Assessment of the adherence of cardiologists to guidelines for the treatment of atrial fibrillation

Abstracts

FUNDAMENTO: Não existem estudos locais avaliando o conhecimento dos cardiologistas sobre as condutas no tratamento da fibrilação atrial (FA) e o conhecimento dessas diretrizes. OBJETIVO: Avaliar o conhecimento de diretrizes e práticas clínicas no tratamento da FA, relacionando-o com o tempo de graduação médica. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal incluindo, aleatoriamente, cardiologistas, membros da Sociedade de Cardiologia do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul (SOCERGS). Os médicos foram divididos pelas datas de graduação em dois grupos: acima (G1) e abaixo (G2) de 25 anos da formatura. RESULTADOS: Dos 859 membros da SOCERGS, 150 foram entrevistados, sendo que seis se recusaram a participar do estudo. O G1 foi formado por 71 e o G2 por 73 médicos. Houve diferença nos seguintes fatores: uso de beta bloqueador como droga de primeira escolha para controle da resposta na FA 59,2%(G1) vs. 91,8%(G2) (p<0,0001); uso de digoxina como droga preferencial no controle da resposta da FA=19,7%(G1) vs. 0% (G2)(p< 0,0001); warfarina como anticoagulante preferencial 71,8%(G1) vs. 93,2%(G2)(p=0,009); aplicação de algum escore de risco para anticoagulação em 73,2%(G1) vs. 87,7%(G2)(p=0,02). Em questões sobre o conhecimento das diretrizes da Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia de FA, o percentual geral de acertos foi de 82,3 %. CONCLUSÃO: A maioria das condutas clínicas referentes ao manejo da FA está de acordo com as diretrizes e a prática clínica difere conforme o tempo de graduação.

Diretrizes; Fibrilação Atrial; Anticoagulação

Instituto de Cardiologia/Fundação Universitária de Cardiologia - Programa de Pós Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Cardiologia, Porto Alegre, RS - Brazil

Mailing Address

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: No local studies evaluating the knowledge of cardiologists on the management of atrial fibrillation (AF) and their adherence to these guidelines are available.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the knowledge of cardiologists on the guidelines and clinical practices for the treatment of AF, correlating it to the time since medical graduation.

METHODS: Cross-sectional study randomly including cardiologists affiliated to the Society of Cardiology of the State of Rio Grande do Sul (Sociedade de Cardiologia do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul - SOCERGS). The physicians were divided into two groups, according to time since graduation: those graduated for more (G1) or less (G2) than 25 years.

RESULTS: Of the 859 SOCERGS members, 150 were interviewed, and six refused to participate in the study. G1 comprised 71 physicians, and G2, 73. Differences were observed in regard to the following variables: use of betablockers as the first-choice drug for the control of AF response in 59.2% (G1) vs 91.8% (G2) (p<0.0001); use of digoxin as the preferred drug for the control of AF response in 19.7% (G1) vs 0% (G2) (p< 0.0001); warfarin as the preferred anticoagulant in 71.8% (G1) vs 93.2% (G2) (p=0.009); application of a risk score for anticoagulation in 73.2% (G1) vs 87.7% (G2) (p=0.02). In questions regarding the knowledge about the Brazilian Society of Cardiology's guideline for AF, the overall percentage of right answers was 82.3%.

CONCLUSION: Most of the clinical measures regarding the management of AF comply with the guidelines, and the clinical practice differs according with the time since graduation.

Keywords: Atrial Fibrillation, Anticoagulants, Guidelines.

Introdução

Clinical guidelines are important tools to minimize inappropriate care, to improve clinical practice, and to provide a measurement of its quality as well as a better cost-effective evidence-based option¹.

Despite worldwide development of clinical guidelines in the past decades, physicians' adherence to these guidelines has been below the expected in different medical areas. This is justified by the fact that they are considered impractical and too strict to be applied in patients. Also, they reduce the physician's autonomy^1,2.

In a survey among general practitioners in The Netherlands with the objective of verifying the reasons why the recommendations of 12 national guidelines were not being followed, the main reasons reported were: lack of agreement with the recommendations, environmental factors, lack of knowledge regarding the recommendations, and unclear or ambiguous recommendations³. In other studies, the recommendations were more likely to be followed when they were supported by clear evidence, were consistent with the existing standards and values, did not require new skills or changes in practice routines, were less controversial, and were strongly based on scientific evidence^4,5.

