Analysis of factors of production in the termination of feedlot lambs to pasture

Análise de fatores de produção na terminação de cordeiros em confinamento a pasto

ABSTRACT

The objective of this study was to analyze the factors that influence the performance of lambs in pasture confinement, by substituting a concentrate with different levels of the aerial part of cassava in relation to hematocrit indices. The experiment was conducted at the Sheep Technology Center using 56 Pantaneira sheep, of which 28 were male and 28 were female. For female lambs, the globular volume showed a decreasing quadratic effect, with a minimum inclusion of 10.24% PAM in the diet for a hematocrit index of 32.28. A linear effect was observed for the mean crude protein intake in the male lambs based on the diet provided and was estimated to be equivalent to 87.4% of the lambs’ final weight. In conclusion, mean crude protein consumption is most strongly correlated with the final weight of male lambs, and NDF is most strongly correlated with the final weight of female lambs, with the level of cyanide consumption influencing the average daily weight gain in female lambs. The hematocrit level of the male lambs decreased with an increase in the inclusion of the aerial part of cassava in the ration of the animals.

Keywords:
Lambs; Famacha; hematocrit; nutrition

RESUMO

O objetivo do presente trabalho foi analisar os fatores de influência no desempenho de cordeiros em confinamento a pasto, com níveis de substituição de concentrado por parte aérea de mandioca, e sua relação com os índices de hematócritos. O experimento foi conduzido no Centro de Tecnologia de Ovinos (CTO), utilizando-se 56 ovinos da raça Pantaneira, sendo 28 machos e 28 fêmeas. No volume globular do grupo de fêmeas, observou-se efeito quadrático decrescente, com o ponto de mínimo para uma inclusão de 10,24% de PAM na ração com índice de níveis de hematócritos de 32,28. O efeito linear observado para o consumo médio de PB no modelo para cordeiros machos, conforme a dieta fornecida, em função do peso final, foi estimada o equivalente a 87,4% da formação do peso final dos cordeiros. Conclui-se que o consumo médio de proteína bruta é o fator com maior correlação com o peso final dos cordeiros machos e para as fêmeas o fator com maior correlação foi FDN, os níveis de consumo de cianeto influenciaram no ganho de peso médio diário das fêmeas. O nível de hematócritos dos cordeiros machos foi reduzido com o aumento da inclusão da parte aérea da mandioca na ração dos animais.

Palavras-chave:
cordeiros; nutrição; famacha; hematócritos

INTRODUCTION

Raising sheep in tropical pastures is challenging, due to the low availability of good-quality fodder during the year as a result of the seasonality of forage production. Several studies have investigated diets for lamb finishing in the field, to ensure sustainable activity and to increase meat production (Manera, et al., 2014).

The aerial part of cassava is rich in nutrients and provides an interesting alternative strategy for partially replacing the grain components of the sheep diet, which consequently reduces production costs. It can be supplied in natura or conserved in the form of hay and silage, for the formulation of diets for lambs in pasture confinement (Modesto et al., 2004).

However, sheep kept in pastures are affected by gastrointestinal parasitism, resulting in significant economic losses related to sheep production and reduction in the productive potential of the animals due to anemia, which can lead to death (Tirabassi et al., 2013). Due to the frequency of treatment and misuse of antiparasitic drugs in sheep, there has been a reduction in the efficacy of these products in the main Brazilian producing regions, resulting in resistance to multiple anthelmintics (Molento, 2004).

Few studies have evaluated cassava shoot supplementation in relation to weight gain and the control of verminosis in sheep (Cano, 2009). The same author reported that sheep treated with cassava shoots exhibited a reduction in parasite load, a fact related to cyanide, which in small daily amounts, has phytotherapeutic action on gastrointestinal parasites.

Hematocrit values and the Famacha^® test have been widely used as a reference for sheep. However, animals of different races, ages, sex, and place of rearing have diverse nutritional, energetic, and metabolic needs, which are reflected in their hematocrit profiles (Madureira et al., 2013). Besides the existence of several laboratory and clinical methods for parasitic diagnosis, the Famacha^® test is easy to apply in the field, is associated with hematocrit value, and helps to control the incidence of acute infestations of the hematophagous parasite, Haemonchus contortus (Van Wyk et al., 1997). These auxiliary observations in the diagnosis of disease and its prevention can reduce economic losses related to the parasite.

