Minimal endoscopic changes in non-erosive reflux disease

Abstracts

BACKGROUND:

Gastroesophageal reflux disease is an increasingly common condition worldwide causing a considerable economic impact. More than half the patients with clinical symptoms of reflux disease display no mucosal erosions on esophagogastroduodenoscopy, making it impossible to confirm the diagnosis without further investigations.

AIM:

To evaluate the correlation between minimal endoscopic changes on white-light esophagogastroduodenoscopy (carditis, mucosal thickening and invisibility of vessels) and histologic changes observed in distal esophageal biopsies in a sample of patients with symptoms suggestive of reflux disease, and to verify the specificity of these symptoms for non-erosive reflux disease.

METHODS:

Retrospective, cross-sectional study based on information retrieved from a digital database at a Brazilian hospital for the period March-October, 2012. The sample consisted of previously untreated, non-smoking subjects aged >18 years with symptoms suggestive of reflux disease but no esophageal erosions, submitted to esophagogastroduodenoscopy and distal esophageal biopsy.

RESULTS:

The final sample included 23 subjects. The most frequently observed change was invisibility of vessels (n=21; 91.3%), followed by mucosal thickening (n=15; 65.2%) and carditis (n=5; 21.7%). The correlation coefficient between each variable and the anatomopathological diagnosis was 0.386 for body mass index, 0.479 for mucosal thickening, -0.116 for invisibility of vessels, 0.306 for carditis and 0.462 for hiatal hernia.

CONCLUSION:

All patients displayed minimal endoscopic changes on esophagogastroduodenoscopy, but only mucosal thickening revealed a moderately significant correlation with severity of esophagitis, although increased body mass index values and the presence of hiatal hernia were also associated.

Peptic esophagitis; Gastrointestinal endoscopy; Gastroesophageal reflux

RACIONAL:

Doença do refluxo gastroesofágico é condição cada vez mais comum em todo o mundo causando impacto econômico considerável. Mais da metade dos pacientes com sintomas clínicos da doença não apresentam erosões endoscópicas da mucosa, o que torna impossível confirmar o diagnóstico sem outras investigações.

OBJETIVO:

Avaliar a correlação entre mudanças mínimas endoscópicas em endoscopia digestiva alta de luz branca (cardite, espessamento da mucosa e invisibilidade de vasos) e as alterações histológicas observadas em biópsias distais de uma amostra de pacientes com sintomas sugestivos de doença do refluxo, e para verificar a especificidade desses sintomas para a doença não-erosiva.

MÉTODOS:

Estudo retrospectivo, transversal, com base em informações obtidas a partir de uma base de dados digital em um hospital brasileiro no período de março/outubro de 2012. A amostra foi composta por indivíduos não tratados previamente, não fumantes, >18 anos, com sintomas sugestivos de doença do refluxo, mas sem erosões esofágicas submetidos à endoscopia digestiva alta e biópsia de esôfago distal.

RESULTADOS:

A amostra final incluiu 23 indivíduos. A alteração mais frequente foi invisibilidade dos vasos (n=21; 91,3%), seguido por espessamento de mucosa (n=15; 65,2%) e cardite (n=5; 21,7%). O coeficiente de correlação entre cada variável e o diagnóstico anatomopatológico foi 0,386 para o índice de massa corporal, 0,479 para espessamento de mucosa, -0,116 para a invisibilidade de vasos, 0,306 para carditis e 0,462 para hérnia hiatal.

CONCLUSÃO:

Todos os pacientes apresentaram alterações endoscópicas mínimas, mas apenas espessamento da mucosa revelou correlação moderadamente significativa com a gravidade da esofagite, apesar do aumento dos valores no índice de massa corporal e da presença de hérnia hiatal também estarem associados.

Esofagite péptica; Endoscopia gastrointestinal; Refluxo gastroesofágico

INTRODUCTION

Gastroesophageal reflux may be defined as the unimpeded traveling back of gastric contents into the esophagus. It can affect indiscriminately all individuals and may occur several times a day, especially after meals. When the duration is short, with no symptoms or signs of mucosal injury, it may be considered a physiological process.

Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is defined by the International Consensus of Montreal (2006) as "a condition that develops when the reflux of stomach contents causes troublesome symptoms and/or complications"²³. GERD is highly prevalent around the world. In Brazil, 11.9% of the population is affected, and the prevalence is expected to increase¹⁸. Chronic GERD is associated with high levels of morbidity, frequent recurrence and loss of quality of life. The condition has several clinical presentations, regardless of gender and age, and produces a considerable economic impact, mostly due to expenditure on clinical and laboratory examinations²¹.

Diagnosis requires detailed clinical history-taking and complementary tests. When suspecting GERD, the first test performed is usually esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD), a relatively simple procedure which allows to directly visualize the upper digestive tract and helps rule out other and more severe gastrointestinal diseases¹⁷. Confirmed by the presence of mucosal erosions, GERD is classified as erosive and subclassified according to the Los Angeles or the Savary-Miller classification¹². However, endoscopic classifications merely distinguish between erosive and non-erosive esophagitis, but do not take into account the minimal changes observed in patients with non-erosive disease.

Between 50-75% of individuals with signs and symptoms suggestive of GERD display no visible erosions on EGD. In the absence of diagnostic confirmation, non-erosive reflux disease (NERD) is usually suspected^12,16,17. In such patients, diagnosis requires esophageal pH testing, esophageal biopsy and, in some cases, esophageal impedance-pH testing^5,21. Currently, NERD is distinguished from erosive esophagitis by conventional white-light EGD and distinguished from functional heartburn by esophageal pH testing, with or without impedancemetry.

Anatomopathological analysis of esophageal biopsies may be used to confirm GERD microscopically^5,21. Advances in EGD technology have made it possible to identify previously undetectable changes potentially associated with non-erosive disease. However, according to most studies, minimal changes (e.g. erythema, friability and edema) often display low specificity for NERD as they may also result from non-pathological factors, such as smoking¹⁵.

The need for standardizing the endoscopic diagnosis of GERD recently led to the introduction of a classification for "minimal change esophagitis", which, in the absence of erosions, categorizes subtle changes in the mucosa. However, it remains to be determined whether these changes are specific for NERD or occasional endoscopic findings. In patients with it, the most common endoscopic findings are erythema without clear demarcation, edema, whitish mucosa near the esophagogastric junction, carditis, invisibility of vessels and thickening of the mucosa^{3,4,9,10,11,15,16}.

The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the correlation between minimal endoscopic changes on white-light EGD (carditis, mucosal thickening and invisibility of vessels) and histological changes observed in distal esophageal biopsies in a sample of patients with symptoms suggestive of GERD, and verify the specificity of these symptoms for NERD.

METHODS

The study protocol was previously submitted to and approved by the research ethics committee at UNIOESTE (Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná, Brazil) through Plataforma Brasil and filed with CONEP (National Research Ethics Commission) under entry #677.818.

Retrospective and cross-sectional, the study included previously untreated non-smoking patients aged 18-75 years with symptoms suggestive of GERD. The patients were submitted to EGD and distal esophageal biopsy. Subjects displaying esophageal erosions (characteristic of erosive GERD) or other esophageal disease (e.g. megaesophagus and caustic lesions) and subjects with history of treatment with proton pump inhibitors were excluded from the sample. Patient data were retrieved from a digital database at Gastroclínica Cascavel (Cascavel, PR, Brazil) covering the period from March to October, 2012.

Information was collected on age, gender, weight, height, body mass index (BMI), symptoms (heartburn, heartburn, regurgitation, eructation and halitosis) and endoscopic changes (hiatal hernia, enlargement of the esophageal hiatus, gastritis and duodenitis). Endoscopic findings included mucosal thickening, invisibility of vessels, carditis and absence of changes. Finally, white-light EGD findings were compared to distal esophageal biopsy findings.

Mucosal thickening is characterized by longitudinal folds separated by ridges. Invisibility of vessels is due to the disappearance of the habitual esophageal vascular network. Carditis is the presence of clearly visible vascularization and epithelial irregularities on the gastric side of the esophagogastric junction.

All endoscopies were performed by the same professional. The distal esophageal biopsies were collected at 2 cm above the squamocolumnar junction and analyzed by a single pathologist blinded to EGD findings, then classified according to the criteria proposed by Faramarz Ismail-Beigi (1970)⁷.