Although atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common cardiac arrhythmia, with severe thromboembolic implications and high morbidity and mortality⁵, accounting for approximately 33% of medical hospitalizations for arrhythmias^6,7, in Brazil, there are no assessments regarding the clinical practice in the treatment of AF or the level of cardiologists' knowledge of and adherence to the guidelines for AF^2-4.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the level of knowledge of and adherence to the more frequently used guidelines for AF in our midst^8-11, and to verify if there are knowledge differences between groups of cardiologists with different times since medical graduation, by means of the administration of a questionnaire.

Methods

This is a cross-sectional study including 150 cardiologists randomly chosen from a the list of members of the Society of Cardiology of Rio Grande do Sul (Sociedade de Cardiologia do Rio Grande do Sul - SOCERGS). The participants were divided into groups according to time since graduation, and were interviewed by phone or personally.

Calculation of the sample size was estimated assuming that 95% of the newly graduated physicians had some knowledge about the different guidelines for the treatment of AF, versus 75% of physicians graduated for a longer time. Thus, using an alpha error of 5% and a beta error of 20%, 98 interviewees would be necessary. A larger number of interviewees was included so that occasional subanalyses could be carried out and potential inconsistencies found in the data collection instrument could be compensated for.

The groups were previously defined between those with more or less than 25 years since graduation. This cut-off point, as well as the values for the calculation of the sample size, was based on a study previously conducted in another medical specialty, which demonstrated differences in the knowledge of physicians stratified for this time cut-off point¹².

The study population comprised clinical cardiologists affiliated to the SOCERGS, and the exclusion criteria were as follows: physicians working exclusively with arrhythmias, electrophysiologists, and pediatric cardiologists. The study was carried out between March and July 2012, and administered by one single researcher.

The assessment tool was a questionnaire that had been developed by three cardiologists affiliated to the Brazilian Society of Cardiology (Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC), and who worked mainly in the areas of clinical cardiology and clinical arrhythmology, invasive electrophysiology, and cardiac surgery with emphasis on surgeries for arrhythmias. The present tool comprised 26 topics and its objective was to assess:

1. Interviewee's working profile;

2. Adherence to guidelines for AF;

3. Drugs used to revert AF and control the heart rate (HR);

4. Assessment of anticoagulation, drugs used, complications, use of new anticoagulants, and risk scores for anticoagulation^13,14;

5. Practical use of surgery and percutaneous ablation of AF;

6. Assessment of the physician's knowledge and management of six class-I clinical settings of the SBC's Brazilian Guidelines for AF¹¹.

In regard to the last topic, the following clinical settings were hypothesized:

1. Do you prescribe anticoagulants for an 80-year-old woman with history of a ischemic stroke two years ago, with no permanent damage, and who has developed atrial fibrillation for three months?

2. Do you prescribe anticoagulants for an otherwise healthy 36-year-old man presenting with AF on routine electrocardiogram (ECG), with controlled HR, who is asymptomatic, and has no structural disease?

3. Do you indicate electrical cardioversion for patients with digitalis intoxication or hypokalemia?

4. Is a left atrial thrombus a contraindication for the performance of atrial fibrillation ablation?

5. Do you indicate surgical correction for AF in a patient requiring mitral valve replacement?

6. Do you indicate ablation for symptomatic AF in a young patient with a normal heart refractory to medication in the absence of metabolic disorders?

Depending on the question asked, the answers could be:

a) Stimulated and single (options were given and only one answer was accepted);

b) Stimulated and multiple (options were given and more than one answer was accepted)

c) Spontaneous and single (no options were given and only one answer was accepted);

d) Spontaneous and multiple (no options were given, and more than one answer was accepted).

The guidelines published and revised throughout the years by the Canadian (CHA), American (AHA), European (ESC) and Brazilian (SBC) societies^8,11 were used as references to prepare the questionnaire.

Data are expressed as a percentage of answers. The differences between groups were considered statistically significant when they were out of the study's maximum margin of error. For this purpose, the Mann Whitney test was used for the comparison of the continuous variables number of congresses attended, and work in the Single Health System (Sistema Único de Saúde - SUS), private health system, office and hospital. The Pearson's chi square test for the comparison of categorical variables between the groups (p < 0.05, 95% confidence interval) was used in the other comparisons. The data collected were analyzed using the PASW Statistics 19.0.0 statistical program (IBM - SPSS, Inc., 2009, Chicago, IL, USA).