Therefore, the objective of this study was to analyze factors influencing lamb performance in pasture confinement by substituting a concentrate with different levels of cassava, and to investigate its relationship with hematocrit indices.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The experiment was carried out at the Center for Technology of Sheep (CTO) of the Manoel de Barros Foundation, in the municipality of Campo Grande - MS, at the following geographic coordinates: 29º 33 '51,96 "S and 54º 32' 29,09". Research was authorized by the Anhanguera Educacional Ethics Committee on Animal Use Ltda.- CEUA / AESA - opinion: 2062. Fifty-six Pantaneira sheep were used, 28 males and 28 females, with a mean age of 75 days, and mean weight of 18.84kg ± 2.02 for 65 days. The animals were kept on pasture with Panicum maximum cv. Massai with a 2.6-hectare area, subdivided into four pickets, with ad libitum water supply ad libitum and rations provided in two meals per day (8:30 am and 4:00 p.m.). All animals were previously weighed, identified, vermifuged, and subjected to ectoparasite control. To determine their performance, animals were weighed every 7 days following a 12-hour fast from solid foods.

A completely randomized experimental design was used, with four treatments, each including seven females and seven males. The rations used in the treatments were as follows: control (CT), concentrate based on corn and soybean meal with minerals; addition of 10% manioc aerial part in natura in substitute of concentrate (PAM 10); addition of 20% manioc in nature aerial part in substitute of concentrate (PAM 20); and addition of 30% manioc in natura instead of concentrate (PAM 30).

The aerial part of the cassava (PAM), constituting leaves, petiole, and branch, was minced and homogenized in a stationary chopper, left for 6 hours in the shade, and later used in natura. Adaptation was performed for 7 days before the start of the experiment.

The cassava variety IAC 576 was planted in May 2014. For that purpose, the spacing of one meter between 0.80-meter lines between plants was used, for a final population of 12,500 plants. Plants were fertilized with phosphorus, potassium, and nitrogen fertilizer 60 days after the emergence of cassava seedlings, according to the recommendations for fertilization of this crop (Raij et al., 1996). The aerial part was harvested 185 days after emergence (DAE), and the total aerial part of the plant was cut 20cm from the ground.

To analyze the chemical composition and in vitro digestibility of the diets, weekly samples of the Panicum maximum cv. Massai, aerial part of cassava, and concentrate were obtained. After the biomass was sampled, samples from each date, type, and experimental group were sent to the Laboratory of Biotechnology Applied to Animal Nutrition of the University Católica Dom Bosco, and the dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), and crude protein (CP) levels were determined according to methodologies described by Silva and Queiroz (2006). Neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and acid detergent fiber (ADF) were determined according to methodologies described by Van Soest (1965). For the determination of in vitro digestibility (IVD), the technique described by Tilley and Terry (1963) adapted to an Artificial Rumen (ANKOM^®), as detailed by Holden (1999) was used, with anaerobic ruminal fermenter methodology (model MA443, Marconi).

For the determination of cyanide, samples collected from the aerial part of the cassava (PAM) were conditioned in an icebox at the laboratory of the University Católica Dom Bosco (UCDB). The samples were separated and each fraction was identified. Residual cyanide levels in cassava shoots were determined using the alkaline Picrate method (Brito et al., 2013).

The control diet was composed of 60% concentrate and 40% bulk (Panicum maximum cv. Massai) pasture and was formulated to meet the nutritional requirements of lambs for a daily average weight gain of 0.200kg (NRC, 2007) in pasture confinement, as estimated based on Table 1.

