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Validation of bioelectrical impedance for the prediction of fat-free mass in brazilian elderly subjects

Predição da massa livre de gordura por meio da impedância bioelétrica para idosos brasileiros

Abstracts

Aging involves both nutritional and physiological changes, reducing fat-free mass (FFM) and increasing body fat, both of which are associated with physical weakness, unfitness and morbidity among the elderly. This study was undertaken to analyze the cross-validity of bioelectrical impedance equations for the prediction of fat-free mass (FFM) in elderly Brazilians. A cross-sectional population-based study, was performed in Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil, 2006. The study sample comprised 60 men and 120 women, aged 60 to 81. The dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) served as gold standard. Predicted %BF and FFM were obtained from various anthropometric equations and bioelectric impedance. The cross-validation criteria suggested by Lohman and Bland-Altman plots of differences against the mean were used. The body mass index of the sample ranged from 18.4 to 39.3 kg/m². Mean percent body fat was 23.1 ± 5.8% in men and 37.3 ± 6.9% in women (range: 6 to 51.4%). In men, the equations of Kyle et al. (2001), Dey et al. (2003) and Sun et al. (2003) did not differ significantly from the DEXA measurement, with a constant error (CE) of 0.7 to 2.5 kg. In contrast, among women only the equations of Kyle et al. (2001) and Dey et al. (2003) were found to be valid (CE: 0.3 to 2.7 kg). The bioelectrical impedance equations validated in this study can be used in the Brazilian elderly population.

Body composition; Elderly; Electric impedance; Bone density; Anthropometry


O envelhecimento causa modificações fisiológicas e nutricionais, entre elas, a redução da massa livre de gordura (MLG) e o aumento da gordura corporal, ambas associadas com fraqueza, inaptidão e morbidez de idosos. O estudo teve como objetivo analisar a validade cruzada de equações de impedância bioelétrica (IB) para a estimativa da massa MLG em idosos brasileiros. Estudo transversal de base populacional, conduzido em Florianópolis, estado de Santa Catarina, Brasil, 2006. Foram avaliados 60 homens e 120 mulheres com idade entre 60 e 81 anos. A absortometria radiológica de dupla energia foi usada como padrão-ouro para a validação cruzada. A MLG foi estimada por impedância bioelétrica e antropometria. Os procedimentos de validação cruzada de Lohman e a plotagem de Bland e Altman foram utilizados. O índice de massa corporal da amostra variou entre 18,4 kg/m² e 39,3 kg/m². O percentual médio de gordura foi de 23,1% (desvio-padrão, DP = 5,8) nos homens e 37,3% (DP = 6,9) nas mulheres. As equações de Kyle e cols., Dey médio e Sun e cols. atenderam os critérios de validação para os homens; erro constante entre -0,7 kg e 2,5 kg), e para mulheres, as equações de Kyle e cols. e Dey e cols. (EC entre 0,3 kg e 2,7 kg). As equações de IB validadas no presente estudo podem ser utilizadas para a estimativa da MLG de idosos brasileiros.

Composição corporal; Idoso; Impedância bioelétrica; Densidade mineral óssea; Antropometria


ORIGINAL

Validation of bioelectrical impedance for the prediction of fat-free mass in brazilian elderly subjects

Predição da massa livre de gordura por meio da impedância bioelétrica para idosos brasileiros

Cassiano Ricardo RechI; Braian Alves CordeiroII; Edio Luiz PetroskiIII; Francisco A. G. VasconcelosIV

IFaculdade of Physical Education, Universidade Estadual de Ponta Grossa (UEPG), Ponta Grossa, PR, Brazil

IIFaculdade of Nutrition, Universidade do Vale do Itajaí (Univali), Itajaí, SC, Brazil

IIIGraduate Program in Physical Education, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianópolis, SC, Brazil

IVGraduate Program in Nutrition, UFSC, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil

Correspondence to Correspondence to: Edio Luiz Petroski UFSC - CDS/DEF/NuCIDH 88040-900 Florianópolis, SC, Brazil E-mail: petroski@cds.ufsc.br