Results

Of the 859 physicians affiliated to the SOCERGS, 150 were selected; of these, six refused to participate in the study. Therefore, 144 cardiologists (16.7% of the physicians affiliated to the SOCERGS) were included. In the randomized selections of interviewees, none met any of the exclusion criteria.

Of the 144 cardiologists interviewed, 80.6% were men, 66.6% worked in the State capital, and 50% attended at least two congresses a year. Of the total, 52.1% did not see SUS patients.

Of the physicians who agreed to participate in the study (Figure 1), 71 were graduates for more than 25 years (G1), and 73, for less than 25 years (G2). G1 physicians spent more time working in their private offices, with a significant statistical difference between the groups (Table 1).

As regards the adherence to guidelines for AF, 9.9% (G1) versus 1.4% (G2) (p = 0.02), did not follow any guideline. The guidelines more frequently followed were SBC's, with no difference between groups. Table 1 shows the percentage of use of the other guidelines.

The drugs used as the first choice for HR control in AF are shown in Table 2; significant differences were observed between groups as regards the type of drugs used.

Amiodarone and propafenone are preferably used to reverse AF, with no differences in the frequency of use of these drugs between the study groups.

Of the physicians graduated for a longer time, 59.3% reported that they assess the prothrombin time (PT) of their anticoagulated patients on a monthly basis, versus 72.6% of the younger group (p = 0.13). The percentage of patients not receiving anticoagulants, but who were supposed to be anticoagulated was 14.4% (G1), versus 19.4% (G2) (p = 0.56).

The main reasons for not using anticoagulation therapy were: patient's low intellectual level in 71.8% (G1) and 86.3% (G2) (p=0.03); history of previous bleeding in 64.8% (G1) and 53.3% (G2) (p=0.11); blood disorders in 12.7% (G1), versus 8.2% (G2) (p=0.38); liver diseases in 11.3% (G1) and 6.8% (G2) (p=0.35); and patients older than 80 years of age in 16.9% (G1) versus 11% (G2) (p = 0.34).

Warfarin was the most frequently used anticoagulant in 71.8% (G1) compared to 93.2% (G2) (p = 0.009) (Table 3). When the interviewees were asked about the percentage of patients who discontinued anticoagulation therapy permanently due to severe complications, 91.5% (G1) and 90.4% (G2) reported less than 5%. The main reasons for permanent discontinuation were gastrointestinal hemorrhage (83%) and hemorrhagic stroke (91.8%), with no statistical significance between the groups.

The use of a risk score for anticoagulation is less frequent among physicians graduated for a longer time, 73.2% (G1) versus 87.7% (G2) (p=0.02); the percentages of use of the different scores are shown in Table 3.

In regard to the use of new anticoagulants, we assessed the use of dabigatran, the only representative of the new class available in the Brazilian marked at the time of the study. In new patients to be anticoagulated, the mean frequency of use was 28.2% (G1) versus 22.3% (G2), with no statistical difference between the groups.

In regard to invasive procedures for the treatment of AF, the mean number of patients undergoing ablation of AF was 2.82 (G1) and 3.42 (G2) and, in the case of surgery for AF in correction of mitral valve disease, 0.94 (G1) and 1.11 (G2). No statistically significant differences were observed in any of the cases.

Six clinical settings were also presented to evaluate the physicians' knowledge of and adherence to SBC's guidelines, all with correct answers related to class I; differences were observed especially in questions regarding the invasive treatment of AF. The results are shown in Table 4.

Discussion

The guidelines issued by the Societies of Cardiology should be observed so that the best result could be achieved in patients' care, because these documents are developed by specialists after exhaustive literature reviews and peer discussions, and supported by clear scientific evidence. This is a pioneering survey in our midst, which showed that the time since graduation seems to be a differential factor in decision making regarding medical therapies for patients with AF. This seems to be also true when treatment decisions made by colleagues from other medical specialties are analyzed, in relation to the time since medical graduation¹².

