Isolation of rotavirus from asymptomatic dogs in Brazil

Isolamento de rotavírus de cães assintomáticos no Brasil

COMUNICAÇÃO COMMUNICATION

Isolation of rotavirus from asymptomatic dogs in Brazil

Isolamento de rotavírus de cães assintomáticos no Brasil

V.L.A. Ruiz^I; P.E. Brandão^II; F. Gregori^I; C.A.R. Rodriguez^II; S.L.P. Souza^II; J.A. Jerez^II

^ICentro de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento de Sanidade Animal - Instituto Biológico Av. Conselheiro Rodrigues Alves, 1252 04014-002 - São Paulo, SP

^IIFaculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia - USP - São Paulo, SP

Keywords: rotavirus, isolation, PAGE, asymptomatic dogs

RESUMO

Relata-se o isolamento de rotavírus, a partir de material fecal de dois cães assintomáticos, no Brasil. A ocorrência de rotavírus foi pesquisada em amostras fecais de nove cães assintomáticos, provenientes do Centro de Controle de Zoonoses do município de Osasco, SP. Duas das nove amostras analisadas, por eletroforese em gel de poliacrilamida, foram positivas. O isolamento de rotavírus foi realizado em linhagem de células MA-104, com adição de 10,0µg/mL de tripsina ao meio de manutenção, e confirmado pelo eletroferótipo característico de grupo A.

Palavras-chave: rotavírus, isolamento, PAGE, cães assintomáticos

Rotaviruses (Reoviridae: Rotavirus), the causative agents of acute diarrhea in mammals, including man and birds, possess a non-enveloped triple-layered icosahedral capsid about 75nm diameter, with a characteristic 11segmented genome of double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) (Estes and Cohen, 1989). The genus Rotavirus is subdivided both serologically, based on the inner capsid VP6 protein, and electropherotypically, based on the arrangement of the 11 dsRNA segments, into seven groups (A to G). Groups A, B, and C are found in both humans and animals, whereas groups D, E, F, and G have been found only in animals to date. In most cases, the electrophoretic pattern of the genome of group A rotaviruses is composed of four high-molecular-weight dsRNA segments (numbered 1 to 4), two middle-sized segments (5 and 6), a distinctive triplet of segments (7 to 9), and two smaller segments (10 and 11) (Estes and Kapikian, 2007).

Canine rotavirus most often causes mild enteritis, especially in pups younger than two weeks, but the virus is also found in health animals (Schwers et al., 1983; Mochizuki et al., 1986).

To date, only 10 isolates of canine rotavirus have been reported, including three isolates from the USA, two from France, two from Japan, two from Italy, and one from Korea (England and Poston, 1980; Fulton et al., 1981; Hoshino et al., 1982; Hoyois et al., 1982; Mochizuki and Hsüan, 1984; Martella et al., 2001; Mochizuki et al., 2001; Kang et al., 2007).

In Brazil, the detection of rotavirus on fecal samples of dogs has already been reported (Gabbay et al., 2003; Catroxo et al., 2005), but no isolations have been described so far. This study reports the isolation in cell culture and characterization in polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of rotavirus from fecal specimens of asymptomatic dogs in Brazil.

Fecal specimens were collected from nine asymptomatic adult stray dogs kept at a Zoonosis Control Center located in Osasco municipality, SP. These animals have been removed from streets as part of an animal welfare/rabies control program. Fecal suspensions were prepared as 20% (v/v) in 0.1M Tris/1.5mM CaCl2, pH 7.3, and centrifuged at 12,000g for 30 minutes at 4ºC. Total RNA was extracted from the supernatants with phenol/chloroform and resolved with polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) in 3.5%-7.5% polyacrylamide gel with 20mA for two hours, and stained with silver as described by Herring et al. (1982). The NCDV strain of group A and Tris buffer were included as positive and negative controls, respectively.

