Weight loss and nutritional anemia in patients submitted to Roux-en-Y gastric bypass on use of vitamin and mineral supplementation

Abstracts

BACKGROUND:

Obesity is a chronic disease with high growth in population and bariatric surgery is currently considered the most effective treatment for weight reduction; on the other hand, nutritional deficiencies are observed after this procedure.

AIM:

To analyze weight loss progression and nutritional anemia in patients submitted to Roux-en-Y gastric bypass on use of vitamin and mineral supplementation.

METHODS:

Retrospective analysis of 137 patients of both sexes, aged between 18-60 years, using supplemental multivitamins and minerals, were included; personal information, anthropometric and laboratory data in the preoperative, 12, 24, 36 and 48 months postoperatively were collected.

RESULTS:

Postoperatively, in both sexes, occurred weight loss compared to the pre-operative weight gain at 48 months and maintenance of body mass index. There was a decrease in the percentage of excess weight loss at 48 months postoperatively compared to the time of 12, 24 and 36 months in men and decreased at 48 postoperative months compared to the time of 24 months in females. There was a decreased in serum ferritin in both sexes and increased serum iron at 48 months postoperatively in males. There was a decreased in vitamin B12 and folic acid increased serum at 48 postoperative months in females.

CONCLUSIONS:

Surgical treatment was effective for reducing weight, body mass index reduction and achievement of success in the late postoperative period along with multivitamin and mineral supplementation on prevention of serious nutritional deficiencies and anemia.

Bariatric surgery; Deficiencies diseases; Weight loss; Anemia

RACIONAL:

A obesidade é doença crônica com elevado crescimento na população. A cirurgia bariátrica é considerada o tratamento mais efetivo para redução de peso; por outro lado, deficiências nutricionais são observadas após esse procedimento.

OBJETIVO:

Avaliar a evolução da perda ponderal e a presença de anemias carenciais em pacientes submetidos ao bypass gástrico em Y-de-Roux em uso de suplementação de vitaminas e minerais.

MÉTODOS:

Análise retrospectiva de 137 pacientes de ambos os sexos, com idade entre 18-60 anos, em uso de suplementação de polivitaminas e minerais incluindo informações pessoais, dados antropométricos e laboratoriais nos períodos pré-operatório, 12, 24, 36 e 48 meses de pós-operatório.

RESULTADOS:

No pós-operatório, em ambos os sexos, ocorreu perda de peso em relação ao pré-operatório, ganho de peso aos 48 meses e manutenção do índice de massa corporal. Houve diminuição do percentual de perda de excesso de peso aos 48 meses pós-operatórios comparado com os tempos 12, 24 e 36 meses em homens e diminuição aos 48 meses pós-operatórios em relação aos 24 meses no sexo feminino. Houve diminuição da ferritina sérica em ambos os sexos e aumento do ferro sérico aos 48 meses pós-operatório no sexo masculino. Houve diminuição da vitamina B12 e aumento do ácido fólico séricos aos 48 meses do pós-operatório no sexo feminino.

CONCLUSÕES:

O tratamento cirúrgico mostrou-se eficaz para redução de peso, redução do índice de massa corporal e alcance do sucesso no pós-operatório tardio juntamente com a suplementação de polivitamínico e minerais na prevenção de deficiências nutricionais importantes e anemias.

Cirurgia bariátrica; Deficiências nutricionais; Perda de peso; Anemia

INTRODUCTION

Obesity is a chronic disease, with high increase in the population and World Health Organization surveys project an even worse scenario for the next years, estimating that, in 2015, 2.3 billion people will be overweight and 700 million will be obese worldwide²⁶.

The Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) is the most frequently used mixed procedure and despite the results of weight loss being proven and well documented, it has been observed some level of weight recovery from two to three years after the surgery^7,14,21. The weight recovery after the surgery reinforces the concept that obesity is a chronic, progressive and incurable disease, and it needs specific treatment even after the surgery^4,15.

The RYGB is a restrictive and malabsorptive surgery, which makes more common the worsening or appearance of nutritional deficiencies in the first six months of the post-operative period (PO), such as protein malnutrition, iron deficiency, vitamin B12, folic acid, vitamins A, E and D and minerals like copper and zinc³⁰.

Such deficiencies may lead to future nutritional complications, like anemia that occur due to gastric resection, mainly when the surgery is done through RYGB¹⁵. Iron deficiencies occur in 50% of the patients and they are precursor of anemia and consequently, the serum levels of transferrin may decrease even if hemoglobin is in normal levels, due to inefficient in iron absorption¹.

