McCarty CA et al, 2000((55 McCarty CA, Fu CL, Taylor HR. Epidemiology of pterygium in Victoria, Australia. Br J Ophthalmol. 2000;84(3):289-92.))
|
Australia |
5147 |
40-101 |
2.8 |
Older age, male sex, rural residence, smoking, cataract, take vitamin C, and outdoor work |
Take vitamin E |
Gazzard G et al, 2002((1919 Lu J, Wang Z, Lu P, Chen X, Zhang W, Shi K, et al. Pterygium in an aged Mongolian population: a population-based study in China. Eye (Lond). 2009;23(2):421-7.))
|
Indonesia |
1210 |
≥21 |
10 |
Older age, outdoor work, visual acuity, and astigmatism |
Sex and smoking |
Tan CSH et al, 2006((1313 Tan CS, Lim TH, Koh WP, Liew GC, Hoh ST, Tan CC, et al. Epidemiology of pterygium on a tropical island in the Riau Archipelago. Eye (Lond). 2006;20(8):908-12.))
|
Indonesia |
477 |
All age |
17 |
Older age and male sex |
NI
|
Paula JS et al, 2006((88 Paula JS, Thorn F, Cruz AA. Prevalence of pterygium and cataract in indigenous populations of the Brazilian Amazon rain forest. Eye (Lond). 2006;20(5):533-6.))
|
Brazil |
624 |
Adults |
18.4 |
Arawak and Tukano communities |
Sex and age |
Lu J et al,2009((2020 Viso E, Gude F, Rodríguez-Ares MT. Prevalence of pinguecula and pterygium in a general population in Spain. Eye (Lond). 2011; 25(3):350-7.))
|
China |
2486 |
≥40 |
17.9 |
Older age, cataract, low education level, alcohol, low income family situation, seldom use of sunglasses and hat |
Sex |
Shiratori CA et al, 2010((77 Shiratori CA, Barros JC, Lourenço RM, Padovani CR, Cordeiro R, Schellini SA. [Prevalence of pterygium in Botucatu city - São Paulo State, Brazil]. Arq Bras Oftalmol. 2010;73(4):343-5. Portuguese.))
|
Brazil |
2554 |
All age |
8.1 |
Male sex and age range 40-50 years |
NI
|
Landers J et al, 2011((1616 Landers J, Henderson T, Craig J. Prevalence of pterygium in indigenous Australians within central Australia: the Central Australian Ocular Health Study. Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2011;39(7):604-6.))
|
Australia |
1884 |
≥20 |
7.8 |
Older age |
Sex, visual acuity, cataract, and climatic keratopathy |
Viso E et al, 2011((2121 McKnight CM, Sherwin JC, Yazar S, Forward H, Tan AX, Hewitt AW, et al. Pterygium and conjunctival ultraviolet autofluorescence in young Australian adults: the Raine study. Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2015;43(4):300-7.))
|
Spain |
1155 |
≥40 |
5.9 |
Older age and outdoor work |
Sex, education level, iris color, smoking, alcohol, rosacea, allergy, and diabetes |
Zhong H et al, 2012((44 Zhong H, Cha X, Wei T, Lin X, Li X, Li J, et al. Prevalence of and risk factors for pterygium in rural adult Chinese populations of the Bai nationality in Dali: the Yunnan Minority Eye Study. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2012;53(10):6617-21.))
|
China |
2133 |
≥50 |
39 |
Older age, female sex, low education level, visual acuity, height, weight, hypertension, and outdoor work |
Diabetes, smoking, and alcohol |
Ang M et al, 2012((1010 Ang M, Li X, Wong W, Zheng Y, Chua D, Rahman A, et al. Prevalence of and racial differences in pterygium: a multiethnic population study in Asians. Ophthalmology. 2012;119(8):1509-15.))
|
Singapore |
8906 |
40-80 |
10.1 |
Older age, male sex, Malay ethnicity, low education level, hypertension, hypercholesterolemia |
Low-density or high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels, alcohol, diabetes, glycosylated hemoglobin A1c level, and previous ocular trauma |
Rezvan F et al, 2012((1111 Rezvan F, Hashemi H, Emamian MH, Kheirkhah A, Shariati M, Khabazkhoob M, et al. The prevalence and determinants of pterygium and pinguecula in an urban population in Shahroud, Iran. Acta Med Iran. 2012;50(10):689-96.))