Table 1
Bromatological contents, in vitr o digestibility, and cyanide content of manihot shoots (Manihot Esculenta Crantz), Panicum maximum cv. Massai and commercial concentrate for sheep

Variables	PAM In natura	Panicum M. cv. Massai	Concentrated
DM (%)	29.21	31.04	84.37
OM (%)	92.22	89.85	86.45
CP (%)	14.10	12.74	21.00
NDF (%)	58.63	74.70	17.92
ADF (%)	40.25	42.45	11.08
NDT (%)	59.33a	52.63a	80.23b
IVDMD (%)	62.27	58.64	-
IVDOM (%)	95.27	89.71	-
Cyanide (mg g-1)	0.442	-	-

• Aerial part of cassava (PAM); Panicum maximum cv. Massai (P. Massai); dry matter (DM); organic matter (OM); crude protein (CP); neutral detergent fiber (NDF); acid detergent fiber (ADF); total digestible nutrients (NDT); in vitro digestibility of dry matter (IVDMD); in vitro digestibility of organic matter (IVDOM), commercial concentrate for sheep: Adames Animal Nutrition, HCN mg g^-1 dry matter.
• a: Estimated NDT of cane silage, according to Cappelle et al. (2001). NDT = 83.79 - 0.4171 β NDF
• b: Estimated NDT of the concentrates according to Paterson (2000). NDT = [88.9 (0.779% ADF).

The following zootechnical indexes were calculated: final weight (FW) and average daily weight gain (ADG). After animal performance was evaluated, the dry matter, NDF, ADF, protein, and cyanide intake was estimated from the intake of diets containing different levels of the cassava aerial part as a substitute for concentrate, according to the chemical composition of the nutrients, as shown in Table 1.

Globular volume (VG) and FAMACHA^® parameters were observed by mucosal examination with the aim of identifying animals with anemia. The examination was performed by comparing different shades, from rosy red to pale white conjunctiva, denoted by the numbers 1 to 5, and comparing them with a guide card developed for field use. Blood was collected at three periods into tubes containing the anticoagulant EDTA, and values for VG (%) were determined via a microhematocrit technique by centrifugation according to the methodology described by Birgel (1982).

Data were subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA, P< 0.05), linear regression analysis, multiple linear regression, multivariate analysis of the main component, and non-parametric Kruskal-Wallis test for the Famacha^® indices. The statistical software SAS version 9.1 (2004) was used. Differences between treatment means were tested by the Tukey test (P< 0.05%).

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The performance analysis revealed no differences (P< 0.05) between treatments for FW and ADG, as shown in Table 2. The FW of male lambs was 29.68kg, and that of female lambs was 26.57kg, representing a mean difference of 3.11kg (Table 2).

Table 2
The performance of lambs in pasture confinement receiving diets with partial replacement of concentrate with the aerial part of cassava in natura for 65 days

Indexes	Control	PAM 10	PAM 20	PAM 30	Equation		R2	P
	Male
Final weight (kg)	31.47	29.94	29.24	28.10	y=	29.68	0.98	0.155
ADG (g)	177	179	157	133	y=	161.5	0.86	0.588
	Female
Final weight (kg)	26.75	25.41	26.72	27.38	y=	26.57	0.73	0.427
ADG (g)	120	105	134	121	y=	120	0.12	0.786

• Average daily weight gain (ADG); P< 0.05.

A significant effect (P< 0.05) was observed for Famacha^® evaluations in relation to treatment for female lambs (Table 3).

Table 3
Average Famacha^® levels for lambs in pasture confinement receiving diets with partial replacement of concentrate by the aerial part of cassava in natura for 65 days

Indexes	Control	PAM 10	PAM 20	PAM 30	P
Male	2.09	2.14	2.23	2.33	0.491
Female	1.85a	2.11b	2.08b	2.33b	0.027

• Mean values in the same line with different lowercase letters represent a significant treatment effect by the Kruskal-Wallis test (P< 0.05).

The ADG for male lambs was consistent with that observed by Catto et al. (2011) in pasture-confined animals, who gained an average of 169g day^-1. However, the ADG values for female lambs were lower than those reported by Oliveira et al. (2013), at 221-210g day^-1.

Therefore, animals fed diets containing 30% PAM had a higher Famacha^® value. However, the indices presented in the present study are higher than those observed by Jimenez-Sanz et al. (2016). According to Chagas et al. (2007), it is important to emphasize that the use of the Famacha^® method must always be associated with an adequate diet for the animals.

Regarding the globular volume (VG), a decreasing quadratic effect (P< 0.01) was observed, with a minimum inclusion of 10.24% PAM in the diet with a hematocrit level index of 32.28 (Table 4). For male lambs, no differences (P< 0.05) were observed for VG indices between treatments. The mean values obtained for the hematocrit levels in male and female lambs were similar to those obtained in previous studies, and to indices considered normal on the erythrocyte mass curve and for plasma volume (Madureira et al. 2013).