Serum ferritin may have a smaller value in patients submitted to RYGB due to depletion of the iron stocks and copper deficiency, leading to normocytic anemia¹. The main common cause of vitamin B12 deficiency is pernicious and macrocytic anemia, as well as folic acid deficiency. Besides megaloblastic anemia, the patient may show leukopenia, glossitis and high levels of homocysteine²⁴.

The present study aimed to assess the weight loss evolution and identify the occurrence of anemia in patients submitted to RYGB in use of vitamins and minerals supplementation.

METHODS

Information about the patients were obtained through medical and nutrition records from a private clinic located in Rio de Janeiro. The study protocol was approved by the Research Ethics Committee from Hospital Universitário Clementino Fraga Filho, under the number 176/09.

One hundred thirty seven patients from both genders, aging between 18-60 years, submitted to RYGB, in use of polivitamins and minerals supplementation and periodic nutritional counseling were included. Patients who had physiological complications post operatively that caused laboratorial alteration, pregnancy, patients that reside outside Rio de Janeiro, the deceased and those who did not continue the nutritional treatment at least for 24 months after the procedure, were excluded from the study.

During the survey on medical records, there were collected variables such as name, age, gender, post-operative values and 12, 24, 36 and 48 months of post-operative biochemical examinations (red blood cells, hemoglobin, hematocrit, iron, ferritin, vitamin B12 and folic acid). Anthropometric data body weight and height) was analyzed from: 1) body mass index (BMI in kg/m²), obtained dividing the body mass by the height's square; 2) overweight in the procedure (in kg), i.e., the difference of the pre-operative weight from the ideal weight; 3) weight loss (in kg), i.e., the difference of the pre-operative weight from the current weight; 4) percentage of excess weight loss (%EWL), i.e., the difference of the weight loss percentage from the excess weight.

The reference values of the biochemical examinations, used as minimum scores were: values between 4,3-5,9 x 10⁶/mm³ of red blood cells for men and 3,5-5,9 x 10⁶/mm³ for women; hemoglobin between 14-17g/dl for men and 12-15g/dl for women; hematocrit between 42%-52% for men and 35%-47% for women; iron between 60-170 mg/dl for men and 50-160 mg/dl for women; ferritin between 36-262 mcg/dl for women and 10-64 mcg/dl for women; ≥250 mg/dl vitamin B12 and 6-20 mcg/dl of folic acid for both genders.

A descriptive analysis of the qualitative data was performed. The quantitative data was expressed as average and confidence interval at 95%. Data normality was assessed by the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. The t -test was performed for comparison of the laboratorial variables, in both genders, pre-operatively and 48 months post-operatively, and one-way ANOVA multivariate for comparison of the anthropometric variables between the pre-operative period, 12, 24, 36 and 48 months post-operatively, being considered as significant two-tailed p -value <0,05. The Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) was used, version 21.0 for Windows.

RESULTS

Table 1 shows the distribution of the qualitative variables. Of the 137 patients, females outnumbered males and pre-operatively, in both genders BMI showed above 40 kg/m².

Table 1 -
Characteristics of the studied population

Variables			%	(n)
Gender	Male		18	24
	Female		82	113
Age (years)	Male	19 – 30	25	6
		31 – 44	63	15
		45 – 60	12	3
	Female	19 – 30	26	29
		31 – 44	38	43
		45 – 60	36	41
BMI kg/m²	Male	35 – 39,99	8	2
		≥40	92	22
	Female	35 – 39,99	15	17
		≥40	85	96

• BMI=body mass index; n=number of patients

Table 2 shows that in both genders weight loss occurred in the whole PO period in relation to the pre-operative. Post-operatively, the anthropometric variables at 24, 36 and 48 months were compared with a 12-month period and it was found weight maintenance until 36 months in both genders. In males it was observed weight gain in 48 months when compared to 12, 24 and 36 months, and in females, it was observed weight gain in 48 months when compared to 24 months. It was verified BMI maintenance in the whole PO period in both genders. In men, %EWL decreased in 48 months compared to 12, 24 and 36 post-operative months, and in women, 48 months in relation to 24 months.