We observed that there were no statistically significant differences in the knowledge about guidelines for AF among physicians graduated for either a longer or shorter time. However, approximately 10% of the cardiologists graduated for more than 25 years do not adhere to any guideline, and a significant percentage does not use any risk score before starting anticoagulation therapy. Thus, we can conclude that there is knowledge about the guidelines for AF, but their practical application by physicians graduated for a longer time is less frequent, probably because of the difficulty to change treatment habits incorporated in the practice routine. This seems to corroborate international data, which showed that the implementation of new routines proved to be a limiting factor for a better care, especially for more complex new routines^13,14. The number of physicians who reported they knew the guidelines is in accordance with data from the international literature¹⁵. However, the attitudes regarding the adherence to these recommendations seem to differ in our study group.

Physicians graduated for a longer time still frequently use digoxin as the first option for HR control, whereas physicians graduated for a shorter time hardly ever use this drug for HR control.

Phenprocoumon is less commonly used by physicians graduated for a shorter time, although a local study has demonstrated a better therapeutic control in comparison to warfarin^16,17. Perhaps this finding can be explained by the fact that this vitamin-K antagonist is not available in the North American market, therefore it is not mentioned in the guidelines for AF of their societies. Although phenprocoumon is widely used in Europe, this does not seem to influence the practice of physicians graduated for a shorter time.

The use of dabigatran, in turn, was more frequent among physicians graduated for more than 25 years, with no statistical difference between the groups, with more physicians prescribing it in their private offices in comparison to physicians working at SUS. Since the group of physicians graduated for a shorter time works more frequently at SUS, the more wide use of dabigatran by physicians graduated for a longer time seems to be a bias, probably because of the high cost of the treatment. Unlike in Canada and England, where the government subsidizes these medications, the public health system in Brazil does not yet provide these medications for free or at a subsidized cost.

When asked about the main reason for not using anticoagulation therapy in a patient with indication to receive this treatment, the patient's low intellectual level was the main cause reported by physicians of both groups, but especially by physicians graduated for a shorter time, precisely those who belong to the group that more frequently work at SUS. This attitude may reflect a greater concern about non-compliance and potential adverse risks that may be fatal with this group of medications. However, this approach may be mistaken, because a study conducted in our institution, in SUS patients treated with oral anticoagulation therapy, showed a good compliance rate, with a good percentage of prothrombin time within the therapeutic target, and a low incidence of adverse events, even in patients with polypharmacy and a low intellectual level^18,19.

In relation to invasive procedures for the treatment of AF, a higher frequency of their use was observed among physicians graduated for a shorter time. However, this frequency seems to be lower than the desired one, because these therapies are recommended for these cases by both the guidelines and randomized studies^9,11,20,21.

Another interesting finding was the absence of calcium-channel blockers as the first option for HR control by any of the group of physicians, although studies have demonstrated that this group of medications is associated with better clinical outcomes in comparison to other drugs used for the same purpose^22,23.

The use of amiodarone as the first choice for HR control by 14.60% of cardiologists seems inadequate, because the use of this drug is recommended not for these cases, but for patients with ventricular dysfunction and AF with rapid response, for whom rhythm control was not successful, or for those acutely ill with AF and rapid response associated with ventricular dysfunction^8,9,11. Maybe this group believes that the drug will act in reverting the sinus rhythm even in chronic patients. This seems to be true in other groups studied²⁴. Another fact that has already been proved in the literature is that amiodarone seems to be the drug of choice for rhythm control in South America²⁵. This figure is similar to the rate of use of amiodarone in Canada where, however, it is used with the purpose of rhythm control²³.

This study has some limitations, since data were obtained from direct interview with physicians, without assessment of medical records or patients' interview; this can determine discrepancies between what was reported and what really is applied in the daily clinical practice. Also, only a small part of SOCERGS's affiliated physicians was interviewed, and this limits the analysis of the overall opinion of members or even of cardiologists in the state of Rio Grande do Sul. Another aspect is the external validity of this study, since these data cannot be extrapolated to all Brazilian cardiologists, given that each region has its own particularities, especially in a country of such a vast size.

Conclusions

This study demonstrated that a significant number of physicians interviewed has a knowledge of the main societies' recommendations for the management of patients with AF. Adherence to these guidelines, which contain what is effectively done in the daily clinical practice, is lower in the group graduated for a longer time. This difference occurs mainly in regard to the management of anticoagulation therapy, the use of antiarrhythmic drugs, and indication of invasive treatments for the control of arrhythmia. Therefore, in this sample, time since medical graduation had an influence on the clinical practice, with longer times related to less frequent adherence to medical guidelines for the management of AF.