ABSTRACT

Aging involves both nutritional and physiological changes, reducing fat-free mass (FFM) and increasing body fat, both of which are associated with physical weakness, unfitness and morbidity among the elderly. This study was undertaken to analyze the cross-validity of bioelectrical impedance equations for the prediction of fat-free mass (FFM) in elderly Brazilians. A cross-sectional population-based study, was performed in Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil, 2006. The study sample comprised 60 men and 120 women, aged 60 to 81. The dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) served as gold standard. Predicted %BF and FFM were obtained from various anthropometric equations and bioelectric impedance. The cross-validation criteria suggested by Lohman and Bland-Altman plots of differences against the mean were used. The body mass index of the sample ranged from 18.4 to 39.3 kg/m2. Mean percent body fat was 23.1 ± 5.8% in men and 37.3 ± 6.9% in women (range: 6 to 51.4%). In men, the equations of Kyle et al. (2001), Dey et al. (2003) and Sun et al. (2003) did not differ significantly from the DEXA measurement, with a constant error (CE) of 0.7 to 2.5 kg. In contrast, among women only the equations of Kyle et al. (2001) and Dey et al. (2003) were found to be valid (CE: 0.3 to 2.7 kg). The bioelectrical impedance equations validated in this study can be used in the Brazilian elderly population.

Keywords: Body composition; Elderly; Electric impedance; Bone density; Anthropometry

RESUMO

O envelhecimento causa modificações fisiológicas e nutricionais, entre elas, a redução da massa livre de gordura (MLG) e o aumento da gordura corporal, ambas associadas com fraqueza, inaptidão e morbidez de idosos. O estudo teve como objetivo analisar a validade cruzada de equações de impedância bioelétrica (IB) para a estimativa da massa MLG em idosos brasileiros. Estudo transversal de base populacional, conduzido em Florianópolis, estado de Santa Catarina, Brasil, 2006. Foram avaliados 60 homens e 120 mulheres com idade entre 60 e 81 anos. A absortometria radiológica de dupla energia foi usada como padrão-ouro para a validação cruzada. A MLG foi estimada por impedância bioelétrica e antropometria. Os procedimentos de validação cruzada de Lohman e a plotagem de Bland e Altman foram utilizados. O índice de massa corporal da amostra variou entre 18,4 kg/m2 e 39,3 kg/m2. O percentual médio de gordura foi de 23,1% (desvio-padrão, DP = 5,8) nos homens e 37,3% (DP = 6,9) nas mulheres. As equações de Kyle e cols., Dey médio e Sun e cols. atenderam os critérios de validação para os homens; erro constante entre -0,7 kg e 2,5 kg), e para mulheres, as equações de Kyle e cols. e Dey e cols. (EC entre 0,3 kg e 2,7 kg). As equações de IB validadas no presente estudo podem ser utilizadas para a estimativa da MLG de idosos brasileiros.

Descritores: Composição corporal; Idoso; Impedância bioelétrica; Densidade mineral óssea; Antropometria

INTRODUCTION

Changes in body composition during the aging process result from decreases in total body water, bone mass and muscle mass (1), accompanied by an increase in body adiposity (2). Due to these alterations, the quantification of body weight often does not reflect changes in fat mass and fat-free mass (FFM) (3), with these two components being of great importance, since they are directly related to the maintenance of the independence of elderly individuals and to an increased risk of nontransmissible chronic diseases such as diabetes (4), cardiovascular disease (5) and some types of cancer (6).

However, the assessment of body composition components in the elderly is still a matter of discussion among specialists, since body changes that occur as a result of aging are difficult to measure due to the scarcity of adequate methods. In this respect, the validity of noninvasive low cost methods of good applicability have been tested since they represent a suitable alternative for the assessment of body composition in this group of people (7). Among these methods, bioelectrical impedance (BI) analysis has been widely used for the study of body composition due to its noninvasiveness and relatively low cost and because it requires little collaboration from the patient (2). In addition to body components, some of these methods can also be used to estimate the distribution of body fluids in intra- and extracellular spaces (8).