Using the statistics software Prism 5.0, the data were analyzed with Studentʼs t test and/or the chi-square test, and Spearman correlation coefficients were calculated. The level of statistical significance was set at 5% (p<0.05). Spearman correlation coefficients lie in the range between -1 and 1. A negative sign indicates an inverse correlation between variables. These findings were interpreted using the classification proposed by Godeardo Baquero: -1: perfect negative correlation; -0.99 to -0.90: very strong negative correlation; -0.89 to -0.70: strong negative correlation; -0.69 to -0.40: moderate negative correlation; -0.39 to -0.20: weak negative correlation; -0.19 to 0.10: very weak negative correlation; 0 no correlation; 0.10 to 0.19: very weak positive correlation; 0.20 to 0.39: weak positive correlation; 0.40 to 0.69: moderate positive correlation; 0.70 to 0.89: strong positive correlation; 0.90 to 0.99: very strong positive correlation; 1: perfect positive correlation.

RESULTS

No distal esophageal biopsy results were available for four of the original sample of 27 patients with symptoms suggestive of GERD, leaving a final sample 23 subjects aged 37.65±13.61 years (range: 19-74), of whom eight (34.8%) were female and 15 (65.2%) male. The average BMI was 25.28±3.63 (females: 22.89±3.28; males: 26.55±3.21). Weight, height and BMI were significantly greater for men than for women.

The most commonly reported symptoms were heartburn and regurgitation (both n=14; 60.9%), followed by early feeling of fullness (n=8; 34.8%), heartburn (n=7; 30.4%), nausea (n=6; 26.1%) diarrhea (n=4; 17.4%) and eructation (n=1; 4.3%) (Table 1).

Table 1 -
Absolute and relative frequency of symptoms of non-erosive reflux disease (n=23)

Symptoms	Yes n (%)	No n (%)
Heartburn	14 (60.9%)	9 (39.1%)
Bloating	8 (34.7%)	15(65.3%)
Eructation	1 (4.3%)	22 (95.7%)
Diarrhea	4 (17.3%)	19 (82.7%)
Halitosis	0 (0%)	23 (100%)
Nausea	6 (26.1%)	17 (73.9%)
Pyrosis	7 (30.4%)	16 (69.6%)
Regurgitation	14 (60.9%)	9 (39.1%)

All patients displayed minimal endoscopic changes on EGD. The most frequently observed was invisibility of vessels (n=21; 91.3%), followed by mucosal thickening (n=15; 65.2%) and carditis (n=5; 21.7%) (Table 2).

Table 2 -
Absolute and relative frequency of minimal endoscopic changes on esophagogastroduodenoscopy with suspicion of non-erosive reflux disease (n=23).

Changes on endoscopy	Present n (%)	Absent n (%)
Invisibility of vessels	21 (91.3%)	2 (8.7%)
Carditis	5 (21.7%)	18 (78.3%)
Mucosal thickening	15 (65.3%)	8 (34.8%)

Likewise, all patients displayed changes in the anatomopathological analysis. The most frequent diagnosis was mild esophagitis (n=16; 66.6%), followed by moderate esophagitis (n=6; 25%) and eosinophilic esophagitis (n=2; 8.33%). One patient had both moderate esophagitis and eosinophilic esophagitis (Table 3).

Table 3 -
Absolute andrelative frequencyof anatomopathological diagnosis of esophagitis with suspicion of nonerosive reflux disease (n=23)

Diagnosis	n (%)
Normal	0 (0%)
Mild esophagitis	16 (66.6%)
Moderate esophagitis	6 (25%)
Eosinophilic esophagitis	2 (8.33%)

On EGD, 17 (73.9%) subjects displayed mild enlargement of the esophageal hiatus while eight (34.8%) had small hiatal hernias (2-3 cm). Enanthematous gastritis was observed in 13 (56.5%), erosive gastritis in nine (39.1%) and duodenitis in one (4.3%) subject. Only one (4.3%) patient presented no gastritis.