Table 4
Mean levels of globular volume for lambs in pasture confinement receiving diets containing with partial replacement of concentrate by the aerial part of cassava in natura for 65 days

Indexes	Control	PAM 10	PAM 20	PAM 30	Equation	R2	P
Male	33.52	34.41	33.14	34.95	$y=34.01$	0.22	0.633
Female	33.11	31.97	33.25	34.87	$\begin{array}{c}y=0.0069x^2-0.1414x+33.006\end{array}$	0.95	0.001

• Globular volume (VG); P - treatment effect (P< 0.05).

The mean estimated DM consumption decreased linearly (P<0.05) for the male lambs, representing a reduction in consumption of 192g day^-1 in relation to the PAM30 treatment. For the female lambs, a quadratic effect was observed (P< 0.05) with a minimum consumption of 612g day^-1 with the inclusion of 26.34% PAM (Table 5). However, the lowest consumption did not result in a significant difference in the FW of the animals during the experimental period (Table 2).

Table 5
Estimates of daily intake of dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), and cyanide by lambs in pasture confinement receiving diets containing partial replacement of the concentrate for the aerial part of cassava in natura for 65 days

Indexes	Control	PAM 10	PAM 20	PAM 30		Equation	R2	P
Male
CM DM (g animal-1)	799	709	635	607		$y=\begin{array}{c}-6.5*x+785\end{array}$	0.99	0.001
CM CP (g animal-1)	181	167	162	160		$y=\begin{array}{c}180.7+-1.5799*x+0.0299*x^2\end{array}$	0.99	0.031
CM NDF (g animal-1)	231	218	213	212		$y=\begin{array}{c}218.50\end{array}$	0.83	0.267
CM ADF (g animal-1)	138	126	121	117		$y=\begin{array}{c}-6.9714e^{-4}*x+0.1362\end{array}$	0.98	0.006
CM NDT (g animal-1)	597	522	476	435		$y=\begin{array}{c}-5.32x+587.3\end{array}$	0.97	0.001
Cyanide mg g-1	0	0,030	0,059	0,088		$y=\begin{array}{c}\mathrm{0,002939}*x+\mathrm{4,3303}{e}^{-4}\end{array}$	0.97	0.001
Female
CM DM (g animal-1)	728	640	634	614		$y=\begin{array}{c}723+-8.4004*x+0.1601*x^2\end{array}$	0.93	0.001
CM CP (g animal-1)	164	151	156	160		$y=\begin{array}{c}157.75\end{array}$	0.80	0.203
CM NDF (g animal-1)	211	196	205	213		$y=\begin{array}{c}206.25\end{array}$	0.82	0.279
CM ADF (g animal-1)	126	114	116	118		$y=119$	0.82	0.163
CM NDT (g animal-1)	544	472	463	437		$y=\begin{array}{c}-3.3x+528.5\end{array}$	0.86	0.001
Cyanide mg g-1	0	0.027	0.054	0.089		$y=\begin{array}{c}0.0029297*x+-0.0014459\end{array}$	0.95	0.001

• Average dry matter consumption (CM DM); average crude protein consumption (CM CP); average NDF consumption (CM NDF); average consumption of FDA (CM ADF); P - treatment effect (P< 0.05).

It should be noted that the percentage of DM reduction also influenced crude protein (CP) consumption by the male lambs, for which a negative quadratic effect (P< 0.05) was observed, with the lowest consumption (159.82g day^-1) observed with the inclusion of 26.41% PAM (Table 5). However, the reduction in DM did not affect CP consumption (P> 0.05) among experimental groups of female lambs.

Higher levels of PAM in the treatments favored a linear effect (P< 0.05) in relation to cyanide consumption among the groups studied (Table 5). There was no linear or quadratic effect for the other consumption parameters analyzed.

Values for the ADF consumption of the total DM presented a negative linear (P< 0.05) effect for male lambs with higher PAM inclusion (Table 5), possibly due to the chemical composition of this diet and the coarser fractions. The same performance was observed among the different rates of PAM inclusion in the diet, which favored increased nitrogen release for microbial protein synthesis (Detmann et al, 2014) due to greater masticatory activity, resulting in greater buffering capacity.