One of the main factors associated with changes in the level of hydration in humans has been attributed to the process of aging, i.e., the reduction of FFM and body water that occurs with age (9). Thus, BI methods validated for the prediction of FFM in young individuals have been found to be inadequate when used in elderly populations (10,11).

In this respect, some regression equations based on the measurement of resistance (R) and reactance (Xc) combined with anthropometric measures have been proposed for the estimation of FFM in specific elderly groups, or in more encompassing samples of the population, but only few methods have been tested in Brazilian samples.

OBJECTIVE

The purpose of the present study is to evaluate the predictive power of BI equations for the estimation of FFM in Brazilian elderly subjects, using dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) as the reference method.

METHODS

Subjects

The sample consisted of 180 healthy elderly subjects (60 men and 120 women) ranging in age from 60 to 81 years, all of them living in the municipality of Florianópolis, State of Santa Catarina, Southern Brazil. The subjects were selected by invitation among participants of four elderly leisure groups. These groups were selected among people living close to the places where the measurements were carried out, thus avoiding major discomfort for the subjects.

A total of 266 elderly subjects (115 men and 151 women) were contacted by telephone and interviewed. 86 subjects (57 men and 29 women) did not fulfill the criteria for inclusion in the sample since they presented symptoms of high blood pressure, had some type of cancer, amputation and pacemaker, were younger than 60 years, were taking diuretics, had a fixed prosthesis or were not interested in participating in the study. During the telephone contact, the subjects also responded to a questionnaire regarding demographic data and the dates for the anthropometric, BI and DEXA measurements were also scheduled.

An interesting socioeconomic demographic characteristic was that 60% (n = 108) of the subjects were between 60 and 70 years of age, characterizing the sample as a young elderly population. Regarding marital status, 88.3% (n = 53) of men and 65% (n = 78) of women were married. The educational level was considered to be above national standards. In the present study, 42.8% of the elderly subjects had completed middle school or completed high school, and 57.2% completed elementary school (until 8th grade). Most elderly subjects (84.3%) performed some type of physical activity (more than twice a week). Men were found to be less active than women (p < 0.05, χ2 = 2.35). The main activities reported by subjects practicing physical exercise were walking, localized gymnastics, working out, water gymnastics and dancing.

The study was carried out according to the ethical guidelines regarding personal autonomy indicated in Resolution No. 196 (October 10, 1996, Conselho Nacional de Saúde). The study was approved by the Ethics Committee on Human Research of Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina [UFSC] (059/05).

Anthropometric measurements

Body weight and height were measured according to international standards (12). Three measurements were obtained and the mean was considered for analysis. Body mass index (BMI) was calculated as the weight in kilograms divided by the square of the height in meters. A model Arja scale with a capacity of 150 kg and a wall mounted stadiometer with a precision of 0.1 cm were used for the measurements.

Bioelectrical impedance

BI variables were analyzed using a tetrapolar body-composition analyzer (model BF, Biodynamics Body Composition, Seattle, Washington, USA). Four electrodes were placed on the dorsal surface of the right hand, wrist, foot and ankle. During the measurement, the subjects remained lying in the supine position on a nonconducting surface (wooden table). During BI a painless current of low intensity (800 µA) is emitted at a frequency of 50 kHz following the path from the source electrode to the detector electrode. The electrodes were placed on the anatomical points suggested by Heyward and Stolarczyk (7) and Lukaski et al. (13).

R and Xc provided by the analyzer at the emitted electrical current were used for the estimation of FFM. The subjects were asked to obey the following procedures before the BI measurements as described by Heyward and Stolarczyk (7): not to eat or drink anything during the 4 hours before the evaluation, not to perform any physical exercise during the 12 hours preceding the test, to urinate at least 30 minutes before the evaluation, not to consume alcohol during the 48 hours preceding the test, and not to take any diuretics during the 7 days prior to the test. The anthropometric and BI measurements were obtained in the fasting state in the morning at the Laboratory of Kinanthropometry, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina.