Table 2 -
Weight evaluation pre- and post-operatively

Male
Variables	Pre-OP Weight	PO12M	PO24M	PO36M	PO48M
Weight (kg)	124,6±15,4bcd	89,9±11,3a	88,5±11,9a	89,6±13,1a	92,0±12,8abcd
BMI (kg/m²)	45,5±5,1bcd	28,5±3,41	28,0±3,27	28,4±3,7	29,1±3,51
EWL (%)	--	84,5±15,6	85,8±16,2	84,0±18,3	80,0±16,7bcd
Female
Variables	Pre-OP Weight	PO12M	PO24M	PO36M	PO48M
Weight (kg)	118,1±16,6bcd	76,6±13,5a	73,0±11,5a	74,3±12,5a	76,0±12,6ac
BMI (kg/m²)	44,9±5,8bcd	29,2±4,8a	27,8±4,2a	28,3±4,5a	28,9±4,5a
EWL (%)	--	82,3±20,4	88,1±18,8	85,4±20,1	81,7±20,4c

• BMI=body mass index; Pre-OP=pre-operative; PO=post-operative weight; EWL=excess weight loss; ANOVA: ap

Table 3 shows serum ferritin reduction and serum iron increase in 48 months PO, in males. Serum ferritin and vitamin B12 decreased and serum folic acid increased in 48 months PO, in females.

Table 3 -
Evaluation of the pre- and post-operative biochemical parameters

Male
Paramaters	Pre-OP	PO12M	PO24M	PO36M	PO48M
Red blood cells	4,7±0,4	4,5±0,3	4,5±0,3	4,5±0,5	4,6±0,3
Hemoglobin	13,5±1,1	13,1±0,9	13,2±1,0	12,5±1,4	13,1±0,9
Hematocrit	40,8±3,2	39,9±2,9	40,0±3,1	38,3±3,7	39,5±2,2
Iron	79,0±24,0	97,5±29,5	99,8±30,7	88,2±37,2	101,1±36,2*
Ferritin	130,2±61,1	108,4±121,2	87,7±114,6	29,8±35,6	29,9±37,5*
Vitamin B12	464,0±140,6	373,8±148,3	317,8±163,7	401,4±352,0	354,4±186,6
Folic Acid	8,6±4,2	12,3±4,9	11,6±4,1	12,1±3,7	13,4±4,6
Female
Parameters	Pre-OP	PO12M	PO24M	PO36M	PO48M
Red blood cells	4,6±0,5	4,4±0,4	4,3±0,4	4,3±0,4	4,3±0,4
Hemoglobin	13,3±1,3	12,9±1,2	12,3±1,5	12,2±1,5	12,3±1,3
Hematocrit	40,0±4,7	39,1±3,6	37,8±3,3	37,5±4,2	37,9±3,2
Iron	78,5±18,6	89,2±33,6	91,1±36,8	87,8±38,7	90,6±41,1
Ferritin	72,0±57,0	61,5±50,6	43,9±45,0	36,4±41,3	29,0±25,8*
Vitamin B12	512,5±561,5	395,6±247,0	391,5±212,9	351,3±177,1	395,8±220,3*
Folic Acid	10,0±9,9	12,7±5,0	14,6±12,7	12,6±4,6	15,4±5,3*

• BMI=body mass index; Pre-OP=pre-operative; PO=post-operative; EWL=excess weight loss;
• ^*
  Student's paired t-test p

DISCUSSION

The pre-operative dietary approach follows the general recommendations of hypocaloric diet, which is the standard for obese patients, in order to promote weight loss or maintenance, and prepare them to the changes that will occur post-operatively²⁷. Cases of anemia may occur in weeks or months after RYGB, resulting in exhaustion of several vitamins and trace elements due to achlorhydria, intrinsic factor reduction, peptic ulcers, bleeding, menstruation, inflammation induced by erythropoietic response and malabsorption ^6,16.

The pre-operative anemia is associated to an increase in post-operative mortality, resulting in a reduced quality of life post-operatively, while anemia's preventive healthcare has generated better life conditions to post-operated patients¹⁸. Weight loss after RYGB is related to eating reduction, followed by changes in dietary pattern of patients and malabsorption of nutrients^8,16.

The present study showed that weight loss and weight maintenance happened in both genders, with weight recovery in 48 months post-operatively. Accessed data corroborates the study of Skroubis et al.²⁵, which evaluated the weight loss of 79 patients, males and females, submitted to RYGB and found body weight maintenance of 60±17 kg until 36 months post-operatively. A retrospective analysis of the body weight evolution performed by Novais et al.¹⁹, with 141 operated women found that the lowest weight was reached between the first and third year post-operatively and body weight recovery in 48 months post-operatively¹⁹.

