In vitro anti-eimeriosis and anthelmintic activities for Achillea fragrantissima

Al-Shaebi, E.M.; Al-Quraishy, S.; Maodaa, S.N.; Alatawi, A.; Alawwad, S.A.; Aljawdah, H.M.A.; Abdel-Gaber, R.

doi:10.1590/1678-4162-13025

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Veterinary Medicine and Technology and Inspection of Animal Products • Arq. Bras. Med. Vet. Zootec. 75 (6) • Nov-Dec 2023 • https://doi.org/10.1590/1678-4162-13025 copy

In vitro anti-eimeriosis and anthelmintic activities for Achillea fragrantissima

[Atividades antieimeriose e anti-helmínticas in vitro da Achillea fragrantissima]

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

ABSTRACT

The effectiveness of many plants has been reported as anthelmintic and anticoccidial because they possess active compounds. Excessive use of drugs has led to the emergence of drug-resistant Eimeria species. This study was designed to evaluate anticoccidial and anthelmintic activity of Achillea fragrantissima flower extract (AFFE) and leaves extract (AFLE). Infrared spectroscopy showed nine phytochemical compounds. Chemical examination revealed AF rich in phenols, flavonoids, and tannins. Flower extract showed the highest percentage inhibition of DPPH radical at 500 µg/mL (82.2%) compared to leaves extract (74.5%). AFFE and AFLE (100 mg/ml) caused paralysis and earthworm death by 13.67±1.96 and 15.25±2.48 min and 4.19±0.05 and 4.70±0.28 min, respectively, compared to mebendazole. In histological study, a clear defect was found in surface architecture of treated groups of worms with extract. At 96 h, significant inhibition (100%) of process sporulation for E. papillata oocyst was observed when exposed to AFFE (300 and 200 mg/mL), while AFLE was 98.4 and 96%, respectively. Additionally, amprolium, Dettol^TM, phenol, and formalin 5% showed different levels of inhibition. Results revealed anticoccidial and anthelmintic activities of AFFE and AFLE, which encourages conducting many in vivo studies to find an effective and cheap treatment.

Keywords:
Achillea fragrantissima; extract; earthworms; sporulation

Absorption (cm^-1)	Transmittance (%)	Appearance	Group	Compound class
3417.82	6.797389	strong, broad	O-H stretching	alcohol
2931.01	10.82597	medium	C-H stretching	alkane
1739.16	10.26702	strong	C=O stretching	esters
1621.41	9.75912	strong	C=C stretching	α,β-unsaturated ketone
1514.11	14.11018	strong	N-O stretching	nitro compound
1384.04	11.21991	medium	C-H bending	alkane
1255.48	11.34165	strong	C-O stretching	alkyl aryl ether
1076.71	10.98301	strong	C-O stretching	primary alcohol
571.82	14.69575	strong	C-Br stretching	halo compound

Absorption (cm^-1)	Transmittance (%)	Appearance	Group	Compound class
3420.84	8.023352	strong, broad	O-H stretching	alcohol
2928.06	10.5347	medium	C-H stretching	alkane
1740.88	10.69856	strong	C=O stretching	esters
1624.27	10.02569	medium	C=C stretching	conjugated alkene
1514.09	12.8267	strong	N-O stretching	nitro compound
1383.91	11.34973	medium	C-H bending	alkane
1255.78	11.46696	strong	C-O stretching	alkyl aryl ether
1051.98	11.25579	medium	C-O stretching	primary alcohol
572.27	13.81852	strong	C-Br stretching	halo compound

Concentrations (µg/mL)	DPPH Radical Scavenging Activity (%)
Concentrations (µg/mL)	AFFE	AFLE
31.25	22.5±0.96	33.1 ± 1.1
62.5	44.7±0.8	47.4 ± 0.6
125	63.5±0.7	65.7 ± 0.5
250	80.98±0.5	80.5 ± 0.4
500	83.95±0.3	82.2 ± 0.1
1000	76.3± 0.7	79.01 ± 0.4

Groups	Time	Sporulation of oocyst (%)	Inhibition of sporulation (%)
Distilled H₂O	72 hr	66.6 %	24.2 %
Distilled H₂O	96 hr	79.78 %	15.7 %
Potassium dichromate (2.5%)	72 hr	88.03 %	0 %
Potassium dichromate (2.5%)	96 hr	94.67 %	0 %
AFFE (300 mg/mL)	72 hr	0 %	100 %
AFFE (300 mg/mL)	96 hr	0 %	100 %
AFFE (200 mg/mL)	72 hr	0 %	100 %
AFFE (200 mg/mL)	96 hr	0 %	100 %
AFFE (100 mg/mL)	72 hr	0 %	100 %
AFFE (100 mg/mL)	96 hr	1.52 %	98.4 %
AFFE (50 mg/mL)	72 hr	0 %	100 %
AFFE (50 mg/mL)	96 hr	7.4 %	92.2 %
AFLE (300 mg/mL)	72 hr	0 %	100 %
AFLE (300 mg/mL)	96 hr	1.5 %	98.4 %
AFLE (200 mg/mL)	72 hr	0 %	100 %
AFLE (200 mg/mL)	96 hr	3.5 %	96.3 %
AFLE (100 mg/mL)	72 hr	0 %	100 %
AFLE (100 mg/mL)	96 hr	5.6 %	94.1 %
AFLE (50 mg/mL)	72 hr	5.5 %	93.7 %
AFLE (50 mg/mL)	96 hr	31.2 %	67.04 %
Amprolium	72 hr	65.39 %	34.61 %
Amprolium	96 hr	62.67 %	37.33 %
Dettol^TM	72 hr	23.08 %	76.92 %
Dettol^TM	96 hr	18.67 %	81.33 %
Phenol	72 hr	7 %	92.30 %
Phenol	96 hr	10.67 %	89.33 %
Formalin	72 hr	0 %	100 %
Formalin	96 hr	0 %	100 %

Test samples	Concentration (mg/ml)	Time taken for paralysis (min.)	Time taken for death (min.)
Control (H₂O)	--	--	--
AFFE	25 mg/mL	6.24 ± 0.06 ^*#	6.70 ± 0.28 ^*#
	50 mg/mL	5.44 ± 0.17 ^*#	6.08 ± 0.05 ^*#
	100 mg/mL	4.19 ± 0.05 ^*#	4.70 ± 0.28 ^*#
AFLE	25 mg/mL	50.31 ± 9.15 ^*#	54.85 ± 8.10 ^*#
	50 mg/mL	16.92 ± 6.04 ^*	18.19 ± 6.00 ^*
	100 mg/mL	13.67 ± 1.96 ^*	15.25 ± 2.48 ^*#
Mebendazole	10 mg/mL	13.91 ± 0.37 ^*	18.20 ± 0.980 ^*

Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Escola de Veterinária Caixa Postal 567, 30123-970 Belo Horizonte MG - Brazil, Tel.: (55 31) 3409-2041, Tel.: (55 31) 3409-2042 - Belo Horizonte - MG - Brazil
E-mail: abmvz.artigo@gmail.com

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[1] *Corresponding author: rabdelgaber.c@ksu.edu.sa