Correlations between production factors among the studied characteristics are presented in Figure 1, which shows that in the main component matrix, the total variance explained was 84.57 and 84.66% for male and female lambs, respectively. The eigenvalues indicate that two components can provide a summary of the physiological states and performance of the animals. These results indicate that the male lambs in group 1 explain 60.87% of the observed variation among the characteristics, and that the final weight of the animals is highly related to the consumption of DM, CP, and NDF (Figure 1).

Figure 1
Variation observed between the main components for male (left) and female lambs (right) for the factors: total diet consumption (CT Dieta), total consumption of cassava shoots (CT PAM), cyanide, Famacha, globular volume (GV), mean dry matter intake (CM DM), mean crude protein consumption (CM CP), mean neutral detergent fiber consumption (CM NDF) mean consumption of acid detergent fiber (CM ADF), and final weight.

Group 2 was characterized by the consumption of PAM, which was directly correlated with the consumption of cyanide and influenced the Famacha^® indexes (Figure 1). Conversely, the two clusters were influenced by the VG index, which denotes the physiological state of the lambs. However, when evaluating associations for the female lambs, there was no significant correlation between VG and the other parameters analyzed in this study.

Based on the results found in the main component analysis, it was possible to apply a multiple regression to identify the most important factor within the model, correlated with the productivity indexes of FW and ADG of lambs.

Protein and NDF consumption generated a quadratic positive effect (P< 0.05) for male and female lambs, respectively (Figure 2). The factors that did not show a significant linear effect in the regression equation of the model for the FW composition of lambs were as follows: FW male = 5.96 + 130.02CM CP; FW females = 2.776 + 114.62 * FDN.

Figure 2
Relationship between final lamb weight in the feedlot pasture and the average crude protein intake for male lambs (left), and average NDF intake for female lambs (right).

A linear effect was observed for mean CP intake in the model for male lambs according to the diet provided, as a function of the FW, and was estimated to be equivalent to 87.4% of the lambs’ final weight. In female lambs, the equivalent observed NDF consumption factor was 88.2% of the final weight formation.

The model proposed for ADG presented the following equation for male and female lambs: male ADG = 0.187 + 0.831 * CM CP - 0.06 VG; ADG females = 0.095 + 0.418 * CYANIDE. The values for CM, CP, and VG are equivalent to 56.4 and 49.3% of the model for male lambs as a function of ADG. In the model presented for female lambs, cyanide predicts 61.2% of the ADG results. In view of the proposed models, there was a higher demand for CP by male lambs. Considering the value for the maintenance of metabolizable protein (PMm) and metabolizable growth protein (PMc) requirements (Table 6), and the fact that the greatest contribution of dietary protein to muscle formation (Owens et al., 1993), in relation to the physiological phase of the animals. The other factors had no effect (P> 0.05) in the models studied.

Table 6
Metabolizable energy values for maintenance (EMm), metabolizable energy for gain (EMg), metabolizable energy (EM), metabolizable protein for maintenance (PMm), and metabolizable protein growth (PMc) of lambs in pasture confinement receiving diets with the concentrate partially replaced by the aerial part of manioc in natura for 65 days

Indexes	Control	PAM 10	PAM 20	PAM 30	Equation	R2	P
Male
EMm (Mcal dia-1)	1.818	1.750	1.719	1.667	$\begin{array}{c}y=-0.0048x+1.8113\end{array}$	0.98	0.011
EMg (Mcal dia-1)	1.139	1.106	0.952	0.781	$\begin{array}{c}y=-0.0123x+1.1794\end{array}$	0.93	0.032
ME (Mcal dia-1)	2.957	2.857	2.671	2.449	$\begin{array}{c}y=-0.0171x+2.9907\end{array}$	0.97	0.013
PMm (g PB dia-1)	29.065	27.998	27.506	26.697	$\begin{array}{c}y=-0.0759x+28.956\end{array}$	0.98	0.011
PMc (g dia-1)	39.723	40.439	35.580	30.300	$\begin{array}{c}y=-0.3313x+41.48\end{array}$	0.85	0.044
Female
EMm (Mcal dia-1)	1.606	1.544	1.604	1.634	$\begin{array}{c}y=0.0015x+1.5755\end{array}$	0.25	0.050
EMg (Mcal dia-1)	0.678	0.569	0.756	0.696	$\begin{array}{c}y=0.0024x+0.6391\end{array}$	0.16	0.042
ME (Mcal dia-1)	2.284	2.114	2.361	2.331	$\begin{array}{c}y=0.0039x+2.2146\end{array}$	0.21	0.047
PMm (g PB dia-1)	25.730	24.753	25.708	26.183	$\begin{array}{c}y=25.59\end{array}$	0.25	0.057
PMc (g dia-1)	26.747	24.043	28.651	24.374	$\begin{array}{c}y=25.95\end{array}$	0.02	0.582