Although there is controversy about the use of %EWL as a tool of data expression, it has been widely used as a standard for analysis of the procedure results, classifying as successful those surgical treatments with a %EWL higher than 50%¹⁰. Several studies use it as a success evaluation tool during the post-operative period. Accordingly, the %EWL values of Magro et al.¹⁴ were 69%, Pories²¹ 58%, Capella e Capella⁵ 77%, White et al.²⁹ 87%, Beleli et al.² 67,4% and Valezi et al. ²⁸ 71%, Faria, Faria e Cardeal¹² 65%.

Similar data were found in the present study and despite the weight recovery, patients of both genders kept in 80% %EWL, considered a good result compared to the previously cited studies.

Another evaluation and classification method for PO success proposed by Reinhold²², modified by Christou et al.⁷, is performed according to BMI results, considering BMI<30 kg/m²an excellent result, between 30-35 kg/m² a good result and >35 kg/m² a failure^7,22. In the present research, regarding the classification of the PO success, patients showed an excellent result (BMI< 30 kg/m²) in 48 months.

Despite the calorie intake increasing progressively during the PO period, a subgroup of patients suffered nutritional deficiencies; thence the importance of long-term nutritional counseling²³.

A study of Moreira et al.¹⁷, with 37 patients, found reduction of hemoglobin and hematocrit PO. Coupaye et al.⁹, analyzed 110 patients and verified that the hemoglobin concentrations were positively correlated with iron and serum transferrin, and also identified normal values in patients that received multivitamins after bariatric surgery. On the other hand, Blume et al.³ identified anemia in 33,5% of the studied population pre-operatively and PO diminution of hemoglobin, hematocrit and iron, even with supplementation. Although patients presented hematocrit and hemoglobin below the reference values, since the pre-operative period, the levels didn't change PO.

The pathophysiology of iron deficiency is related to the intake of heme iron and the acidic environment in the stomach being, perhaps, the most common and the oldest nutritional deficiency recurrent after the bariatric surgery, occurring up to 12-47% of the patients, although often asymptomatic, it may lead to anemia and fatigue^13,30.

Serum iron in this sample was kept in normal values from the pre- to the post-operative periods, with an increase in 48 months. Studies of Skroubis et al.²⁵ and Costa et al.⁸, observed reduction of serum iron, but no reduction of serum ferritin.

The literature suggests a post-operative ferritin monitoring, keeping levels above 40 mcg/dl²⁰. Ferritin plays a fundamental role in the body, storing iron, but high levels of ferritin are related to inflammatory processes^6,18. In the present study, ferritin was normal pre-operatively, but post-operatively, both men and women showed low levels of ferritin.

In patients subjected to RYGB, several factors led to vitamin B12 deficiency, including limited intake of animal proteins, reduction of gastric secretions that impairs proteolytic cleavage of vitamin and inappropriate secretion of intrinsic factor^6,12. Folic acid deficiency, despite not being widely published, may occur in patients subjected to bariatric surgery, as demonstrated by a prospective study with RYGB patients that found 38% of folic acid deficiency²⁴. The prevalence of folic acid deficiency pre-operatively in up to 54% was observed in international studies before the bariatric surgery³⁰. Other similar studies haven´t found vitamin B12 and folic acid deficiencies, and authors suggests that the non-deficiency of those specific micronutrients can be explained by the fact that some foods are fortified with folic acid, vitamin B12 storages take many years to deplete and due to high doses of multivitamin and mineral supplementation, especially vitamin B12 and folic acid⁶.

Although there was a decrease of vitamin B12 and folic acid in females, the values are within the reference standards. In males there was no alteration in the levels of vitamin B12 and folic acid.

It was observed that post-operatively the supplementary feeding was probably a contributing factor to reduce micronutrient deficiencies, making necessary the maintenance of oral supplementation and nutritional counseling in order to avoid nutritional deficiencies in the late post-operative period.

CONCLUSIONS

Surgical treatment was effective for weight reduction, body mass index reduction and achieving success in the late post-operative period, along with multivitamin and mineral supplementation, in the prevention of important nutritional deficiencies and anemia.

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• Financial source: none

Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  2015

History

• Received
  21 Aug 2014
• Accepted
  27 Nov 2014