We thank our colleague cardiologists who helped respond to this survey, and without whom this study could not have been conducted.

Conception and design of the research, Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: van der Sand CR, Leiria TLL, Kalil RAK; Acquisition of data and Obtaining funding: van der Sand CR; Analysis and interpretation of the data and Statistical analysis: van der Sand CR, Leiria TLL.

Potential Conflict of Interest

No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

Sources of Funding

There were no external funding sources for this study.

Study Association

This article is part of the thesis of master submitted by Cézar R. van der Sand, from Instituto de Cardiologia/Fundação Universitária de Cardiologia.

References

• 1. Mion D Jr, da Silva GV, de Gusmão JL, Machado CA, Amodeo C, Nobre F, et al. Os médicos brasileiros seguem as diretrizes brasileiras de hipertensão? ArqBrasCardiol.2007;88(2):212-7.
• 2. Grol R, Dalhuijsen J, Thomas S, Veld C, Rutten G, Mokkink H.Attributesofclinicalguidelinesthatinfluence use ofguidelines in general practice: observationalstudy. BMJ.1998;317(7162):858-61.
• 3. Lugtenberg M, Zegers-van Schaick JM, Westert GP, Burgers JS. Why don't physicians adhere to guideline recommendations in practice? An analysis of barriers among Dutch general practitioners. Implement Sci. 2009;4:54.
• 4. Burgers JS, Grol RP, Zaat JO, Spies TH, van der Bij AK, Mokkink HG. Characteristics of effective clinical guidelines for general practice. Br J Gen Pract. 2003;53(486):15-9.
• 5. Feinberg WM, Blackshear JL, Laupacis A, Kronmal R, Hart RG. Prevalence, age distribution, and gender of patients with atrial fibrillation: analysisand implications. Arch Intern Med. 1995;155(5):469-73.
• 6. Miyasaka Y, Barnes ME, Gersh BJ, Cha SS, Bailey KR, Abhayaratna WP, et al. Secular trends in incidence of atrial fibrillation in Olmsted County, Minnesota, 1980 to 2000, and implications on the projections for future prevalence. Circulation. 2006;114(2):119-25.
• 7. Benjamin EJ, Levy D, Vaziri SM, D'Agostino RB, Belanger AJ, Wolf PA. Independent risk factors for atrial fibrillation in a population-based cohort: The Framingham Heart Study. JAMA. 1994;271(11):840-4.
• 8. Fuster V, Rydén LE, Cannom DS, Crijns HJ, Curtis AB, Ellenbogen KA, et al; American CollegeofCardiology/American Heart AssociationTask Force onPracticeGuidelines; EuropeanSocietyofCardiologyCommittee for PracticeGuidelines; EuropeanHeart RhythmAssociation; Heart RhythmSociety.ACC/AHA/ESC 2006 Guidelines for the Management of Patients with Atrial Fibrillation: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines and the European Society of Cardiology Committee for Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Revise the 2001 Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Atrial Fibrillation): developed in collaboration with the European Heart Rhythm Association and the Heart Rhythm Society.Circulation. 2006;114(7):e257-354.Erratum in Circulation. 2007;116(6):e138.
• 9. Camm AJ, Kirchhof P, Lip GY, Schotten U, Savelieva I, Ernst S, et al;European Heart Rhythm Association; European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery.Guidelines for the management of atrial fibrillation: the Task Force for the Management of Atrial Fibrillation of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Eur Heart J. 2010;31(19):2369-429.Erratum in Eur Heart J. 2011;32(9):1172.
• 10. Cairns JA, Connolly S, McMurtry S, Stephenson M, Talajic M; CCS Atrial Fibrillation Guidelines Committee. Canadian Cardiovascular Society atrial fibrillation guidelines 2010: prevention of stroke and systemic thromboembolism in atrial fibrillation and flutter. Can J Cardiol. 2011;27(1):74-90.
• 11. Zimerman LI, Fenelon G, Martinelli Filho M, Grupi C, Atié J, Lorga Filho A, et al; Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia. Diretrizes brasileiras de fibrilação atrial. ArqBrasCardiol. 2009;92(6 supl. 1):1-39.