|
Iran |
5190 |
≥40 |
9.4 |
Male sex, older age, outdoor work, astigmatism, and low education level |
Smoking and visual acuity |
Tano T et al, 2013((1717 Tano T, Ono K, Hiratsuka Y, Otani K, Sekiguchi M, Konno S, et al. Prevalence of pterygium in a population in Northern Japan: the Locomotive Syndrome and Health Outcome in Aizu Cohort Study. Acta Ophthalmol. 2013;91(3):e232-6.))
|
Japan |
2312 |
40-74 |
4.4 |
Older age |
Sex, outdoor work, and smoking |
Marmamula S et al, 2013((66 Marmamula S, Khanna RC, Rao GN. Population-based assessment of prevalence and risk factors for pterygium in the South Indian state of Andhra Pradesh: the Andhra Pradesh Eye Disease Study. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2013;54(8):5359-66.))
|
India |
10293 |
≥30 |
11.7 |
Older age, rural residents, no education, outdoor work, and alcohol |
Sex and smoking |
Nangia V et al, 2013((1212 Nangia V, Jonas JB, Nair D, Saini N, Nangia P, Panda-Jonas S. Prevalence and associated factors for pterygium in rural agrarian central India. The central India eye and medical study. PLoS One. 2013;8(12):e82439.))
|
India |
4711 |
≥30 |
12.9 |
Older age, male sex, low education level, height, weight, hypertension, smoking, BMI, and outdoor work |
DBP and alcohol use |
Jiao W et al, 2014((33 Jiao W, Zhou C, Wang T, Yang S, Bi H, Liu L, et al. Prevalence and risk factors for pterygium in rural older adults in Shandong Province of China: a cross-sectional study. BioMed Res Int. 2014;2014:658648.))
|
China |
17816 |
≥50 |
10.5 |
Older Age, low education level, outdoor time (hours per day), and wearing hat and/or sunglasses |
Sex, alcohol, smoking, diabetes, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and cardiac diseases |
Chen T et al, 2015((22 Chen T, Ding L, Shan G, Ke L, Ma J, Zhong Y. Prevalence and racial differences in pterygium: a cross-sectional study in Han and Uygur adults in Xinjiang, China. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2015;56(2):1109-17.))
|
China |
4617 |
≥30 |
11.9 |
Older age, rural residence, astigmatism, low education level, outdoor work, height, weight, hypertension, no exercise, heavy physical work, Han ethnicity, and smoking |
Sex, BMI, diabetes, and alcohol |
Mcknight CM et al,2015((2222 Hashemi H, Khabazkhoob M, Yekta A, Jafarzadehpour E, Ostadimoghaddam H, Kangari H. The prevalence and determinants of pterygium in rural areas. J Curr Ophthalmol. 2016;29(3):194-8.))
|
Australia |
1344 |
18-22 |
1.2 |
Male sex |
Age, height, weight, education level |
Pyo EY et al, 2016((1414 Pyo EY, Mun GH, Yoon KC. The prevalence and risk factors for pterygium in South Korea: the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) 2009-2010. Epidemiol Health. 2016;38:e2016015.))
|
South Korea |
9193 |
≥40 |
8.8 |
Older age, male sex, rural residence, low education level, low income, sunlight exposure, and hypertension |
Alcohol, BMI, diabetes, and hypercholesterolemia |
Hashemi H et al, 2017((2323 Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE). Censo demográfico 2010: Ribeirão Preto, 2010. Rio de Janeiro, IBGE; 2020 [citado 2020 Nov 29]. Disponível em: https://cidades.ibge.gov.br/brasil/sp/ribeirao-preto/panorama))
|
Iran |
3312 |
All age |
13.1 |
Older age |
Sex, education level |
Fernandes, A. G, 2019((99 Fernandes AG, Salomao SR, Ferraz NN, Mitsuhiro MH, Furtado JM, Munoz S, et al. Pterygium in adults from the Brazilian Amazon Region: prevalence, visual status and refractive errors. Br J Ophthalmol. 2020;104(6):757-63.))
|
Brazil |
2041 |
≥45 |
58.8 |
Male sex, older age, and rural residence |
Higher education was a protective factor |