Blood concentrations of calcium, phosphorus and magnesium and dietary cation-anion difference in dairy cows

Silva, J.H.; Contreras, L.V.Q.; Ponath, C.F.; Bondan, C.; Machado, M.C.; González, F.

doi:10.1590/1678-4162-12774

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Animal Science • Arq. Bras. Med. Vet. Zootec. 75 (01) • Jan-Feb 2023 • https://doi.org/10.1590/1678-4162-12774 copy

Blood concentrations of calcium, phosphorus and magnesium and dietary cation-anion difference in dairy cows

[Concentrações sanguíneas de cálcio, fósforo e magnésio e diferença cátion-ânion da dieta de vacas leiteiras]

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

ABSTRACT

The objective of this study was to identify the effect of pre and postpartum DCAD on serum levels of calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium in peripartum Holstein cows. Blood samples were collected from 56 cows (18 primiparous and 38 multiparous) on days -7, +7, +14 and +28 relative to parturition, to determine serum levels of total and ionized calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, and albumin; diet samples for determination of calcium, phosphorus, magnesium and DCAD were collected at the same moments and urine samples were collected at day -7 for measurement of urinary pH. Prepartum DCAD was positively correlated with total calcium (p = 0.02) and with corrected total calcium (p = 0.01) at day -7. There was a negative correlation between prepartum DCAD and magnesium levels at day -7 (p = 0.02). No influence of prepartum DCAD on phosphataemia was observed. Postpartum DCAD did not correlate with serum mineral levels at any time point. Our results demonstrate that prepartum DCAD can influence calcium and magnesium homeostasis, but not phosphorus. In addition, parity and time period should be considered when evaluating serum levels of these minerals in Holstein cows during transition period.

Keywords:
reference ranges; DCAD; subclinical hypocalcemia

	Farm 1		Farm 2		Farm 3		Farm 4		Farm 5		Farm 6
Item	Pre	Post	Pre	Post	Pre	Post	Pre	Post	Pre	Post	Pre	Post
Barley (%)												2.2
Citrus pulp (%)				13.5				12		13.5		14
Corn grain (%)	6.1		3.75	6	3.8	6	8.1	1.5	8.1	5.3	8.1	1.5
Corn silage (%)	83.3	46.6	83.3	58.4	24	46.2	50	66		47.5	40	42
Oat grain (%)		3.8		2		5.6		3		3.4		4.2
Oat hay (%)		1.16								3.4
Soy hulls (%)	1.25	2.9	2.5	6.3		3.2		3		2.5		5
Soybean meal (%)	3.75	5.1	5.25	10		7	8		8	6.7	8	5
Triticale silage (%)		4.1			24	11.3		6	80		40
Wet brewery residue (%)		26.2				19.3		7.5		17		22.5
Wheat bran (%)					2.4		2.4		2.4		2.4
Wheat straw (%)	1.5		4.2	1.5	45		30					1.5
Postpartum mineral supplement (%)		0.7		1		0.8		0.7		0.3		0.8
Prepartum mineral supplement (%)	1.4		1		1		1.5		1.5		1.5
Buffer (%)		0.3		0.4		0.4		0.2		0.2		0.3
Urea (%)		0.3		0.3		0.2		0.2		0.2		0.3
Protected fat (%)				0.7								0.7
Ca (%)	0.3	0.5	0.7	1.0	0.2	0.6	0.5	0.6	1.2	0.9	0.4	0.7
P (%)	0.2	0.4	0.4	0.4	0.2	0.4	0.3	0.4	0.6	0.4	0.3	0.4
Mg (%)	0.2	0.3	0.3	0.3	0.2	0.3	0.5	0.5	0.7	0.4	0.3	0.3
Na (%)	0.1	0.3	0.2	0.3	0.1	0.5	0.1	0.3	0.3	0.3	0.1	0.2
K (%)	1.2	1.0	1.4	1.2	1.2	1.0	1.2	1.1	1.2	1.0	0.7	1.0
Cl (%)	0.1	0.2	0.4	0.2	0.2	0.4	0.4	0.3	0.6	0.3	0.3	0.2
S (%)	0.2	0.2	0.5	0.3	0.2	0.3	0.4	0.3	0.6	0.3	0.3	0.2
DCAD (meq/100 g/DM)	15.7	18.3	0.8	18.9	17.6	18.4	-0.2	12.5	-9.2	13.5	11.3	15.2

