Dermoscopic findings in a case of plasma cell cheilitis^☆

Plasma Cell Cheilitis (PCC) is a rare inflammatory disorder of unknown origin within the spectrum of plasma cell mucositis. Clinically, it manifests as a circumscribed, flat to slightly raised, eroded erythematous plaque or patch involving the lower lip of elderly male patients.¹ Histopathologically, dense band-like plasma cell infiltration in the upper dermis is seen.² Dermoscopic features of this entity have been described in only one report.³ Here we report a case of refractory PCC and its dermoscopic features.

An otherwise healthy 52-year-old man, an agricultural worker, was referred to our hospital with a ten-year history of painful erythematous erosion on the lower lip. Physical examination revealed an erythematous plaque with diffuse desquamation along with erosions and crusts (Fig. 1A). Dermoscopy showed a well-defined lesion with the milky-re structureless area, small erosions, and multiple enlarged linear vessels on the periphery with a radial distribution. Scales although present on a small focus of the lesion was not a predominant feature (Fig. 2). Laboratory tests, including complete blood counts and tests for liver and renal function, showed normal findings, and hepatitis B and C and HIV infection was negative; PPD; chest X-Ray; thyroid tests and protein electrophoresis were in normal ranges. Histopathology showed a partially ulcerated pluriestratified epithelium with parakeratosis, without atypia, with pseudoepitheliomatous hyperplasia (Fig. 3A). The dermis showed foci of chronic inflammatory infiltrate with abundant plasma cells (Fig. 3B), macrophages, and areas of granulation tissue. The immuno-histochemical study revealed CK AE1/AE3 (-), CD68 (+) in membrane and macrophage cytoplasm, staining positive Kappa (Fig. 3C) and Lambda chains (Fig. 3D). The patient began treatment with high potency topical and intralesional corticosteroids, with little response. After the use of oral prednisone at a dose of 1 mg/kg/day, he presented total remission of the lesion on the seventh day (Fig. 1B). However, the lesion constantly recurs during tapering. Treatment with topical calcineurin inhibitors was not possible due to economic concerns.

Figure 1
(A) The lower lip shows a diffuse xerotic erythematous plaque with erosions and hemorrhagic crusts. (B) Clinical improvement after 7-days of treatment with oral prednisone.

Figure 2
Dermoscopy of PCC shows a sharply demarcated borders with milky-red structureless area (asterisk), small erosions (white arrow), and multiple enlarged linear vessels on the periphery with a radial distribution (black arrow); a small focus of white scale on the inferior aspect of the lesion is also seen.

Figure 3
(A) A biopsy specimen shows a flattened squamous epithelium with parakeratosis without atypia, with pseudoepitheliomatous hyperplasia (Hematoxylin & eosin, ×100). (B) A high-power view shows a dermal chronic inflammatory infiltrate with abundant plasma cells (Hematoxylin & eosin, ×400). (C) A diffuse strong positivity for kappa light chain is noted in the plasma cell infiltrates (Immunohistochemistry, ×400). (D) Plasma cells are also positive for lambda light chain (Immunohistochemistry, ×400).

One of the main differential diagnoses in the context of our patient was Actinic Cheilitis (AC) or even progression to Squamous Cell Carcinoma (SCC). Dermoscopy could be a useful tool to help differentiate these entities. We found some similarities between our case and the previously reported regarding border regularity and vascular enlargement and proliferation.³ Other important characteristics found in this case were the milky-red background in the entire lesion with some focal erosions, the absence of stellate border and scales (features suggestive of AC), and radial distribution of the enlarged lineal vessels on the periphery. More reports are needed to establish clear-cut criteria to aid in the clinical differentiation of these entities.

Although PCC is considered a benign disorder is usually refractory to various topical treatments, including topical and intralesional corticosteroids, topical calcineurin inhibitors, antibiotics, and antifungal agents.¹, ² It is unclear whether PCC may represent a precursor lesion of malignancies such as SCC.⁴ Therefore, careful follow-up is recommended.

• Financial support
  None declared.
• ☆
  Study conducted at the Hospital Regional Libertador Bernardo O’Higgins, Rancagua, Chile.

References

• ¹
  Yamaguchi Y Nishie W, Ito T, Shimizu H. Plasma cell cheilitis successfully treated with topical calcineurin inhibitors. Eur J Dermatol. 2016;26:609–10.
• ²
  Lee JY, Kim KH, Hahm JE, Ha JW, Kwon WJ, Kim CW, et al. Plasma Cell Cheilitis: A Clinicopathological and Immunohistochemical Study of 13 Cases. Ann Dermatol. 2017;29:536–42.
• ³
  Ito T Natsuga K, Tanimura S, Aoyagi S, Shimizu H. Dermoscopic features of plasma cell cheilitis and actinic cheilitis. Acta Derm Venereol. 2014;94:593–4.
• ⁴
  Yokoi Y Ohshita A, Maruyama A, Komori S, Masui K, Katoh N, et al. Squamous cell carcinoma arising from plasma cell cheilitis successfully treated with brachytherapy. J Dermatol. 2020;47:e239–40.

Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  14 Nov 2022
• Date of issue
  Nov-Dec 2022

History

• Received
  21 Oct 2020
• Accepted
  26 Dec 2020
• Published
  08 Sept 2022