The R and Xc values were used in regression equations along with anthropometric measures for the estimation of FFM, which was compared to the criterion measure (DEXA). Table 1 shows the BI equations for elderly subjects analyzed in the present study.

DEXA

The criterion measure of FFM was determined by whole-body scanning with a Lunar Prodigy DF + 14319 radiation densitometer (Madison, WI, USA) using the DPX-L software version 7.52.002 for quantification.

Measurements were performed with the subject barefoot lying in the supine position on a table and wearing only an apron and no earrings, rings, dentures or other type of metal material. The subject was asked not to move and a whole-body scan was performed which lasted on average of 20 to 30 minutes. The densitometer was calibrated daily according to manufacturer recommendations. Scans were carried out by a medical radiology technician at Centro de Diagnóstico por Imagens (SONITEC), Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, in the afternoon on the same day as the anthropometric and BI measurements.

Statistical analysis

Descriptive statistics was used for the characterization of anthropometric and BI variables: frequency and percent distribution, calculation of central trend (mean), and dispersal (standard deviation). The criteria suggested by Lohman (17) were adopted for cross-validation of the BI equations. The paired t-test was used for comparison between estimated means (equations) and those measured by DEXA. The following procedures were also used for analysis of estimated and measured values: Pearson's linear correlation coefficient (r) and analysis of standard deviations, constant error (CE) which corresponds to the difference between estimated and measured values, total error (TE) which corresponds to the variation in values as a function of the number of subjects analyzed, and standard error of the estimate (SEE) which corresponds to the error expected for the equation analyzed compared to the criterion measure (DEXA).

Finally, Bland and Altman analysis (18) was used to determine the dispersal of residual scores as a function of the estimated and measured means. Cross-validation of the equations was performed according to gender and BMI classification (< 25 kg/m2, 25 to 30 kg/m2 and > 30 kg/m2) using the World Health Organization classification for nutritional assessment (19). The BI equations were considered to be valid when they fulfilled the criteria cited above, i.e., when they did not present significantly different means, r > 0.79, and CE, TE and SEE for FFM less than 3.5 kg for men and 2.8 kg for women. The Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) program version 10.0 was used for analysis of the data.

RESULTS

The sample consisted of 180 elderly subjects ranging in age from 60 to 81 years, including 66.7% (n = 120) women and 33.3% (n = 60) men. The mean (± standard deviation, SD) age was 69.1 ± 5.6 years for men and 67.2 ± 5.1 years for women.

The physical characteristics of the group of elderly subjects evaluated in the present study are shown in Table 2. As can be seen in the table, the body composition variables measured by DEXA, anthropometry and BI differed between genders (p < 0.05), thus confirming the need for specific equations for each gender. Percent body fat ranged from 6 to 36.3% in men and from 15.6 to 51.4% in women, being significantly higher in women compared to men (p < 0.05). In contrast, FFM evaluated by DEXA was significantly higher in men (54.9 ± 6.8 kg) than in women (38.9 ± 4.5 kg).

Table 3 shows the mean FFM and standard deviation obtained with the different methods tested in the present study, as well as the results of the cross-validation according to the criteria suggested by Lohman (17). In men, only FFM estimated by the equation of Deurenberg et al. (14) differed significantly from the DEXA measure (p < 0.05). In elderly women, the equation of Deurenberg et al. (14) significantly underestimated FFM by 5.9 kg, whereas the equation of Sun et al. (9) significantly overestimated FFM by 3.8 kg. For all equations the correlations were found to be significant and above the values recommended by Lohman (17) for the process of cross-validation. However, the marked correlations agreement in the validation limits (3.5 kg for men and 2.8 kg for women) between equations was less than 80%. The best agreement was observed for the equation of Kyle et al. (15) in both men (79.6%) and women (75.6%).

The dispersal graphs illustrate the mean errors and confidence intervals for each equation, which did not differ significantly from the criterion measure (Figure 1).


DISCUSSION

The elderly population has grown significantly in developing countries such as Brazil (20), a fact requiring simple accessible methods for the assessment of body composition in this population. The purpose of the present study is to compare FFM measured by DEXA and estimated by BI equations in a sample of Brazilian elderly subjects.

