Melanocytic matricoma: a rare tumor that can mimic melanoma^★

Melanocytic matricoma is a rare benign cutaneous adnexal tumor that recapitulates the early anagen hair follicle.¹ It was first described in 1999, and to date, there are approximately 20 published cases in the literature.²

A 60-year-old man with HIV under antiretroviral therapy presented with a 2-month history of a rapidly growing papule affecting his left preauricular area. Physical examination showed a well-defined 6 mm papule with an uneven coloration ranging from pink to grey (Fig. 1). Complete surgical excision of the tumor was performed. Histopathology revealed a well-circumscribed, multinodular, asymmetrically pigmented dermal tumor, with no connection to the overlying epidermis. It was composed of basaloid cells with scant cytoplasm and distinct nucleoli, showing moderate pleomorphism and 10 mitoses per 10 high-power fields. Occasional aggregates of shadow cells were also observed. Heavily pigmented dendritic melanocytes without atypia were scattered among basaloid cells, forming small clusters. There was no necrosis or calcification in the tumor (Fig. 2). Basaloid cells were positive for cytokeratin AE1/AE3, cytokeratin 5/6, and beta-catenin, and the melanocytic component was highlighted by HMB-45 (Fig. 3). These findings were consistent with the diagnosis of melanocytic matricoma. There is no evidence of local recurrence or metastasis 26 months after excision.

Figure 1
A well-defined greyish-pink papule on the left preauricular area.

Figure 2
Histopathology of the tumor. The tumor is composed predominantly of basaloid cells with small clusters of eosinophilic shadow cells, as well as heavily pigmented melanocytes interspersed among the epithelial component (Hematoxylin & eosin, ×100).

Figure 3
Immunohistochemistry. HMB45 staining highlights dendritic melanocytes forming clusters (original magnification ×40).

Melanocytic matricoma typically presents as a sharply demarcated, small (generally smaller than 1 cm) unevenly pigmented papule or nodule, arising on sun-damaged skin of elderly individuals, with a male predominance.³, ⁴ Histologically, it is a well-circumscribed nodular or multinodular dermal biphasic neoplasm, composed of epithelial cells with matrical differentiation and melanocytes. The epithelial component consists of basaloid matrical and supramatrical cells, which are mild to moderately pleomorphic and mitotically active.³ Small aggregates of eosinophilic shadow cells can also be present.⁴ Dendritic melanocytes without atypia are scattered among epithelial cells and show strong pigmentation.³ The epithelial component shows positivity for cytokeratin and beta-catenin, whereas dendritic melanocytes are highlighted by HMB-45, S-100 and Melan-A.³ Cases with atypical histologic features have been reported, such as melanocytic atypia, epidermal connection, calcification, granulomatous inflammation, epidermal consumption, or cystic degeneration.¹, ², ³, ⁴ None of these features were present in the present case.

Clinical differential diagnosis of this entity includes malignant melanoma, pigmented Basal Cell Carcinoma (BCC), and hemangioma.³ Histopathological differential diagnosis includes tumors with matrical differentiation, such as pilomatricoma with melanocytic hyperplasia, malignant pilomatricoma, matricoma, BCC with matrical differentiation³ and, most challengingly, malignant melanocytic matricoma, an extremely rare tumor with only 8 reported cases.⁵ Proposed criteria for differentiating benign and malignant melanocytic matricoma remain controversial², ⁵; recurrence, metastasis, necrosis, ulceration, an infiltrative growth pattern with pushing borders, and marked cytological atypia would suggest malignancy,¹, ⁵ but according to some authors, a high mitotic rate would not constitute a reliable criterion of aggressive behavior.⁵

Despite being considered a benign tumor, the clinical behavior of melanocytic matricoma remains unknown because of the few reported cases and the lack of longterm follow-up.¹, ⁴, ⁵ Therefore, complete surgical excision and periodic re-examinations are recommended.¹, ⁵ Dermatologists and dermatopathologists should be aware of this rare entity when facing a pigmented lesion with a dual epithelial/melanocytic component to avoid misdiagnosis.¹, ⁵

• Financial support
  None declared.
• ★
  Study conducted at the Hospital Universitario Donostia, San Sebastián, Spain.

Acknowledgment

Authorization for the publication of the clinical image was given by the patient.

References

• ¹ Ardakani NM, Palmer DL, Wood BA. Malignant melanocytic matricoma: a report of 2 cases and review of the literature. Am J Dermatopathol. 2016;38:33–8.
• ² Sangiorgio V, Moneghini L, Tosi D, Bulfamante GP. A case of melanocytic matricoma with prominent mitotic activity and melanocytic hyperplasia. Int J Dermatol. 2018;57:e78–81.
• ³ Tanboon J, Manonukul J, Pattanaprichakul P. Melanocytic matricoma: two cases of a rare entity in women. J Cutan Pathol. 2014;41:775–82.
• ⁴ Winslow CY, Camacho I, Nousari CH. Melanocytic matricoma with consumption of the epidermis: an atypical histologic attribute or a malignant variant? Am J Dermatopathol. 2017;39:907–9.
• ⁵ Nielson CB, Vincek V. Malignant melanocytic matricoma and criteria for malignancy. Open Journal of Pathology. 2018;8:94–100.

Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  14 Nov 2022
• Date of issue
  Nov-Dec 2022

History

• Received
  15 Dec 2019
• Accepted
  12 Aug 2020
• Published
  07 Sept 2022