For rotavirus isolation, PAGE-positive fecal samples were diluted 1:5 (v/v) in phosphate buffered saline (PBS) and centrifuged at 3,000g for 30 minutes at 4ºC. The supernatant was filtered using 0.22µm membranes¹ and then diluted 1:2 in viral activation solution (0.14M NaCl, 5.37mM KCl, 0.4mM Na₂HPO₄, 0.44mM KH₂PO4, 5.55mM glucose, and 10% trypsin). One milliliter of the activated inoculum was added to MA-104 cells monolayers grown for 48 hours in 25cm² flasks in Medium 199² supplemented with 5% bovine fetal serum (BFS). After one hour of adsorption at 37ºC, the inoculum was discarded and the cells were supplied with 7mL of Medium 199 with 10µg/mL trypsin and incubated at 37ºC.

Cells were daily observed under light microscope for cytopathic effects. Six serial passages were carried out with 1mL of the previous passage and each one was monitored by PAGE with the protocol described above.

Two of the nine fecal samples resulted in a weak signal in PAGE, characterized by faint bands prior virus isolation and were thus elected for rotavirus isolation. Cell culture inoculation of these two samples resulted in a rotavirus-like cytopathic effect from the second passage on, characterized by cell rounding and net-like appearance of the monolayers 48 hours postinoculation. It was possible to detect an electrophoretic pattern typical of group A rotaviruses in both samples after the first (strain Br-01) and second (strain Br-02) passages with similar genomic segments mobilities (Fig. 1). Group A rotavirus has been detected and isolated from two adult stray dogs showing no signs of enteritis at the time of sample collection during a survey in animals kept in a Brazilian Public Health animal facility.

Fecal samples of dogs showing clinical signs of gastroenteritis were positive by ELISA and direct electron microscopy for the presence of rotavirus in Brazil (Gabbay et al., 2003; Catroxo et al., 2005), but there are no reports on virus isolation in cell cultures hitherto.

Electrophoresis of dsRNA of strains Br-01 and Br-02 resulted the characteristic 4-2-3-2 group A rotavirus electropherotype, compatible with dog rotavirus described elsewhere (Estes and Kapikian, 2007).

Canine rotavirus isolation in MA-104 cells could be achieved from fecal samples collected from symptomatic puppies as already described in countries such as USA (England and Poston, 1980; Fulton et al., 1981), Japan (Mochizuki and Hsüan, 1984; Mochizuki et al., 2001), Italy (Martella et al., 2001), and North Korea (Kang et al., 2007). Regarding the isolation from fecal samples taken from asymptomatic dogs, reports are scarce (Hoyois et al., 1982; Hoshino et al., 1982), what allow one to speculate that not only asymptomatic carriers is one possible condition of dogs regarding rotavirus infection but also that these animals might shed low titers of rotavirus in their feces.

Strains Br-01 and Br-02 showed cytopathic effect after the 2^nd passage in MA-104 cells, similarly to the above mentioned canine rotavirus isolation reports, and a clearer rotavirus electropherotype in PAGE after virus isolation when compared to the original fecal samples, showing that cell culture isolation can increase PAGE sensitivity and allow a more accurate detection of this virus in asymptomatic animals.

Seroepidemiological surveys have shown that a high frequency of anti-rotavirus antibodies can be expected in adult dogs (Mochizuki et al., 1986), meaning that these animals are either continuously exposed to this pathogen or harbor it as asymptomatic carriers.

Transmission of rotavirus amongst humans and dogs has already been experimentally (Tzipori and Makin, 1978) and naturally (Nagakomi et al., 1992) proved and canine rotaviruses could be isolated even from asymptomatic humans (Nagakomi and Nagakomi, 2000). Thus, dogs carrying rotavirus and freely wandering in streets may pose a risk to rotavirus transmission to humans, mainly to the young, and might be a neglected link in viral gastroenteritis epidemiological chain.

Recebido em 16 de dezembro de 2008

Aceito em 27 de abril de 2009

E-mail: [e-mail]

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1

Millex Filters 0,22µm, Millipore

^®-São Paulo, Brazil.

2

Gibco

^®, Invitrogen

^®- Massachusetts, USA.

Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  27 Aug 2009
• Date of issue
  Aug 2009