk profile (low HDL-c, increased insulinemia, glucose intolerance - defined as HOMA-IR > 95^th percentile for sex and age at A2, or as fasting glycemia > 100 and < 126 mg/dl at A3), as well as the presence of MS were more prevalent in the HG (Table 5).

Association of BP behavior and BMI

Considering the presence or absence of increased BP and the presence or absence of O/O at the three assessments (A1, A2 and A3), a combination of these two conditions was observed in four different models: [ normal BP+ normal BMI]; [normal BP+ elevated BMI]; [elevated BP + normal BMI] and [elevated BP + elevated BMI]. It was observed that the most unfavorable association model [ elevated BP+ elevated BMI] presented a higher prevalence at the HG at the three assessments. Inversely, for the normal association model [ normal BP+ normal BMI], a higher prevalence was observed in the NG at the three assessments. The prevalence of the four association models at A1, A2 and A3 are shown in Figure 3.

Logistic regression analysis

A model of logistic regression analysis was built for the analysis of the relative risk (RR), where the dependent variable used was the SAH at A3 and the independent variables analyzed were the presence or absence of SAH at A1, the gender and the presence or absence of O/O at A1. It was observed that the presence of SAH at A1 (RR: 5.20; p < 0.0007), the male gender (RR: 5.26; p < 0.0019) and the presence of de O/O at A1 (RR: 3.40; p < 0.0278) determined an increased risk for the occurrence of SAH at A3.

Discussion

It is of fundamental importance to study the behavior of the cardiovascular RF since childhood and adolescence until the adult age, in order to adopt primary prevention measures^5-7,17,27-29.

The BP behavior has been analyzed in several populations of young individuals and there is increasing evidence that the BP in childhood is correlated with the BP in the adult life and that SAH in children is an important RF for the future development of CAD^27-32.

In the present study, the repetition of normal and abnormal BP values from childhood and adolescence allowed us to separate the participants in two groups of young individuals that presented the variables that comprehend the cardiovascular RF with different behaviors, reinforcing the importance of observing these variables from the earlier age ranges.

It is known that the BP tends to increase from birth, throughout childhood and adolescence^30,31. In this analysis of the ERJ cohort, a similar behavior was observed, with a progressive BP increase with age, verified through the positive variation of the SAP and DAP during the 17 years of follow-up in both the NG and HG.

The BP values observed in childhood tend to remain in the same percentile range with time, which means that the children with higher BP percentiles tend to remain in the higher percentiles until the adult age^17,27,30-32. The BP means and the SAH prevalence were always higher in the HG than in the NG at the three assessments, suggesting that children and adolescents present a pattern of BP behavior throughout time. It is worth mentioning that the original design of the Rio de Janeiro Study (ERJ) was characterized by the follow-up of young individuals with distinct BP behaviors at the school phase: with a BP percentile >95 or with a BP percentile <50. Therefore, in the subsequent phases of the study, higher SAH prevalence rates are expected than those observed in the general population within this age range.

The body composition is one of the main BP determinants in children. There is a direct association between weight and BP, especially in the second decade of life^33-35. In our country, several ERJ cohort publications had already shown the importance of the body composition in BP determinism in children and adolescents^12-16. In the present study, higher weight, height and BMI means were observed in HG at the three assessments, showing that this population also presented an association between body composition and BP.

Similarly to what has been reported in the literature^12-16,33-35, a progressive increase in the prevalence of increased BMI was observed throughout the 17 years of follow-up (A1 = 25.2% → A2 = 30.4% → A3 = 53.9%). Reinforcing the knowledge of the association between O/O and SAH in this age range, it was observed that, from childhood to the present moment, the target-students that belonged to the HG presented higher prevalence of O/O.