Period	Parameter	Median	Lower limit (CI 90%)	Upper limit (CI 90%)
Day -7	Total calcium (mg/dL)	7.90	5.44 (5.2-6.32)	8.98 (8.87-8.99)
	Corrected total calcium (mg/dL)	8.30	5.95 (5.43-6.64)	10.44 (9.86-11.44)
	Ionized calcium (mmol/L)	0.90	0.61 (0.60-0.65)	1.11 (1.06-1.13)
	Phosphorus (mg/dL)	7.13	5.30 (5.18-5.63)	9.30 (8.29-9.48)
	Magnesium (mg/dL)	1.82	1.06 (0.98-1.41)	2.25 (2.21-2.25)
	Calcium:phosphorus ratio	1.13	0.72 (0.71-0.80)	1.57 (1.38-1.57)
Day 7	Total calcium (mg/dL)	7.46	5.00 (4.89-6.10)	10.55 (9.09-10.76)
	Corrected total calcium (mg/dL)	8.25	5.98 (5.43-6.64)	10.48 (10.01-11.44)
	Ionized calcium (mmol/L)	0.90	0.64 (0.59-0.76)	1.10 (1.06-1.11)
	Phosphorus (mg/dL)	6.52	4.00 (3.77-4.88)	10.51 (8.64-11.05)
	Magnesium (mg/dL)	1.85	1.04 (1.03-1.16)	2.59 (2.34-2.61)
	Calcium:phosphorus ratio	1.07	0.68 (0.67-0.80)	1.99 (1.66-2.08)
Day 14	Total calcium (mg/dL)	7.58	5.42 (5.24-6.31)	9.81 (9.07-9.95)
	Corrected total calcium (mg/dL)	8.23	6.05 (5.43-6.67)	10.47 (9.86-11.44)
	Ionized calcium (mmol/L)	0.96	0.77 (0.76-0.83)	1.13 (1.06-1.14)
	Phosphorus (mg/dL)	6.29	4.55 (4.51-4.81)	8.57 (8.05-8.63)
	Magnesium (mg/dL)	1.89	1.38 (1.36-1.48)	2.80 (2.47-2.91)
	Calcium:phosphorus ratio	1.27	0.75 (0.74-0.83)	1.93 (1.60-2.04)
Day 28	Total calcium (mg/dL)	7.93	5.76 (5.67-6.44)	10.54 (9.61-10.99)
	Corrected total calcium (mg/dL)	8.26	6.11 (5.43-6.67)	10.60 (10.21-11.44)
	Ionized calcium (mmol/L)	0.96	0.72 (0.72-0.79)	1.19 (1.10-1.20)
	Phosphorus (mg/dL)	6.28	4.41 (4.29-4.88)	8.48 (7.50-8.76)
	Magnesium (mg/dL)	2.04	1.45 (1.44-1.52)	2.92 (2.62-2.94)
	Calcium:phosphorus ratio	1.26	0.85 (0.84-0.93)	1.80 (1.63-1.81)

Period	Parameter	DCAD (mEq/100 g/DM) at -7
		rho	P
Day - 7	Total calcium (mg/dL)	0.31	0.021
	Corrected total calcium (mg/dL)	0.33	0.010
	Ionized calcium (mmol/L)	0.19	0.159
	Phosphorus (mg/dL)	-0.17	0.205
	Magnesium (mg/dL)	-0.29	0.028
	Calcium:phosphorus ratio	0.25	0.065
Day 7	Total calcium (mg/dL)	0.10	0.474
	Corrected total calcium (mg/dL)	0.08	0.600
	Ionized calcium (mmol/L)	0.21	0.137
	Phosphorus (mg/dL)	0.06	0.633
	Magnesium (mg/dL)	0.01	0.958
	Calcium:phosphorus ratio	-0.01	0.992
Day 14	Total calcium (mg/dL)	-0.19	0.172
	Corrected total calcium (mg/dL)	-0.25	0.080
	Ionized calcium (mmol/L)	0.32	0.021
	Phosphorus (mg/dL)	-0.15	0.291
	Magnesium (mg/dL)	0.10	0.486
	Calcium:phosphorus ratio	0.03	0.831
Day 28	Total calcium (mg/dL)	0.24	0.073
	Corrected total calcium (mg/dL)	0.15	0.300
	Ionized calcium (mmol/L)	0.19	0.160
	Phosphorus (mg/dL)	0.08	0.567
	Magnesium (mg/dL)	0.01	0.973
	Calcium:phosphorus ratio	0.08	0.566

Cut-off point	Prevalence of SCH with tCa	Prevalence of SCH with corrected tCa	Prevalence of SCH with iCa	References
8.4mg/dL	80%	53.5%	-	*Chapinal et al. (2012*CHAPINAL, N.; LEBLANC, S.J.; CARSON M.E. et al. Herd-level association of serum metabolites in the transition period with disease, milk production, and early lactation reproductive performance. J. Dairy Sci., v.95, p.5676-5682, 2012.)
8.0mg/dL	64%	33.4%	-	Roche and Berry. (2006ROCHE, J.R.; BERRY, D.P. Periparturient climatic, animal, and management factors influencing the incidence of milk fever in grazing systems. J. Dairy Sci., v.89, p. 2775-2783, 2006.)
7.5mg/dL	40%	17.5%	-	Jawor et al. (2012)
1.0mmol/L	-	-	78%	Jawor et al. (2012)

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[1] *Corresponding author: cbondan@upf.br