• 12. Sass N, Torloni MR, Soares BG, AtallahAN.Continuing medical education in Brazil: what about obstetricians and gynecologists? Sao Paulo Med J.2005;123(1):5-10.
• 13. Gage BF, Waterman AD, Shannon W, Boechler M, Rich MW, Radford MJ. Validation of clinical classification schemes for predicting stroke: results from the National Registry of Atrial Fibrillation. JAMA. 2001;285(22):2864-70.
• 14. Olesen JB, Lip GY, Hansen ML, Hansen PR, Tolstrup JS, Lindhardsen J, et al. Validation of risk stratification schemes for predicting stroke and thromboembolism in patients with atrial fibrillation: nationwide cohort study. BMJ. 2011;342:d124.
• 15. Meinertz T, Kirch W, Rosin L, Pittrow D, Willich SN, Kirchhof P; ATRIUM investigators.Management of atrial fibrillation by primary care physicians in Germany: baseline results of the ATRIUM registry. Clin Res Cardiol. 2011;100(10):897-905.
• 16. Leiria TL, Lopes RD, Williams JB, Katz JN, Kalil RA, Alexander JH. Antithrombotic therapies in patients with prosthetic heart valves: guidelines translated for the clinician. J Thromb Thrombolysis. 2011;31(4):514-22.
• 17. Zipes DP, Camm AJ, Borggrefe M, Buxton AE, Chaitman B, Fromer M, et al;European Heart Rhythm Association; Heart Rhythm Society, ACC/AHA/ESC 2006 guidelines for management of patients with ventricular arrhythmias and the prevention of sudden cardiac death: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force and the European Society of Cardiology Committee for Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Develop Guidelines for Management of Patients With Ventricular Arrhythmias and the Prevention of Sudden Cardiac Death). J Am CollCardiol. 2006;48(5):e247-346.
• 18. Leiria TL, Pellanda L, Miglioranza MH, Sant'anna RT, Becker LS, Magalhães E, et al. [Warfarin and phenprocoumon: experience of an outpatient anticoagulation clinic].Arq Bras Cardiol. 2010;94(1):41-5.
• 19. Esmerio FG, Souza EN, Leiria TL, Lunelli R, Moraes MA. Constant use of oral anticoagulants: implications in the control of their adequate levels. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2009;93(5):549-54.
• 20. deLima GG, Kalil RA, Leiria TL, Hatem DM, Kruse CL, Abrahão R, et al. Randomized study of surgery for patients with permanent atrial fibrillation as a result of mitral valve disease. Ann Thorac Surg. 2004;77(6):2089-94.
• 21. Ulimoen SR, Enger S, Carlson J, Platonov PG, Pripp AH, Abdelnoor M, et al. Comparison of four single-drug regimens on ventricular rate and arrhythmia-related symptoms in patients with permanent atrial fibrillation. Am J Cardiol. 2013;111(2):225-30.
• 22. SiuCW, Lau CP, Lee WL, Lam KF, TseHF. Intravenous diltiazem is superior to intravenous amiodarone or digoxin for achieving ventricular rate control in patients with acute uncomplicated atrial fibrillation. Crit Care Med. 2009;37(7):2174-9.
• 23. Andrade JG, Connolly SJ, Dorian P, Green M, Humphries KH, Klein GJ, et al. Antiarrhythmic use from 1991 to 2007: insightsfrom the Canadian Registry of Atrial Fibrillation (CARAF I and II). Heart Rhythm. 2010;7(9):1171-7.
• 24. McCabe JM, Johnson CJ, Marcus GM. Internal medicine physicians' perceptions regarding rate versus rhythm control for atrial fibrillation. Am J Cardiol. 2009;103(4):535-9.
• 25. Kowey PR, Breithardt G, Camm J, Crijns H, Dorian P, Le Heuzey JY, et al. Physician stated atrial fibrillation management in light of treatment guidelines: data from an international, observational prospective survey. ClinCardiol. 2010;33(3):172-8.

Assessment of the adherence of cardiologists to guidelines for the treatment of atrial fibrillation

Cézar R. van der Sand; Tiago Luiz Luz Leiria; Renato Abdala Karam Kalil

Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  23 July 2013
• Date of issue
  Aug 2013

History

• Received
  24 Oct 2012
• Accepted
  15 Mar 2013
• Reviewed
  14 Nov 2012