• P - Treatment effect (P< 0.05). Metabolizable maintenance energy: EMm = (ELm + A)/km, A (kJ/day)= 6.7 PV and km= 0.5 and for calculations of metabolizable maintenance liquid energy (ELm) = FCS (PV/1.08) 0.75; sex correction factor (FCS) = 1.15 for males and 1 for females; (Mg/Kg) = 2.5 + 0, and the metabolizable net gain energy (ELg) = (GMD (kg) × VEG) 35 PV; For castrated males, [VEG] (MJ/kg) = 4.4 + 0.32 PV is used, and for females, [VEG] (MJ/Kg) = 2.1 + 0.45PV is used; Metabolizable energy (ME) = EMm + EMg; Meta-maintainable protein (PMm) (g of N/day) = 0.35 × PV 0.75, we multiplied 6.25 * N to obtain CP levels; Growth metabolizable protein for males: (PMc) = 1.695 (GPV, kg) (160.4 - 1.22 PV + 0.0105 PV2), and for females: (PMc) = 1.695 GPV (156.1 - 1.94 PV + 0.0173 PV2); 1 Mcal= 4,184 MJ; calculated according to AFRC methodology (1993).

The values corresponding to the GV, which showed a negative quadratic effect (P< 0.05), are related to the physiological state (Pereira et al., 2015) of the animals, such that during the experimental period their resistance increased due to diet provided, maintaining the normal levels (David et al., 2012).

According to Paulino et al (2004), the productive response to supplementation is related to the animal, pasture, physiological state, health, and desired performance. A possible justification for the female model has an effect on NDF consumption, it is possible to hypothesize the higher demand for average metabolizable energy (ME) (40.99Mcal). Similarly, the metabolic weight (11.70kg) was higher for female lambs than for male lambs, who obtained a mean 39.85Mcal of DM (Table 6) to reach the PF.

In addition to the influence of sexual factors related to body maturity, Morais et al. (2016) reported that crossbreeding with Pantaneira breed resulted in the early deposition of body fat, which is related to the demand for EMg. The authors also reported that the metabolizable maintenance requirements of supplements make it possible to maintain the physiological processes associated with visceral metabolism as well as the synthesis and deposition of tissues and fat in the carcass.

With respect to the quadratic effect (P< 0.05) for cyanide increasing as a function of ADG for female lambs (Figure 3), this is possibly correlated with PAM protein. This relationship with cyanide is positively correlated with the increase in N levels, since CP is composed of nitrogen compounds. Therefore, ingestive behavior and PAM consumption are correlated to animal performance as demonstrated in the proposed model.

Figure 3
Relationship between average daily gain (ADG) of lambs in pasture confinement and globular volume (GV) for male lambs (left), and cyanide consumption for female lambs (right).

Supplementation of grazing animals is the act of providing the system with a source of additional nutrients, and this would be reflected in changes in feed intake, nutrient concentrations, dietary energy availability, magnitude of the biochemical precursor pools of metabolism, and animal performance (Paulino et al., 2004). Other studies have shown that animals fed diets with high CP levels have a higher immunological capacity to respond to gastrointestinal nematode infections (Molento, 2004).

CONCLUSION

In conclusion, the mean CP intake had the highest correlation with the FW of male lambs, and NDF had the highest correlation with the FW of female lambs. The level of cyanide consumption influenced the average daily weight gain of the female lambs. The hematocrit level of the male lambs decreased with increasing levels of the aerial part of the cassava included in the animal ration.

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Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  Nov-Dec 2018

History

• Received
  27 Apr 2017
• Accepted
  17 May 2018