The presence of hiatal hernia and mucosal thickening was only moderately correlated with anatomopathological diagnosis. Despite the small correlation coefficient (0.386), BMI was significantly and positively (p=0.034) associated with severity of esophagitis. Mucosal thickening presented a moderate (0.479) but significant (p=0.021) correlation with anatomopathological diagnosis, indicating that 22.4% of the increase in severity could be explained by mucosal thickening. The remaining minimal endoscopic changes were not significantly correlated with distal esophageal biopsy results. Despite being the most frequently observed endoscopic change, invisibility of vessels presented a weak negative coefficient (-0.116), suggesting an inverse relationship between the variables (p=0.599). Likewise, the coefficient of carditis was weak (0.306) and non-significant (p=0.155). On the other hand, hiatal hernia was moderately and significantly correlated with severity of esophagitis (0.462; p=0.026), indicating that in 21.34% of cases, increased severity might be attributed to the presence of this condition.

DISCUSSION

The association between BMI and GERD symptoms observed in this study is supported by findings from other studies^19,20. In a Japanese paper, patients with low weight (BMI<18.5) and excessive weight (BMI≥25.0) were found to be at higher risk for NERD than individuals in the normal BMI range¹⁴. High BMI values have also been associated with more severe endoscopic changes²⁴. This is supported by the reported predominance of individuals with excess weight among erosive GERD patients^1,2. Other authors have reported negative correlations between BMI and NERD: the condition was more prevalent in patients with low BMI⁶ or BMI values under 23¹².

The high incidence of inflammation of the gastric mucosa and the finding of only one patient in this sample without gastritis on EGD suggest a close association between gastritis and esophagitis. The severity of gastritis has been associated with the presence of Helicobacter pylori although the present study was not designed to evaluate this hypothesis. According to Kandulski and Malfertheiner⁸, infection by strains of Cag A-positive H. pylori appears to protect the distal esophagus against exposure to abnormal acid levels by way of fundic gland atrophy. Nevertheless, despite reports suggesting the development of erosive esophagitis following the eradication of H. pylori; more recent studies have concluded that eradication has no significant clinical impact on GERD.

According to Kim et al.¹⁰, certain minimal endoscopic changes are associated with NERD. Thus, in their sample, mucosal thickening, carditis and irregularities in the esophagogastric junction were significantly more common in patients with NERD, although the association was only independent for mucosal thickening (OR 3.97; 95% CI: 1.72-9.13). In this study, the only endoscopic change significantly correlated with severity of esophagitis was mucosal thickening (observed in over half of these patients). The correlation was non-significant for all other changes, even for the highly prevalent finding "invisibility of vessels". However, due to the small sample size and the exclusion of other causes of esophageal injury (such as smoking), mucosal thickening could not be identified as a symptom specific for NERD. Likewise, due to low sensitivity and specificity, not find mucosal thickening to be a reliable diagnostic marker for NERD, but in patients with hiatal hernia, changes in mucosal thickness seem to be a useful indicator of esophagitis.

Eosinophilic esophagitis, an allergic condition of probable genetic cause, affects young adults with a history of persistent symptoms of dysphagia or GERD. According to some reports, in up to 40% of patients with eosinophilic esophagitis, the condition is associated with GERD. Reflux is believed to lead to allergy-like inflammation by increasing the number of eosinophils in the mucosa of the lower esophagus. Half of GERD patients may display infiltration of eosinophils in the distal esophagus, but the number of eosinophils is small and only the lower part of the organ is affected. Such patients may have normal EGD findings or changes not specific for the condition, making diagnosis by endoscopy inconclusive until biopsy results become available. In the present study, two patients were diagnosed with eosinophilic esophagitis.

Distal esophageal biopsies not only help confirm the diagnosis of esophagitis, but allow to establish differential diagnosis ruling out other diseases of the upper gastrointestinal tract.

CONCLUSION

All the patients this sample with symptoms suggestive of GERD had minimal endoscopic changes on white-light EGD and had biopsies positive for esophagitis. However, only mucosal thickening displayed moderately significant correlation with severity of esophagitis in patients with NERD, although increased BMI values and the presence of hiatal hernia were also associated. Due to the small sample size and the exclusion of other causes of esophageal injury (such as smoking), mucosal thickening could not be identified as a specific alteration for NERD.

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• Financial source: none

Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  2015

History

• Received
  30 Sept 2014
• Accepted
  11 Dec 2014