A relevant aspect is to know the pattern of body fat distribution and its association with the RF in young populations^34,35. In the study sample, the association between central obesity and BP was evident, with the individuals from the HG presenting a higher mean AC at A3. Additionally, it is important to study the association of SAH and O/O, due to its unfavorable potential^11,36-38. The results of the present study are in agreement with those in the literature^36-38 demonstrating a progressive increase in the prevalence of the association [SAH + O/O] throughout the 17 years of follow-up (A1 = 15.7% → A3 = 27%). If the condition of at least one of the present factors (SAH or O/O) is considered, it can be observed that this unfavorable risk profile also became more prevalent throughout the follow-up, being present in almost 60% (57.5%) of the target-students in the current phase (A3).

In the present study, the individuals from the HG presented a more unfavorable metabolic profile than those in the NG, with higher TC, LDL-c and TGL means and lower HDL-c means. Among the individuals from the HG, the prevalence of low HDL-c levels was almost two-fold higher than among those from the NG, which reinforces the unfavorable CV risk profile in this group of young individuals.

The aggregation of RF in adults is very common in clinical practice. In the last years, this same association has been documented in the young population^{12-16,22,24,37}. The metabolic syndrome (MS), an important representation of the RF aggregation, is a condition associated with high cardiovascular morbidity and mortality and with the elevated socioeconomic cost^{12,14-16,22,37}.

In the studied population, a more unfavorable metabolic profile was observed among the target-students from the HG. As observed in the literature^39,40, the low HDL-c was a highly prevalent alteration (61.3%) in this population. Other elements that are part of the context of the MS and reflect the alteration in glucose tolerance and insulin resistance (HOMA-IR, abnormal fasting glycemia and high serum insulin levels) were also more prevalent in individuals from the HG, in agreement with the literature^12,16,39,40. The prevalence of MS presented a similar distribution, being more prevalent among the target-students from the HG.

It is also important to consider the impact of some modifiable and non-modifiable RF on the increased risk of CVD development. Among the non-modifiable RF, age and gender are acknowledged to be important in CVD determinism. The male gender is associated with a higher cardiovascular risk^{8,11,17,26,27}. At the logistic regression analysis, the main factors related to the occurrence of SAH at the adult age were: male gender (5.26; 95%CI: 1.8438 - 15.0353; p = 0.0019), presence of SAH (5.20; 95%CI: 1.9986 - 13.5061; p = 0.007) and the presence of O/O (3.40; 95%CI 1.1430 - 10.1046; p = 0.0278) in childhood and adolescence (A1), emphasizing that, in addition to the male gender, the presence of SAH and O/O at A1 are important for the cardiovascular risk profile at the young adult phase.

The main limitation of the present study is the same experiences by several other cohorts in the literature and is related to the longitudinal character of the follow-up that determines progressive losses of part of the original sample. However, it is worth mentioning that the population sample of the Rio de Janeiro Study is a non-hospitalized sample and has been followed for the last 17 years, constituting the Brazilian cohort within this age range with the longest follow-up to date.

In conclusion, the maintenance of elevated BP levels from childhood to the young adult life correlated with a more unfavorable profile of cardiovascular risk represented by higher prevalence of arterial hypertension, overweight/obesity, lipid and glycidic alterations as well as the presence of metabolic syndrome in the young adult phase. The findings suggest that the primary prevention measures for cardiovascular risk factors must be initiated in childhood and adolescence.

Potential Conflict of Interest

No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

Sources of Funding

This study was partially funded by Faperj.

Study Association

This article is part of the thesis of master submitted by Erika Maria Gonçalves Campana, from Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro.

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Blood pressure in young individuals as a cardiovascular risk marker. The Rio de Janeiro study

Erika Maria Gonçalves Campana; Andréa Araújo Brandão; Roberto Pozzan; Maria de Fátima França; Flavia Lopes Fonseca; Oswaldo L Pizzi; Maria Eliane Campos Magalhães; Elizabete Viana de Freitas; Ayrton Pires Brandão

Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  05 May 2010
• Date of issue
  Dec 2009

History

• Accepted
  06 Aug 2009
• Reviewed
  05 July 2009
• Received
  14 Nov 2008