The present results indicate significant differences in body composition variables between elderly men and women (Table 2). This findings demonstrate that equations for the assessment of body composition in the elderly need to be gender specific, since this particular group is highly heterogenous in terms of gender. Women presented a lower body weight and height than men of the same age, whereas BMI was significantly higher in women (p < 0.05). These results agree with Goodman-Gruen and Barret-Connor (21) who demonstrated differences in body composition variables between genders, which became more marked with age.

With respect to the criteria used for the cross-validation of the equations, Lohman (17) recommended for a technique to be valid to a correlation coefficient higher than 0.80, compared to the criterion measure and a low SEE. In the present study, the correlation coefficient was adequate and the criterion measure and standard error were also low, i.e., less than 2.5 kg in men and 2.8 kg in women.

The use of field methods such as BI analysis for the assessment of body composition is attractive, since it requires little collaboration from the patient and reduces interobserver errors compared to the measurement of skinfold thickness.

Regarding the cross-validation of the equations analyzed in the present study, we observed that the equation of Deurenberg et al. (14) underestimated FFM by 7.1 kg in men and by 5.9 kg in women, differing significantly from the criterion measure of FFM (p < 0.05). The equation also showed low agreement in both men (10.2%) and women (5.4%) compared to the DEXA measure. However, the correlation coefficient was significant (men: r = 0.86 and women: r = 0.83) and the TE was considered to be high (6.8% and 6.2%, respectively). In the study of Haapala et al. (11), the equation of Deurenberg et al. (14) underestimated FFM by 6.5 ± 2.4 kg in a sample of elderly women. This equation also resulted in different mean estimates of body fat in elderly subjects when compared to those obtained with DEXA (10) and a 4-component model (22). One of the factors that might explain these errors is that the equation was developed using the method of hydrostatic weighing, which establishes an FFM constant and does not consider variations, especially the loss of bone mineral density and muscle mass (23), a fact that might result in marked errors when assessing body composition in the elderly.

The other three equations analyzed were developed using DEXA and 4-component model estimates as a criterion measure, which take into account aging-associated changes in FFM (24) and bone mineral density (23). The mean FFM estimated by the equation of Kyle et al. (18) did not differ significantly from the criterion measure (p > 0.05) in either men or women, with an underestimation of FFM of 0.8 kg in men and an overestimation of 0.2 kg in women. The SEE, standard deviation and TE are considered to valid for the estimation of FFM in the elderly (17). Figure 1 shows the error values and 95% confidence intervals of the error variations obtained with the equation of Kyle et al. (15) Application of this equation to the elderly population showed a higher variation in men compared to women, a finding that might be explained by the greater loss of FFM in men with increasing age (8).

With respect to the equation of Dey e cols. (16), we observed a slight overestimation of FFM by 0.6 kg in men and by 2.3 kg in women, and a high correlation coefficient in men (r = 0.89) and women (r = 0.85). Agreement between methods ranged from 63.7 to 78%, i.e., a large part of the elderly subjects studied presented acceptable errors when using the validation criteria suggested by Lohman (17), demonstrating that this equation presents cross-validity in Brazilian elderly subjects. This was confirmed by the analysis of residual scores (Figure 1).

Another equation found to be valid for the estimation of FFM in men was that developed by Sun et al. (9), with a CE of 2.5 kg and 65.9% agreement in sample scores. However, this equation presented a significant difference in women (3.8 kg). Despite a high correlation (r = 0.90), agreement between the two methods was low (33.6%).

Analysis of the validation criteria showed that neither the equation of Dey et al. (16) nor the equation of Sun et al. (9) was influenced by BMI categories. In men, the errors did not increase along with increasing overweight in neither equation. In women, this tendency was only observed for the equation of Sun et al. (9), which underestimated FFM in elderly subjects with a BMI < 25 kg/m2, and overestimated this parameter in those with a BMI > 30 kg/m2. Gray et al. (25) reported that excess adiposity may result in errors in the estimation of FFM from bioelectrical impedance, mainly due to changes in the hydration of body components. According to Baumgartner et al. (26), this variation may also be related to anisotropic components (intracellular fluids, air spaces and the orientation of the electrodes itself which impairs the passage of the electrical current in trunk muscles, whose muscle fibers possess different orientations).

