We evaluated thyroid function, ultrasound images and presence of autoantibodies in a mixed racial group of 800 unselected primiparous or multiparous (1-7 previous pregnancies) pregnant women attended in a public hospital in the city of São Paulo. Forty-six patients were excluded from the study because of a confirmed diagnosis of a thyroid condition. Thus, a total of 754 women were available for further studies in the postpartum period. A relatively large number of those patients (n= 386) were lost or unavailable to follow-up either before or after delivery. A cohort of 386 puerperal healthy women was followed-up regularly at 3, 6, 12 and 24 months during the postpartum period, with regular thyroid function tests, random urine iodine measurements, assays for serum autoantibodies against thyroid antigens and imaging by ultrasound. Twenty-nine patients had a transient rise of anti-TPO-Ab characterizing an autoimmune reaction. These antibodies titres progressively declined or became negative. Moreover none of these patients have evidence for altered thyroid function during the 18-24 months of follow-up. Forty-nine patients (13.3%) changed their thyroid status, mainly to hypothyroidism, indicating the presence of a postpartum thyroid dysfunction (PPTD). Further follow-up studies have evidenced that at 18-24 months of examination 42/49 had serum levels of anti-TPO-Ab that were more elevated as compared with the first year values. Predictive factors found during pregnancy for developing PPTD, were: (1) relatively low levels of anti-TPO-Ab (between 60 and 100U/mL) [odds ratio 3:1] and (2) ultrasonographic thyroid structural changes in the first trimester [odds ratio 3.5:1]. In conclusion, the prevalence of PPTD was 13.3% considering only those postpartum women actually followed-up (n= 368). A transient form of thyroid autoimmune reaction, characterized by elevated serum titers of anti-TPO-Ab that further declined and reached the normal range, was observed in 29 puerperal women.
Pregnancy; Follow-up; Thyroid function; Autoantibodies; Postpartum thyroiditis