The ratio between the square of the height and resistance has proved to be an excellent predictor of FFM (27), Kyle et al. (18) reported a correlation of r = 0.93 and SEE of 2.8 kg. These data are similar to those reported by Sun et al. (9) who obtained values of r = 0.79 and SEE of 2.6 to 3.8 kg when including the square of the height and body weight in the regression model. In the present study, coefficients of determination for this variable were high in men (R2 = 0.74) and women (R2 = 0.68).

Other studies have also validated BI equations in groups of elderly subjects. Lupoli et al. (28) observed that the equation developed by Deurenberg et al. (14) underestimated FFM by 5.2 kg in men and by 6 kg in women with a BMI less than 20 kg/m2.

Dey and Bosaeus (2) also found that the BI equation of Deurenberg et al. (14) underestimated FFM by 7.9 kg in men and by 9 kg in women. In contrast, the equation of Kyle et al. (15) underestimated FFM by 2.6 kg in men and by 4.2 kg in women when compared to FFM predicted with a 4-component model in a sample from the Nordic Research on Ageing Study. Fregonasse (29) reported the validity of the BI equations developed by Lohman (14) and of specific equations developed for different body fat levels (< 30% and > 30%) by Segal et al. (30) ,in a group of 95 postmenopausal elderly women. The results demonstrated that the equation of Lohman (17) significantly overestimated FFM by 0.63 kg, while the equation of Segal et al. (30) was found to be valid for the estimation of FFM in the cited sample.

The above considerations demonstrate that BI equations are a valid tool for the estimation of FFM in elderly subjects since they produce acceptable errors. However, it should be emphasized that the quality of the information produced by BI analysis depends on the previous control of numerous factors, since variations in FFM hydration and electrolyte concentration, the instrument used and the ability of the examiner are potential sources of measurement errors (13). Once controlled for these factors, the BI method has a marked advantage over the measurement of the sum of skinfold thickness since it measures body water and presents lower intraobserver errors.

The use of a criterion measure (DEXA) compared to regression equations, that estimate FFM using other criterion measures (e.g., hydrostatic weighing), may result in additional errors due to differences in the techniques used and their measurement principle. Another limitation is related to the technique for the establishment of the criterion measure (DEXA), in which subjects with body dimensions above 190 × 60 centimeters remain outside the limit estimated by the equipment. Thus, subjects with these characteristics were excluded.

Considering the limitations of the present study, we conclude that the generalized BI equation developed by Kyle et al. (15) and the specific equation developed by Dey et al. (16) are valid for the prediction of FFM in elderly men and women, for all BMI categories analyzed. The generalized BI equation developed by Sun et al. (9) is valid for the prediction of FFM in elderly men, irrespective of BMI classification. In contrast, the BI equation of Deurenberg et al. (14) showed no cross-validity for the prediction of FFM in Brazilian elderly subjects.

CONCLUSIONS

BI was found to be a valid and precise method for the prediction of FFM in elderly subjects, suggesting its use in follow-up studies in order to reduce the interobserver errors of the equipment. However, criteria need to be established before BI analysis so that the results will not be significantly influenced by other factors.

Acknowledgments. The authors wish to thank the elderly subjects who took part in this study and the SONITEC Laboratory for help with the measurements. Conflict of interest: No other potencial conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

Recebido em 10/3/2008

Aceito em 25/8/2008

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  • Correspondence to:
    Edio Luiz Petroski
    UFSC - CDS/DEF/NuCIDH
    88040-900 Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
    E-mail:
  • Publication Dates

    • Publication in this collection
      03 Dec 2008
    • Date of issue
      Oct 2008

    History

    • Received
      10 Mar 2008
    • Accepted
      25 Aug 2008
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